SO GlAo DVC vA DAo TAo HA NQl

PHA.M TH~ HOA (Chu bien)

GIAOTRINH

VE KtlHUAI
•
(Dung trong cdc truang THeN)

NHA XUAT BAN HA NC>I- 2005

Ldi giai thi~u

uoc ta dang buac vao thai ky cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nhdm dua Vi¢t Nam tra thann nuac cong

nghiep van minh, hien dai. Trang su nghiep each mang to Ion do, cong tdc dao tao

nhan luc luon giii: vai tro quan trong. Baa cao Chinh tri cua Ban Chap hanh. Trung uong Dang Cong san Vift Nam tai
Doi luJi Dang loan giao due va dao tao

quae

ldn thu IX dd chi rii: "Phat tri~n trong nhtrng dong 19c quan trong

la mot

thuc d~y su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai h6a, la dieu kien d~ phat trien ngucn luc can nguoi - yeu t6 co ban d~ phat trien xii hoi, tang tnrcng kinh

te nhanh

va ben vitng",

Quan triet chu truong, N ghi quye: cua Ddng va N ha nude

va nhan thuc dung dan vi tam quan trong cua chuang trinh, giao trinh dt/i vai viec nang cao chat luang dao tao, thea de' nghi eua Sa Gido due va DaD tao HaN oi, nga» 231912003,

Uy

ban nhan dan thanh pho" Ha Noi dd ra Quyet dinh so"

56201QD-UB cho phep Gido due va DaD t(1.0 thuc hien de' an bien soan chuang trinh, gido trinh trong cae truong Trung h9C chuyen nghi¢p (THCN) Ha N¢i. Quyet djnh nay thl hien

sa

su quan

tam sau sac cua Thanh

uy,

UBND thanh pho" trong

viec nang cao chdt luang dao tao va phdt trie'n nguon nhdn
luc Thu do.

Tren co

sa chuang trinh khung

cua B(J Giao due va DaD tao,

tao ban hanh. va nhiing kinh nghiem rut ra tif thuc tedao

Sa Giao due va Dao tao drl chi dao cdc truang rHCN to' chuc bien soan chuang trinh, giao trinh mot each khoa hoc, h¢

thong va cap nhat nhiing kiln thuc thuc lien phil hap viti dOl
tuong h9C sinh THCN Ha Noi.

B¢ gido trinn nay liJ tai lieu gidng dCJYva h9C tap trong cac truang THCN d' Ha Noi, dong thai la tai lieu tham khdo hiiu ich cho cdc truang co dao tao cac nganh ky thug! - nghiep

v¥ va dong ddo ban docquan tam den van de' huang nghiep,
day nghe'. Vifc to' chuc bien soan b¢ chuang trinh, gido trinh nay [a mot trong nhieu hoat dong thiet thuc cua nganh. gido due va dew tao Thi: do de' ky niem "50 ndm gidi phong Thu do ", "50 ndm thanh lap nganh. " va huang tai ky niem "1000 ndm Thdng Long - Ha Noi ". Sa Gido due va Dao tao Ha Noi chan thanb cdm ern Thanh uy, UBND, cac sa, ban, nganli cua Thanh pho~ VI;l Gido due chuyen nghiep B¢ Giao due va Dao tao, cdc nha khoa hoc, cac

chuyen gia ddu nganh, cdc gidng vien, cac nha qudn Iy, cac
nha doanh nghiep dd tao dieu kien giup dii, dong gop dong nghiem thu cac chuang trinh, giao trinh. Day [a ldn ddu lien Giao due va Dao tao Ha Noi to' chuc bien soan chuang trinh, gido trinh. Du dd het sue co' gdng nhung chdc chan khong trdnh khoi thieu sot, bat cap. Chung toi mong nhan duac nhiing y kien d6ng gop cua ban d9C de'tung buac hoan thien b¢ gido trtnb trong cac ldn tai ban sau.

kien,

thorn gia Hoi dong phdn bien, Hoi dong thdm dinh va H¢i

sa

GIAM DOC SO GIAo Dl.}CvA DAo TAO

thuat IiI mon ky thu{it co SO' nit quan trong trong kehoach dao tao ky thuat vien va cong nluin ky thudt ciia cae truang trung hoc chuyen nghiep viI day 1IgII;. Nell co kien thuc ve- ky thuat tot thi mm ndm yang va phat ttie;1 kiefl thuc chuyen mon duac tot, La nhiing gido v if! " da kinli qua gan 30 Ham gidng day man V e kY thudt cho hoc sinh trung cap co khi, cluing toi thay rang call co nhiing slta ddi de' guu: trtnli Ve- ky thuat ddp 1(11g duac yell cdu dao t(1O trong 111m ky da/' mai cua

e kY

ddt nuac,

DuQ'c su dong y Clca Sri Gido due WI Dao tao Ha Noi, duai Sl_f chi dao clla hieu truong truaug Trung hoc Cong nghiep Ha Noi, viti chuang trinh dii duac B¢ Gido due va Dao tao thong qua, cluing toi manli dan bien SO(lI1 gido trinh nay, Trong gido trinh nay, cluing toi dd sap xep 19i tluc II! cac chuang de'ddm baa tinn logic hr thong C/ta man hoc. De" hoc sinh ndm fl)t kien thuc vi ky thudt, tao co s6 viing cluic cho viec lam cac do all sail na», chung toi huong ddn Ii' ml vi plutong pluip doc va l(ip cdc ball ve-. Kj Sit Le Nguyen Ninh bien 50ql1 cdc chuang 2,5,9; ky su Pham Tilt Hoa bien SO(l11 cac chuang COil 19i va Iii clni bien ('Ita gido triuli. Chung toi xin chan thanh cam on cae dong nghiep trong ban Ii flwyit co s6 truang Trung hoc Cong nghiep Ha Nl)i dd I1hi¢t tinh gittp d6 trong qua trinh bien
SO{lIl.

Mijc du co nhieu co' gdng, tuy nhien gido trinh nay khong Ihe'lranh klu5i nhiing thieu sot. Chung toi rtlt hoan nghenh va mong nhan dUQ'C nhieu y kien

dong gop elta cdc quy viNHOM T Ac GIA.

