Power System

Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Power System Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit S.A.Soman
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Department of Electrical Engineering
Summary
IIT Bombay

Power System Protection

 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Electrical Energy is
Relays Generated at few kV and stepped up.
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Transmitted through AC and HVDC lines.
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
Stepped down and distributed at load centers.
breaker?
Its natural mode of synchronous operation knits the system
Summary
together.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Why do we need protection?
Relays Electrical apparatus operates at various voltage levels and
Introduction
Evolution of Relays may be enclosed or placed in open. Under abnormal
Circuit operating conditions protection is necessary for
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker? Safety of electrical equipments.
Summary Safety of human personnel.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy Apparatus Protection
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
System Protection
Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy Apparatus Protection
Systems
Types of Protection Transmission Line Protection
Relays Transformer Protection
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Generator Protection
Circuit Motor Protection
Breaker
What is a circuit
Busbar Protection
breaker?
System Protection
Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy Apparatus Protection
Systems
Types of Protection Transmission Line Protection
Relays Transformer Protection
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Generator Protection
Circuit Motor Protection
Breaker
What is a circuit
Busbar Protection
breaker?
System Protection
Summary
Out-of-Step Protection
Under-frequency Relays
Islanding Systems
Rate of Change of Frequency Relays
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
What is a Relay?
S.A.Soman A relay is a logical element which process the inputs (mostly
voltages and currents) from the system and issues a trip
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
decision if a fault within its jurisdiction is detected. Inputs to
Types of Protection a relay are
Relays
Introduction Current from a current transformer.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Voltage from a voltage transformer.
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Evolution of Relays
Relays If we zoom into a relay, we can see three different types of
Introduction
Evolution of Relays realization:
Circuit
Breaker
Electromechanical Relays.
What is a circuit
breaker? Solid State Relays.
Summary
Numerical Relays.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
Electromechanical Relays
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection

Relays First generation of

Introduction
Evolution of Relays
relays.
Circuit Uses the principle of
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
electromechanical
Summary
energy conversion.
Immune to
electromagnetic
interference and rugged.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Solid State Relays
Overview These relays were developed with the advent of transistors,
Electrical Energy
Systems operational amplifiers etc. Their functionality is through
Types of Protection

Relays
various operations like comparators etc. Their advantages
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
are
Circuit More flexible.
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Self checking facility.
Summary Less power consumption and low burden.
Improved dynamic perfomance characteristics.
High seismic withstand capacity.
Reduced panel space.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
Numerical Relays
S.A.Soman Operation of a numerical relay involves analog to digital
conversion of voltage and currents obtained from VT and
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
CTs. These samples are fed to the microprocessor or DSP
Types of Protection where the protection algorithms process these signals and
Relays
Introduction
necessary decisions are taken.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?

Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Its advantages are
Relays
Introduction Maximum flexibility.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit
Provides multiple functionality.
Breaker
What is a circuit Self checking and communication facility.
breaker?

Summary It can be made adaptive.

 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?

Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?

4 Summary
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview What is a Circuit Breaker?

Electrical Energy
Systems A circuit breaker is basically a switch to interrupt the flow of
Types of Protection

Relays
current.
Introduction
Evolution of Relays It opens on relay command.
Circuit
Breaker
It has to handle large voltages and currents.
What is a circuit
breaker? The inductive nature of power system results in arcing
Summary between the terminals of a CB.
CBs are categorized based on the interrupting medium
used.
 Introduction

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Summary
Relays
Introduction Necessity of a protection system.
Evolution of Relays

Circuit Types of Protection.

Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Three generations of relays.
Summary Role of circuit breakers.