Stress Strain

Abstract

Introduction

Objective

To study the deformation and fracture characteristics of samples under tension. Using an
Instron testing machine model 4206 you will obtain a force-displacement curve. From the
curves and vernier caliper measurement of samples, you will determine the modulus of
samples, you will determine the modulus of elasticity (Young’s Modulus).

The

a. Yield stress
b. Ultimate tensile stress
c. Elastic or Young’s modulus ɛ of a material can all be determined from the stress-
strain curve for that materials.

The curve below is a typical metallic behavior

The engineering stress is plotted (force divided by the original cross-sectional area). At small
strain values (the elastic region). The relationship between stress n strain is nearly linear.
Within this region, the slope, the slope of the slope of the stress-strain curve curve is defined
as the elastic modulus. Since many metals lack a sharp yield pointd, i.e a sudden,
observable transition between the elastic region and the plastic region, the yields points is
often defined as the stress that gives rise to a 0.2% permanent plastic strain. By this
convention, a line is drawn parallel to the elastic region of the materials, starting at a strain at
a strain level of of 0.2% strain. The point at which this line intersects the curve is caleed the
yield point or yield stress. The ultimate tensile strength (stress), in contrast is found by
determining the maximum stress, reached by the materials.

The ductility of the material can be measured most accurately from the tensile test using the
definition.

Dustility = change in cross sectional area / original cross sectional area

The measure of ductility is closely related to one based upon the change in gage length
divided by the original gage length, but after fracture the gage length is diffucult to measure.