Bai md d~u
1. SC1h/Qc

va 51! phat

tri~n ella men hoc

Ban vi! ky thuat ra dci va phat trien theo nhu cau dOi s6ng con ngirci va theo sIJ doi hoi ella thirc tien san xuat, Hinh thirc va noi dung ella ban ve cling thay deli thea sIJ phat trien khong ngirng ella sue san xuat xii hoi. Tir fit xa xira cac hinh ve dii rna ta thien nhien, rna ta sinh hoat cua con nguoi. Nhtrng cong trinh kien tnic ella ho dii dtroc ghi lai tren da, dong tren nhtrng di tfeh den dai thanh quach ... Do nhu cau phat trien san xuat, doi hoi con nguoi phai ghi lai nhtrng du an, nhirng ket qua tinh roan bang hinh vi! mot each chinh xac. Ban ve ky thuat diroc thiet lap thea nhfrng plurong phap chieu va nhtrng quy iroc rieng, Den the ky thu XVIII cac nganh cong nghiep b~t dau phat trien va nhat la nganh dong tau va nganh eh€ tao may doi hoi phai co phircng phap bieu dien ehinh xac vat the, ban vi! phai r6 fang theo dung ty l¢. Ngiroi dau tien d~t nen tang ve phuong phap cac hinh chieu vuong goc la nha bac h9C Phap Gaspard Monge (1746 - 1818). Ban ve thiet lap theo phircng phap cua Monge dan gian va chinh xac nen duqc dung phd bien cho den ngay nay. 6 mroc ta, man Ve ky thuat la mon ky thuat co quan trong diroc giang day trong cac tnrong D<;I.i oc ky thuat, Cao dang ky thuat, Trung hoc chuyen h nghiep va dao tao nghe cong nhan ky thuat, Hien nay, ban ve ky thuat dtroc hoan thien mot each chinh xac, khoa hoc theo lieu chuan qu6c gia va qu6c te: vai may ve hien dai do van dung thanh t1!U nganh may tfnh dien tl'r.

sa

2. Nhi~m vI:! va tinh chat men hoc Ngay nay, ban vi! ky thuat duqc dung rat rong riii trong moi hoat dong san xuat va trang cac llnh vue ky thuat, Ban ve ky thuat 13.phuong tien thong tin ky
thuat, la ngon ngO' cua nguoi lam cong trinh ky thuat. Mon Vi! ky thuat Ia mot rnon ky thuat co quan trong trong k€ hoach giang day cua cac tnrong dai hoc, cao dang va trung cap ky thuat, N6 nham eung cap eho hoc sinh nhtmg hieu bier co ban ve ban ve, tao cho ho nang hrc

sa

doc va lap cac ban ve ky thuat, b6i dirong va phat trien trf nrong nrong khong gian va nr duy ky thuat, d6ng thai fen luyen tac phong lam viec cua ngiroi lao dong: khoa hoc, chinh xac, co tinh can than, kien nhan, co y tlurc t6 chtrc va ky luat cao. Man Ve ky thuat lil man hoc mang tinh tlurc hanh cao. VI vay, trong qua trinh hoc tap hoc sinh phai nam virng cac kien thirc co ban ve li luan phep chieu, phirong phap bieu dien vat th~. lieu chuan Viet Nam va tieu chuan quoc Hoc tap tot man Ve ky thuat khong nhimg giup ich eho viec h9C tap cac rnon hoc khac rna con giup ich nit nhieu eho thuc te san xuat va cuoc song cua moi cluing ta sau nay.

te ve ban ve.

Chuang 1

rrau CHUAN

V~ TRINH

BAy BAN VE KY THUAT

MlJ-C dich - Chip lam quen viti cae ban ve-, - Giai thieu cdc loai dung cu veVQ each stf dung. - Cdc TC vc' ban vtva each ghi kicb thuac cua vdt the'. feu cdu - Biet duoc cdc loai dung cu ve-va each

su dung.

- Ndm duoc FC ve' ban ve, - Bier cdc kluii niem ca han ve' each ghi kich thuac. D~ lap cac ban ve ky thuat can phai c6 nhfrng v~t lieu va dung cu ve rieng. Biet each su dung va sir dung thanh thao cac dung cu ve la dicu kien dam bao chat hrong ban ve va nang cao hieu suat cong tac, I. V J.T LltU • Dl)NG 1.V~t li~u ve
1.1. Giay

en VE

ve

Giay dung d~ ve cac ban ve ky thuat goi la giA'y ve (giay croki). D6 la loai giay day, hoi cirng eo mat phai nhan va mat trai nip, Khi ve bang chi hay mire deu dung mat phai cua giay ve. Giay dung d~ lap cac ban ve phac thirong ia giay ke li hay giay ke a vuong.
1.2. But chi

But chl dung de ve cac ban ve ky thuat Iii but chi den. But chi den co loai cung, ky hieu bang chir H va loai mern ky hieu bang chii B. Kern thea moi chir do co chtr s6 dirng a tnroc lam h¢ 56 de chi d¢ cirng hoac d¢ mem khac nhau. H¢ 56 cang Ian thl but chi eo d¢ cirng hoac d¢ mem cang Ian. Vi du: 9

Loai but chi cimg H, 2H, 3H; loai but chi rnem: B, 2B, 3B. But cht loai vira co

ky hieu Iii HB. Trong ve ky thuat, thuong dung loai but chi co ky hieu Iii H, 2H de ve
net manh vii dung loai but chi c6 ky hieu HB, B de ve cac net darn hoac de viet chit But chi dtroc vot nhon hay vot theo hinh lu5i due nhu

a hinh

1-1.

Hinh 1-1 Ngoai giay ve va but chi fa, con can co mot s6 vat lieu khac nhu tay dung

M tay chi

hay uiy mire, giay nham de mai but chi, dinh mil dung de c6 dinh

ban ve tren cac van ve.

2. 01:1ng c1:1vi va each str d1:1ng

Dung cu ve thuong gem: Van ve, thiroc chtr T, eke, compa chi, compa do,

thuoc congo 2.1. Van vi!

