Group Members

Muhammad Imran
Muhammad Shahid Wasim
 Network
A Network is defined as the group of people or
systems or organizations who tend to share their
information collectively for their business purpose.
 Types of Networks

Wired Networks

Wireless Networks
 WAN
(Wide Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)

LAN
(Local Area Network)
PAN
(Personal Area
Network)
 Types of Wireless Networks

Infrastructure-based networks.

 Infrastructure less (ad hoc) networks.

 Ad Hoc Networks

It consists of a collection of nodes communicating

without any fixed infrastructure such as access
points or base stations.
 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Also called short lived networks that can change

locations and configure itself on the fly.
 Characteristics
and Advantages
 Wireless
 Ad-hoc-based
 Autonomous and infrastructure less
 Multihop routing
 Mobility
 Low cost of deployment
 Routing
It is the act of moving information from a source to
a destination in an inter network.
 Routing protocols
in MANETs
1. Table-driven protocols (Proactive protocols).

2. On-demand routing protocols (Reactive

protocols).

3. Hybrid routing protocols (mixed protocol).

 Table-driven protocols
In this protocol each node:
 Uses routing tables to store the location
information of other nodes in the network.

 Responds to changes in network topology by

propagating updates throughout the network.
 Types of Table driven
protocols
 Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)

 Cluster head Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)

 Destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV)

 DSDV Routing Protocol

 All possible destinations are recorded.

 Each entry is marked with a sequence number.

 Updates are transmitted throughout the network.

 Tables can be updated by (incrementally or full dump).

 Advantages of DSDV

 It guarantees loop free paths.

 It maintains the best path instead of

maintaining multiple paths.
 Limitations of DSDV
Wastage of bandwidth due to unnecessary advertising.

It doesn’t support Multi path Routing.

Difficult to determine a time delay for the advertisement.

larger network leads to overhead, consuming more

bandwidth.
 On-demand routing
Protocols
 Create routes when desired by source nodes.

 Source node initiates a route discovery process.

 Route is finished when destination becomes

inaccessible or route is no longer desired.
 Types of On-demand
routing Protocols

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)

Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV)

 AODV Routing
Protocol
 Improved version of DSDV algorithm.

 Minimizes the number of required broadcasts by

creating routes on a demand basis.
Route Discovery in AODV
Shahid
E M
F L
B
C
J
A G
H Imran
K
I N
Z
Y

Represents a node that has received RREQ for Imran

 Shahid M
E
L
F
B
C
J
A G
H Imran
K
I N
Z
Y
Represents links on Reverse Path
 M
Shahid E
L
F
B
C
J
A G
H Imran
K
I N
Y
Z

Node Imran does not forward RREQ, because node Imran

is the intended target of the RREQ
 M
Shahid E L
F
B
C
J
A G
H Imran
K
I N
Y
Z Forward links are setup when RREP travels
along the reverse path
Represents a link on the forward path
 ROUT REQUEST packet

Source Request Destination Source Destination Hope

Address ID Address Sequence # Sequence # Count
 ROUTE REPLY packet

Source Destination Destination Hope Life

Address Address Sequence # Count Time
 Hybrid Routing
Protocols
 Inherits the characteristics of both reactive and
proactive routing protocols.

 Reduces delay of route discovery.

 Avoids periodic updates for nodes which are at far

distance.
 Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP)
 The Intra Zone Routing Protocol (Pro-actively maintain
state information within a short distance from any node).

 The reactive Inter zone Routing Protocol (Determines

routes to far away nodes).

 Border cast Resolution Protocol (uses unicast routing to

deliver packets directly to the border nodes).
 Working principle

 Network is divided into zones.

 Specifies a zone radius.

 The nodes within a zone having an entry for every

other node and exchange periodic route updates.
 Shahid performs route
discovery for Imran

Shahid
A C
Imran
E
F

E knows route from E to Imran,

so route request need not be
Denotes route request forwarded to Imran from E
Table driven vs on demand
routing protocols
 Parameters Proactive/Table- Reactive/On Demand
driven driven

Availability of Always available

Routing regardless of need Available when needed
Information

A long delay when no

Application delay Minimal initial delay route to destination
available

Power Greater than that of Grows with increasing

consumption on demand routing mobility of active routes
 Parameters Proactive/Table- Reactive/On Demand
driven driven
Periodic route Yes Not required
update
Inform other nodes to
Coping with achieve consistent Inform only affected
mobility routing table source nodes

Signaling traffic Greater than that of Grows with increasing

generated on demand routing mobility of active routes
 Applications of Mobile
ad hoc Network
Tactical Networks:
Military communications and operations control in battlefield.

Educational Applications:
Virtual classrooms or conference rooms.

Entertainment:
Multiuser games, robotic pets, and outdoor Internet access.
Emergency Services:
Search-and rescue operations as well as disaster recovery.
Loss of infrastructure due to catastrophic disaster.

Home and Enterprise Networking:

Anywhere access for PDA.
Personal area networks.
 Disadvantages
of MANETs

1. MANET Bandwidth Constraints.

2. MANET Energy Constraints.
3. Dynamic topologies.
4. Limited security.
Bandwidth Energy Dynamic Limited
Constraints Constraints topology security.

Wide range of Rely on Nodes are free Can easily be

capacity levels. batteries. to move. hacked.
Lower capacity Data
throughput than transmission Un prediction More prone to
equivalent wired shut down due of next node security threats
links. to power failure. due to than fixed.
mobility.
More error-prone Low power Bi and More insecure
than wired links. required. unidirectional than wired
can be found. links.
 For more details you can visit
our site…

http://wasimchachar.blogspot.com
http://www.youtube.com/user/wasim727
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