SOLIDS

To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,

those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.
Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called
apex.

Cylinder Cone

Prisms Pyramids

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
 SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.

Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone

Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base
generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
 STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)

X While observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp) Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P

On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to Vp Axis inclined to Vp Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp And // to Hp And // to Hp
 PLANES
1

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
X B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.

VP PP
Y
FV LSV

X Y
X TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
 3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1 Angle method
st

& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
 FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV .
. V FO
S R
X Y R F.
FO V.
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF . FO
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
S.V R
F.
OR V.
F
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.
 FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV .
. V FO
S R
X Y R F.
FO V.
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS FO
OF V.
S. R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R F.
O V.
F
 FOR T.V.
1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
. F.
V.
S.V
R
FO

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y
FO
V. R
S . F.
R V.
FO

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
. R
S.V F.
FO
R V. X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 STUDY 8
FOR T.V.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

50

X Y

20

25
FO
R
F.
V.
25 20

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 STUDY 14
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

. FO
S. V R
R F.
FO V.

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 STUDY 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y

10
40 60

. FO
S.V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y
10

. FO
S . V R
R F.
V.
FO
40 60

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
 17

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

30 SQUARE
40 20

50

FO
. R 20
S. V F. X
V.
10
Y
R
FO 30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 18

FV
40

X 10 Y
O
30 D 45

FO
R
F.
V.
O
10
50
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
80

TV
 19
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV 40

X O 10 Y
100
10
25 FO
R
TV F.
10 30 10
25
V.
30 R O
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT

10 50
35

10
X Y

20 D

FO
R TV
F.
V.

60 D
30 D

TOP VIEW

O
 21

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10

25 15

25
40 10

25

FO
. R
S.V F.
V.
25
R
FO O O
80 25

F.V. S.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
22
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

450

30
FV

40

X Y

30 D
FO
R
F.
V.
40 TV

O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 23

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FO HEX PART
R
F. 30
V. 20
20
.
S.V
40
20
R
FO
O 50
20
15

O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 24

20 40

FRONT VIEW

F.V.
30

10
X Y
O

10

30
FO
R
F. 10
V.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.