Van ve hinh 1-2 lam bang go rnem, mat van phang va nhfn, hai bien trai va phai van ve thucng nep bang go cirng de mat van khong bi venh, Mat bien trai van ve phai phang va nhan de tnrot thuoc chtr T mot each de dang. Kich thiroc van ve diroc xac dinh tuy thea Ioai kh6 ban ve. Van ve diroc d~t len ban the dieu chinh diroc d¢ doc.

de co

Hinh 1-2

10

2.2. Thuoc chu T

Thuoc chtr T hinh 1-3 duoc lam bang gO hay chat deo. Thucc chtr T gam than ngang mong va dau chtr T. Mep tnrot cua dau vu6ng voi mep trai cua than ngang.

Hinh 1-3 Thuoc chir T dung d€ ve cac dirong nam ngang. Khi ve but chi duoc vach thea mep tren cua thanh ngang. U€ ve cac duong nam ngang song song voi nhau ta tnrot mep cua dau thiroc chir T doc thea bien trai cua van ve hlnh 1-4.

Hlnh 1-4 Khi e6 dinh giay ve len mat van ve phai d~t sao cho mot canh cua song song voi than ngang ella thuoc clnr T. 2.3. Eke
Eke dung

to

giay

de ve thuong

la mot be gam hai chiec, mot chiec co hinh tam

giac vuong can hinh I-Sa goi la Eke 4So va mot chiec e6 hlnh nira tam giac deu

hlnh 1-5b gQi la Eke 60°, Eke lam bang g6 hoac chat deo,
11

Hinh 1-5a

Hinh 1-5b

Eke phoi hop voi thiroc chir T hay hai eke phoi hop voi nhau d~ vach cac duong thang dirng, hay cac duong nghieng hoac ve cac goc.

de

Hlnh 1-6a
2.4. Compa chi

Hinh 1-6b

can

Compa chi dung ve cac dirong tron: - Compa thirong dung ve cac dtrong tron co duong kfnh tir 12mm tra len. - Neu ve nhtrng duong tron co dmmg kinh Ian han 150mm thl chap them noi.

de

de

- Khi ve cac duong tron co duOng kfnh <12mm thi dung loai compa dac biet. C hu y: Khi ve dubng tron phai gill cho dau kim va dau chi vuong goc v6i mat ban ve. Khi vie nhieu dirong tron dong tam nen dung ki, co ngan a dau bay
12

dung cai dinh tam d6 kim khcng bi an sau xu6ng van ve lam cho 16 tam to fa dira den net ve mat chfnh xac. Dung ng6n tay tro va tay cai earn dfiti mim campa quay mot each deu dan va lien tuc thea mot chieu nhat dinh, 2.5. Compa do Campa do dung de do d¢ dai dean thing ttc thuoc ke li di\it len ban ve. Khi do hai dau kim cua compa dat dung vao hai dati rrnit cua dean thing can lay hoac hai vach tren thuoc ke li, sau d6 dua len ban ve bang each an nhe hai dau kim xuong mat giay ve. . 2.6. Thuoc cong Thiroc ve dtrong cong goi tat la thiroc cong, thuoc cong dung duong cong kh6ng phai la cung tron, Vi du: duong elip, parabol.

de ve cac

H1nh 1-7

Trnroc cong lam bang go hoac chat dec va co nhieu loai khac nhau.
Khi ve dirong cong tnroc htt can xac dinh diroc mot so diem cua ducng cong, sau do dung thuoc cong nci cac diem nay lai voi nhau sao cho dircng cong ve ra tron deu ..

3. Trinh tV' hoi," thanh ban vEt

Mu6n hoan thanh mot ban ve bang chi hay bang mire, can ve thea mot trinh tu nhal dinh, co sap di\ittnroc. Tnroc khi ve phai chudn bi dlIy diI cac vat lieu, dung cu ve va nhimg tai lieu can thiet. Khi ve tlurong chia lam hai buoc: * Verna: Dung loai but chi cimg H, 2H hoac HB ve rna, net ve phai dll r5 va chinh xac. Sau khi ve me xong phai kiem tra lai ban ve, lAy xoa sach nhtrng net me, sau do rnoi t6 darn.

de

* T 6 ddm:

Dung lo~ but chi mern B, 2B

to dam

cac net co ban.

13

Dung but chi co

ky hieu

B hoac HB de to cac net dUt va vi~t chu.

Trinh tl,l'to dam cac net ve nhu sau: - Vach cac dirong true va dirong tam bang net cham gach rnanh, - TO dam cac net co ban theo thtl nr: '

+ Duong cong IOn den duong cong be. + Duong bang tir tren xuong dum. + Duong thang dirng tir trai sang phai, tll"tren xuong. + Duong xien goc tir tren xuong duai va tir trai sang phai, - TO cac net dill theo thir nr tren. - Vach cac dirong gi6ng, duong ghi kich thuoc, duong gach gach cua

mat cat.
- Ve cac miii ten, ghi cac con bang chit. - TO khung ve va khung ten. - Ki~m tra ban ve va sua chua.

so kich

rhiroc, viet cac ky hieu va ghi chu

II. NHUNG TIEU CHUAN V~ TRINH BAy BAN VE KY THU~ T

Ban ve ky thuat the hien mot.each dung dan hinh dang va kich thiroc cua doi tirong diroc bieu dien thee nhirng quy tac thong nhat cua tieu chuan Viet Nam va tieu chuan quoc l~ ve ban ve ky thuat, Ban ve ky thuat Ia tai lieu ky thuat quan trong dung trong thiei ke, cling nhu trong san xuat va sir dung, no la phirong tien thong tin Ban ve ban ve

ky thuat

dung trong moi linh virc ky thuat,

ky

thuat phai diroc lap thee cac quy lac thong nhat cua lieu chuan

Viet Nam va tieu chuan qu6c te ve ban ve

ky thuat,

Hien nay cac tieu chuan ve

ky

thuat noi rieng va ve tai lieu thiet ke noi chung diroc nha mroc ban

hanh trong nh6m tieu chuan "he thong tai lieu thiet ke", Cac tieu chuan Viet N am lit nhtrng van ban ky thuat do

Uy

ban khoa h9C ky thuat Nha

nuoc

tnroc

day, nay la B¢ Khoa h9C cong nghe ban hanh, Tieu chuan Viet Nam va tieu chuan quoc t~ ve ban ve ky thuat bao gam cac tieu chuan ve trinh bay ban ve, cac htnh bieu dien, cac can thiet cho viec l~p cac ban ve

ky

hieu va quy uoc ...

ky thuat, ky thuat,

Diroi day 130 ot s6 tieu chuan ve trinh bay ban ve m

14

1. Kh6 giay Moi ban ve va tai lieu ky thuat ducc thuc hien tren mot kh6 giay co kieh
thiroc da quy dinh trong TCVN 2-74 Kh6 giay, Kh6 giay duoc xac dinh bang cac kich thiroc rnep ngoai cua

ban

ve (Hlnn 1-9).
b

Kh6 giay duoc chia thanh hai loai, cac khO giay chfnh va cac khb giay phu,
....,

Khung

ve

Gf)nh khc'/ gilfy

'1l

25
Khungten

....,

Hinh 1-9 t.i. Khb giay chinh LAy kich thucrc Ian nhat cua khO giay chinh la 1189 x 841mm. dien tich
bang 1m2 ky hieu la

Au lam

cbuan, Lan luqt ehia doi kh6 giAy

Ao

ta diroc cac

kh6 giay chinh (Hinh 1-10),

A2
r--

At A4 A3 A4 297 594 1189

~ '<t

~I

Hinh 1-10 15

Ky hieu va kfch thuoc cac khci giay chfnh nhu sau: (Bang 1-1)

Bang 1~1
Kich tluroc cac canh kh6 giay tfnh 1189x841 594x841 594x420 297x420 297x21O

bang mm
Ky hieu kh6 giay bang chu K Y hieu bang s6

An 44

A!
24

A2
22

Al
12

A4 11

Cac kho giay chinh cua TCV-N 2-74 nrong ung voi cac khci giay ISO-A cua tieu chuan qu6c te ISO 5457-1999 ve kho giay va cac phan tll' cua to giay ve.

1.2. Khu giay phu

Ngoai cac khc giay chfnh ra, con cho phep dung cac kho giay phu, cac kh6 giay nay cling diroc quy dinh trong TCVN 2-74. Kfch thiroc canh cua kho giay phu la boi s6 cua kich thuoc canh kh6 giay chinh. 2. Khung vo va khung ten M6i ban ve phai co khung ve va khung ten rieng, Noi dung va kich thuoc cua khung ve va khung ten cua ban ve dung trong san xuat duoc quy dinh trong TCVN 3821-83 khung ten.

2.1. Khung ve
Diroc ke bang net co ban, each cac mep giay mot khoang bang Smm. Neu ban ve dong thanh t~p thl canh trai cua khung ve each rnep trai elm kho giay Ht 25mm (Hinh 1-11).
'<'l

25
Khungten
'<'l

-,
'\.

IDnh 1-11 16

2.2. Khung ten

Khung ten dtroc b6 trf 0 goc phai phia dum ban ve. Tren kho A4 khung ten diroc d~t thee canh ngan, tren cac kh6 giay khac khung ten co th~ d~t theo canh dai hay canh ngan cua khO giay. Kich thuoc va noi dung cua khung ten co hai loai: - Loai 1: Dung trong tnrong hoc (Hlnh 1-12), 6 1: Dau de bai tap hay ten chi tiet. 6 2: Vat lieu cua chi tier, 03: Ty l~ ban ve. 04: Ky hieu ban ve. 05: Ho ten nguoi ve.
140

N <'l

:E
o

30
Ngui1j VC
Kiem tra

15

"I

® ®

CD ®
Hlnh 1 - 12

CD
0

CD
8)

7: Chu ky giao vien, 08: Ngay kiern tra ban 9: Ten tnrong lop.

ve.
181)

- Loai 2: Dung trong san xuat (Hlnh 1-13).

78 r'lI) r'lII
20

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j

15

10

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fill)

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(TJ

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Kh4

(22J

Hlnh 1-13 17
2.GTVKT·A

6 1: Ten

goi ella san pharo hay phan cau thanh ella san pham.

02: Ky nieu ella tai lieu

ky

thuat,

03: Ky hieu v~t lieu ella ehi tiet, 04: 56 lirong ella chi tiet, nhom bo phan, san pharn, 65: Kh6i hrong ella chi tier, nh6m bo phan, san pham, o 6: Ty l¢ dung d~ ve. 07: SO thu tu ella tao 08: Tong s6 ta ella tai lieu, 09: Ten hay biet hieu ella xi nghiep (eo quan) phat hanh ra tai lieu.
o 10: Chirc nang cua nhirng ngiroi da ky vao tai lieu. Vi du: ngirci thiet ke, ngiroi kiern tra, ngiroi kiem tra tieu chuan, nguci duyet...

o 11: HQ va ten ella nhttng

o 12: Chi! kyo

o 13: Ngay

ngiroi dii ky vao tai lieu.

o 14: Ky hieu ella mien to giay tren d6 eo phan tu dtroc sua d6i (0 14 d~t a
0 19: Cac 0 trong bang ghi sua d6i diroc dien vao thea quy dinh

thang nam ky vao tai lieu,

ben trai 0 15, va duoc lap khi can thiet).

o 15 den
620:

ella TCVN 3827-83. So lieu khac cua eo quan thiet ke (Vi du ten goi san pham),

6 21:

HQ va ten nhtrng nguro ean ban ve.

022: Ky hieu kho giay thee TCVN 2-74. 3. Tyl~ Tren cac ban ve
th~

rna

ky

thuat, tuy thea d¢ IOn va rmrc d¢ phirc tap ella v~t

hlnh ve ella vat tht ducc phong to hay thu nho thee mot ty l¢

nhat dinh, Ty l¢ la

ty

s6 gifra kfch trnroc do duoc tren hinh bieu dien ella ban ve voi ty l¢ cua hinh bitSu dien do. Tri s6 kich thuoc chi gia

kich thiroc nrong ling do duoc tren vat the. Tri s6 kfch thiroc ghi tren hinh bieu dien khong phu thuoc
VaG

tri thirc ella kich thiroc v~t thtS(Hinh 1-14).

$12

--+--~

22

TL 1: 2

TL 1 : 1 H1nh 1-14

TL2:

Tieu chuan "he thong tai lieu thiet ke" TCVN 3-74. Ty I~ guy dinh cac hinh bicu dien tren cac ban ve co khi phai chon ty l~ trong cac day sau: Ty I¢ thu nho Ty I~ nguyen hinh Ty l¢ ph6ng to 1:2~ 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1: 15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50 1:1 2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:L 50:1; 100:1

Trong tnrong hop can thiet cho phep dung ty l¢ ph6ng to (lOOn): 1 vdi n la so nguyen duang. Ky hieu ty l¢ Ia chif Tl., vi du: TL 1:2; TL 5:1. Neu ty l¢ ghi 06 danh rieng trong khung ten thi kh6ng pha! ghi ky hieu. Tieu chuan quoc te ISO 5455: 1979. Ty l¢ guy dinh ty l¢ va ky hieu cua chung tren cac ban ve ky thuat. TCVN 3-74 nrong irng v6i tieu chuan qu6c te nay. 4. DLtong net vi! vat the, tren cac ban ve ky rhuar dung cac loai net ve co hinh dang va kich thtroc khac nhau. Tieu chuan ban ve ky thuat TCVN 8: 1993 cac net ve quy dinh cac loai net ve va irng dung cua chung nhtr bang 1- 2 va hlnh 1-15.

De bieu dien

19

Bang 1-2
Kich

Ten gQi

Net ve

thiroc

Ap dung t6ng

quat

(mm) Net lien darn

A I Canh thay, dirong bao thay. b = 0,3 :- A2 Duong ren thay, duang
1,5 dinh fang thay, AJ Duong bao mat cAt rei
BI

Giao tuyen nrong tirong.

B, Duong kich thuoc.

Net lien

manh

b/3

H, Duong giong kfch thuoc, B4 Duong gach gach tren mat cat,

B5 Duong bao mat cat chap.

B6 Duong chan ren thay,

Net dUt

-----~

b/2

D DuOng bao khuat, canh khuai.

CI Duong phan each gifra hlnh ciit va hlnh chieu khi khong dung dtrong true lam dUOng gioi han. Duong cat lia cua hlnh nit gon. D, Duong giOi han hlnh cat va hinh chieu. G 1 Duong tarn. G2 Duong true d6i xirng.

Net ltron song Net dich dac Net gach cham

b/3
~

1--_.--_.-._-_._-_._--

b/3

manh
Net cat Net cham g~ch darn

_. -

1,5b

HI Vet cua mat phang cAt. KI Duong bao cua phoi chi tiei, K2 Vi tri cac dtrong, mat can c6 Ii rieng,

_.-.-.-._.

b/2

xu

20

4.1. Chieu reng eua net ve

Cac chieu rong cua net ve co ban can chon sao cho phil hop voi kich thuoc, IO<J.i ban ve va lay trong day kich thircc sau:
0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4

va 2mm.

Hinh 1-15

4.2. Quy tac ve Khi hai hay nhieu net ve khac loai trung nhau thl thea thir tl}" tien sau: UU - Net lien darn loai A - Net dti't loai E hoac F - Net gach cham manh co net darn b hai d~u loai H - Net gach cham manh loai G - Net gach cham darn loai K - Net lien manh loai B.
21

Cac net gach cham va gach hai cham phai ducc bat dau va ket thuc bang cac gach va
cua net darn,

ke qua

dirong baa mot dean bang 3 den 5 IAn chieu rong

Hai true vuong goc cua dirong tron duqc ve bang net gach cham manh, Trang moi rnrong hop, Him duong tron dircc xac dinh bang hai net gach (Hlnh 1-16). Neu net dill nam tren dtrong keo dai cua net lien thl cho n6i ticp d~ he, cac tnrong hop khac, cac duong net cUt nhau Ve:ho

can ve cham

vao nhau (Hinh 1-17)

Hinh 1-16

Hinh 1-17

5. Chftviet
Tren bun ve ky thuat thuoc nhirng ngoai hlnh ve ra, con e6 nhirng

can s6 kich gay ra

ky

hieu bang chtr, nhung ghi chii bang loi van khac, Chit va

chtr so d6 phai duoc viet ro rang, thong nhat, dt d9C va khong

nham Hin.
TCVN 6-85 Chtr viet tren ban ve quy dinh chit viet gam chtr, so va dau dung tren cac ban ve va tai lieu 5.1. Kh6 chtr Kh6 chir (h) Iii.gia tri duoc xac dinh bang chieu cao cua chir hoa tinh bang milirnet, co cac khci chtr sau: 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40.

ky thuat,

Chieu rong net chtr (d) phu thuoc vao ki~u chfr vii.chien cao chir.
22

5.2. Kieu chii

C6 cac ki~u chtr sau: - Kieu A dtrng va A nghieng 75° voi d - Kieu A dirng (Hlnh 1-18a).

= l/14h.

ABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ

0123456789 abcdefghiiklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
Hlnh 1-ISa Cac thong s6 cua chn viet diroc quy dinh trong bang 1-3 va hinh I-IS.

Bang 1- 3
Thong s6 chtr viet Kh6 chir Chieu cao chir hoa Chien cao chit thirong Khoang each gifra cac chtr Khoang each gifta cac dong Khoang each gitra cac til Chieu rong net chu

Ky hieu
h c a

Kich thiroc nrong d6i KieuA Kieu B 14/14h lO/14h 2/14h 22/14h
6/14h

lO/lOh 7/10h 2/10h 17/lOh

6/10h

b e
d

1/14h

l/lOh

- Kieu B dirng va nghieng 75(1voi d ;:: l/IOh. - Kieu B nghieng 75() (Hlnh I-1Sb).

23

ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ o 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8 9

a b c d e iq h ij k l m
nopqrstuvwxyz
Hlnh 1-ISb

6. Ghi kich thirdc

Kich tluroc ghi tren ban ve the hien d9 Ian cua vat the diroc bien dien. Ghi kich thiroc tren ban ve ky thuat la van de rat quan trong khi l~p ban ve. Kfch thuoc phai diroc ghi thong nhat, r6 rang theo cac quy dinh cua TCVN 5705 1993. Quy (dc ghi kich thuac. 6.1. Quy tac chung - Nhirng kfch thmic ghi tren ban vi! the .hien bang can so ghi kfch thuoc va dirong kich thtroc. Cac kfch thuoc d6 khong phu thuoc vao l¢ hinh bieu dien. - Dung mm him dan vi do kfch thuoc dai va sai lech giai han cua no. Tren ban ve khong ghi dan vi do.

ty

can

- Neu dung dan vi d9 dai khac nhir centirnet, met thl dan vi do diroc ghi ngay sau chir s6 ghi kfch thuoc hoac trong phan ghi chii cua ban ve. - Dung d9, phrit, giay lam dan vi do goc va cac sai lech gioi han cua no, - Khong diroc ghi kfch thuoc duoi dang phan s6 trir kfch thiroc dung dan vi d9 dai thea he Inch. - Moi kfch thuoc chi diroc ghi mot Ian tren ban ve.

6.2. Dutmg kich thuoc va duong glong

6.2.1. Duong' kich thuac - Duong kich thuoc xac dinh phan til ghi kich thtroc, Duong kich thircc ella phan tir la doan thang diroc song songvoi doan thang d6 (Hinh l-l~).

ke

24

50
100

- Duong kich thiroc cua dq dai eung tron la eung tron dong tarn, dirong kich thuoc cua goc Hi eung tron co tam

a dinh goc (Htnh

1-20).

46"30'30"

a
- Kh6ng kich thuoc.

mnh 1-20

duoc dung bat

ky

dirong nao cua hinh ve thay the duong

Duong kich thuoc duoc ve bang net lien manh, (Hinh 1-21) mili ten diroc ve nhu hinh 1-2Ib.
VaG

Dq

a hai

dau co hai mui len

160 cua miii ten phu thuoc

be rong b cua net lien dam,

25

2b

6b b
a) b)

Hinh 1-21 - Twang hop neu dirong kich thircc qua ngan khong du cho d~ ve mui ten thi mfii ten duoc ve tJ phia ngoai hai dirong gi6ng (Hinh 1-22a). - Truong hop cac dirong kich thuoc n6i tiep nhau rna kh6ng du cho d~ ve mui ten thi dung dau cham darn hay gach xien thay cho mili ten (Hinh 1-22b, c).

i--

r---

- ._ -- ._
a)

'--.-

b) IDnh 1-22

c)

- Trong tnrong hop hinh ve d6i ximg, nmrng ve kh6ng hoan toan, hoac hlnh cat ket hop v6i hinh chien thl dirong kich thuoc duqc ke qua true d6i xirng va chi ve mot miii ten (htnh 1-23).

26

Hlnh 1 - 23 6.2.2. Duong giong kich thuac - Duong giong kich thiroc gioi han phan tir dircc ghi kieh thuoc, dtrong giong ve bang net lien manh va vach qua dirong kich thuoc mot khoang tit 2 - 5mm. - Duong giong cua kich thuoc d¢ dai ke vuong goc voi dirong kieh thucc, tnrong hop d~e biet eho phep ke xien goc (Hinh 1-24).

Hlnh 1-24

- a cho

eung hron, dirong giong duoc ke tit giao diem cua hai duong bao

n6i tiep voi cung hron (Hinh 1-25).

27

Hlnh r-25 - Cho phep dung cac dirong true, dirong tam, duong bao, dirong kich thiroc lam dirong giong kfch thiroc (Hlnh 1-26).

Hlnh 1-26

6.2.3. Con s(/ kich thuac

Con s6 kfch thtroc 13.chi s6 do kich thtroc, don vi do la milirnet. Con s6 kfch thiroc phai duoc viet ro rang, chfnh xac

a tren dirong

kich thuoc.

28

- Chieu con s6 kich thiroc dO dai phu thuoc vao dO nghieng ciiaducng thuoc so voi dirong bang cua ban vi! (Hlnh 1-27a).

kich

a) Hinh 1-27 Neu dtrong kich tlnroc co dO nghieng qua ghi tren gia ngang (Hlnh 1-27b). - Chieu con s6 kieh thiroc gee phu thuoc
VaG

b)

Ian

thl con s6 kfch thiroc dtroc

dO nghieng cua duong thang

vuong g6e v6i dirong phan giac cua goc d6 (Hinh 1-28),

Hinh 1-28 29

Khong cho phep bat (Hlnh 1-29).

ky

dirong net nao cua ban ve ke chong len con so hop d6 cac duong net ducc ve ngat doan

ghi kfch thtroc, trong tnrong

a)
Hlnh 1-29

b)

D6i vol nhtrng kfch thmrc qua be, kh6ng dii cho dt ghi chir 56 thi con s6

kfch thiroc dUQ'C viet tren duong keo dai cua duong kich thu6c hay viet tren gia
ngang (Hlnh 1-30),

¢5 ¢5 ¢5
Hlnh 1-30 Khi c6 nhieu dirong kfch thuoc song song hay dong tarn thl cac dirong kich thuoc each nhau hay each duong bao mot khoang 160 hem 5mm va cac con 56 kich tluroc viet so le nhau (Hinh 1-31).

30

~300 ~250 ~200 ¢ 150

450
Hinh 1-31 6.3. Cac dau hieu va ky hieu 6.3.1. DuOng kinh Trang rnoi tnrong hop tnroc can s6 kich thuoc cua dtrong kinh ghi ky hieu ~. Chieu cao cua ky hieu bang chien cao can s6 kich thiroc. Duong kieh -thuac cua dirong kinh ke qua tam dirong tron (Hlnh 1-32).

Hlnh 1-32 31

6.3.2. Ban kinh Trong moi tnrong hop, tnroc con s6 kich thiroc ban kinh cua cung tron ghi ky hieu R (chit hoa); dirong kich thmrc ke qua tam (Hinh 1·33a). Ole dirong kich thuoc ella cac cung tron dong tam kh6ng diroc nam tren ding mot dinmg thing (ffinh 1-33b).

a)

b)

c)

Hinh 1-33 D6i voi cac cung ?"on e6 ban kinh qua 100, cho phep d~t tam gan cung tron va dirong kich thircc ke gap khuc (Hinh 1·33c). D6i voi cac cung tron qua be khong du ehel de ghi con s6 hay ve miii ten thl con so hay miii ten diroc ghi hay ve 6 ngoai (Hinh 1-34).

Hlnh 1-34 6.3.3. Hinh cdu Tnroc con s6 kich thiroc dirong kinh hay ban kinh cua hinh cau phai ghi chit "cau" va ky hieu $ hay ky hieu R (Hinh 1·35). 32

-+- ---"
\

I r

Hinh 1-35 6.3.4. Hinh vuong Tnroc con s6 kich thuoc canh cua hinh vuong, ghi dau D. D~ phan bier phan mat phang voi mat cong, thirong dung net lien manh gach cheo phan mat phang (Hinh 1-36).

D -~~I
I

Hinh 1-36 6.3.5. Bt) dai cung trim Pilla tren s6 do d¢ dai cung tron ghi dau 1'1, duong kfch thiroc la cung tron dong tarn, duong gi6ng ke song song voi dirong phan giac cua g6c chan cung d6 (Hinh 1-37).

Hinh 1-37

33

Ciu hoi on t~p

1. N6i ro

y nghia

ctla ban ve doi VC1i sfm xuat.

2. Vi sao phai thirc hi~n cac tleu chu§n n6i chung va lieu chuc1n ban ve n6i rillng? 3. Ke nhUng tieu chuan ve trlnh bay ban ve.
4. Cach chia khe>~ tnanh cac kh6 giay chfnh nhir the nao?

5. Ty'~ la g17Vi sao ban ve phai dung ty I~? 6. cac net ve dung tren ban ve gam nhftng 10~i nao? Hlnh d~ng va kfch thU'dc cua chunq nhll the nao? 7. Kfch tht.K1cdQ dai va kfch thlldc g6c tren ban VEl dung don vi g17 Cach ghi cac ddn 8.

£le ghi mot kfch thllC1ctren ban VEl can ke nhiing

ghi klch thlldC g6c.

V! 0'6 nhll the nao?

dlldng gl? each ke nhll the nao?

9. Chlr s6 kfch thlldc tren ban ve ghi nhu the nao? N6i r6 hlldng ghi kfch thlldC dai va 10. Khi ghi klch thlloc thllong dung nhftng dau va the nao?

ky hititu gl? Cach ghi cnunq

nhu

Ba;

t6p

1. Dung thiroc T va eke ke cac dllong song song, dllClng narn ngang, dllong thi!ng dCtngva xlen g6c 45° (ke b~ng cac net lien d~m, net rnanh, net dOt, net cham g<;lch rnanh, net cham g~ch d~m). 2. Dung compa quay cac dllong tron co dl1dng kfnh khac nhau ttl 10 - 50mm (ke b~ng net lien, net dUt, net cham g<;lchrnanh), 3. T~p viet chlr va s6 dLmg va nghi4~ngthea m~u hlnh 1-18a,b.

34
3.G1VKT-B

Chuong 2 VEHINHHQC
Mlf-c dich

- Cung elf cac kiln thuc vi dung hinh,

- Cung cap dinh

ly

tie'p Xltc va each v¢n dung de' gidi bai tdp vi tiep tuyen,

ve-mil· tiip, vi cdc duang cong hinh. hoc. feu cdu - Ndm duac phuong phdp hinh hoc co bdn: dung duimg thdng song song,
duong thdng goc, chia diu dean tilting, chia diu duong tron, chia diu g6c.

- Ndm duoc cdc phuang phdp vi nottiip va vi mot

ovan, elip, than kiwi, trdi xoan. - Nam duac phuong phap vi d¢ doc, d¢ con.

so duang

cong hinn hoc:

- Biel w.in dung cdc phuong phap vi hinh hoc de'vi cdc chi tiel may va vacb ddu khi thuc 19p lay nght?'.
I. Dl)NG DUONG THA.NG SONG SONG, DUONG THANG VUONG

GOC, CHIA DtU DO~N THANG 1. DI/Ilg dltdng thing song song

Bai toan:
Cho duong thing a va mot di~m C nam ngoai duong thing. Qua C ve dircng thfing b song song v6i dirong thang a.

35

1.1. each dung bang thiroc va compa (Hinh 2-1)

D

A B

Hlnh 2-1 - Tren duong thing a lay mot di~m B tuy

lam tam, ve cung tron ban kinh

bang dean CB, cung tron nay cAt duong thing a tai di~m A. - Ve cung tron tam C ban kinh CB va cung tron tam B, ban kinh CA, hai cung tron nay cat nhau tai D. - N6i C voi D, CD la dirong thang b song song vci duong thang a can dung. 1.2. each dung bang thiroc va eke (Hinh 2-2)

Hinh 2-2

- Dat mot canh eke trung voi dirong thing a, canh kia cua eke sat vao mep thiroc. Sau do tnrot eke doc thea mep thiroc sao cho canh kia cua eke di qua
diem C.

36

- Ke duang thang qua diem C theo canh cua eke ta diroc dirong thang b song song v6i duong thang a. 2. Dl/I1g dLfang thing vuong gee Bai loan: Cho dirong thang a va mot diem C nam ngoai dirong thang a. Hay vach qua diem C mot duong thAng vuong goc voi duqn.g thang a.

2.1. each dung bang thurrc va compa (Hlnh 2-3) C

C

D
Hlnh 2'- 1 - Lay diem Clam tarn eung tron co ban kinh Ian hem khoang each tir

diem C den dirong thang a. Cung tron nay cat duong thAng a tai hai diem A

va B.
- Lin IUql lay di~m A va diem B lam tarn, ve eung tron ban kinh 100 han

AB/2. Hai eung tron nay cat nhau tai diem D.

- N6i eva D, CD la duong thang vuong goc voi duong thang a.

Chii

y:

Truong hop di~m C nam tren dirong thang a thl each ve ding

nrong nr, (Hlnh 2-4)

Hlnh 2-4 37

2.2. each dung bang thuoc va eke (Hinh 2-5)

c
a

(a)

(b)
Hlnh 2-5 - Dar mep thiroc sat v6i duong thang a, va cho mot canh vuong g6e cua eke tnrot thea mep thiroc cho den khi canh g6e vuong kia cua eke di qua diem c. - V ach qua C dirong th!ng thea canh g6e vuong cua eke ta duoc dirong thang vuong g6e voi dirong thang a. (Hinh 2-5a) * C6 the ve thea each khac nhu sau: - D~t mot canh g6e vuong cua eke sat vai dirong thang a, va d~t mep thiroc sat voi canh huyen cua eke. - Tnrot eke doc thea mep thiroc cho den khi canh g6e vucng kia cua eke di qua diem c. - Vach qua C dirong th!ng thea canh g6e vuong d6 cua eke. (Hinh 2-Sb)

38

3. Chia deu doan thing 3.1. Chia d6i met doan th~ng
3.1.1. each dung

bdng thutYc va compa (Hlnh 2-6)

Hinh 2-6 - UlY A va B lam tam vi! hai cung tron cung ban kinh R (R> AB/2). Hai cung tron nay d.t nhau tai C va D. N6i CD d.t AB tai trung di~m I, I chia dean thang AB ra lam hai phan bang nhau. 3.1.2. each dung bdng thuac va eke - Dung eke dung mot tam giac can, nhan doan AB lam canh day. Sau do dung duong cao cua tam giac can do. Cach vi! nhu hlnh 2-7.

Hlnh 2-7 39

3.2. Chia doan thing ra nhleu phan bang nhau

- Trong ve song each deu

ky

de chia

thuat, nguoi ta ap dung tfnh chat cac dirong thang song mot doan thing AB ra nhieu phan bang nhau.

Vi du: Chia dean thang AB ra 4 phan bang nhau. Cach ve nhu sau: (Hlnh 2-8).
B

X'

C'

D'

E'

F'

Chia doan thang ra nhieu phan bang nhau Hlnh 2-8 - Tir dau rmit A (hoac B) cua AB ve dirong thang Ax' tuy 90°). D~t lien tiep tren Ax', bon doan thing bang nhau

(x ' AB <

D'E'

= E'F'.

do la:

AC'

= C'D' =

- N6i F' v6i B. Dung eke va thuoc tnrot qua cac diem E', D', C'.

de ve cac

dirong song song voi F'B

- Cac dtrong song song nay cat AB tai E, D, C. - Cac diem E, D. C lacac di~m chia AB ra 4 phan bang nhau.

II. VE GOC - D<} DOC - D<} CON

1. Ve g6c

1.1. Chia doi g6c (Hlnh 2-9)

Chia doi goc AOB ta ve nhu sau:

40

Hinh 2-9 - LIY 0 lam tam ve mot cung tron v6i ban kfnh tuy y. Lan hrot lay diem A va diem B lam tam quay hai cung tron cung ban kfnh R (R>AB/2). Hai eung nay cat nhau tai 1. N6i 01 thl 01 la mot dirong phan giac cua g6e AOE.

1.2. Chia goc vuong ra lam 3 phan (Hlnh 2-10)

Chia g6e vuong AOB ra lam 3 phan nhir sau: A C

D Hinh 2-10

- Lay 0 tron nay cat - Lay C tron nay cat g6c AOB ra

lam tam quay mot eung tron ban kinh R (ban kinh R bat ky). Cung OA va OB tai C va D. va D lam tam quay tiep h~i cung tron ban kinh R tren. Hai eung cung tron tren tai 1 va E. N6i 01 va OE ta se diroc cac dirong chia lam 3 phan bang nhau.

41

1.3. vs cac goc: 75°, 105°, 15° va 165°

Dung hai eke ph6i hop voi nhau (Hinh 2-11)

de ve

cac goc 75°, 105°, 15° va 165°.

Hlnh 2-11

2. Ve do doc (Hinh 2-12) - Mat phang cua chi tiet co vi trf narn nghieng tren ban ve dU<;1C the hien bang dO doc. - D¢ d6c giita dirong thang AB doi v6i duong thang AC la tang cua goc BAC, gee gifra nai duong thang do. (Hlnh 2-12a).

c
(a)

L=6a

(b)

D¢d6e HInh 2-12 42

K Y hieu d¢ doc

i=

~ = tgo

(i Ia ky hieu tri 56 ella dt) doc; ala g6e doc).

- DOd6c dac tnmg eho d¢ nghieng gitra duemg tMng nay voi duong tMng kia. - DQ doc duoc tfnh thee phan tram hay ty 1~. - Ve: dQ doc la ve theo tang cua g6e.L - Ky hieu dQ doc tren ban ve 130.L - Cach ghi ky hieu dQ doc tren ban ve nhu hinh ve 2-12b. Vi du: Ve d¢ d6e 1:6 cua dirong thing di qua diem B da eho d6i voi duong thang AC. Cach ve nhu sau: (Hinh 2-13)

~1:6

c
Hinh 2-13

- Tir B ha dirong vuong goc xuong dirong thang AC (C la chan duong

vuong goc),

- Dung eompa do d~t len dubng thing AC, ke tir diem C sau dean thang, moi dean bang dt) dai BC, ta diroc diem A. - Noi AB, ta diroc dirong AB 13. dirong co d¢ doc bang 1:6 d6i voi duong th!ng AC.

3. Vi! de? con

- Dt) con la ty 56 gitra hieu hai dUD1lgkfnh hai mat d.t vuong goc v6'i khoang each gitra hai mat dt d6 cua hinh con. (Hinh 2-14) - Tri 56 d¢ con diroc ky hieu 130k:
D-d k=--=2tga h

43

t>K

Hlnh 2-14 Vi du: Ve htnh con, dinh A true AB co d¢ con k ;:::1:5. each ve nhu sau: (Hlnh ve 2-15 ). - Lay true AB bang 5 don vi (bat ky), - Ve qua A hai dirong thang .k 1 ;:::2

ve hai phia

cua true AB co d¢ doc.

= - 1 doi vo true AB . 01 VOl

10 .

5a

I-finh 2-15

Ky hieu

d¢ con tren hinh ve nhu hlnh 2-16

[:>1:5

Hinh 2-16 44

ts;

Cac d¢ con thong dung diroc quy dinn trong TCVN 153-63. Khi thiet k€ phai dung cac d¢ con tieu chudn do. Tri s6 eua chung ia 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 1:15, 1:20, 1:30, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200; hoac thea goc 2et co: 30°,45°,60°, 90°, 120°.

ill. CHIA DtU DUONG TRON 1. Chia dLtdng trcn ra 3 - 6 phan b~ng nhau (Ve tam giac deu noi tiep, luc giac deu noi tiep), Cach chia deu nhu hinh 2-17 va 2-18.

Hinh 2-17

Hinh 2-18

2. Chia dLtongtrim ra 4 - 8 phan b~ng nhau 2.1. Chia dUOng trim ra 4 phan bang nhau, ve t6' giac dell nt)i tiep
(Hlnh 2-19)

2.2. Chla dirong trim ra 8 phan bang nhau, ve bat glac dell nt)i tiep
(Hlnh 2-20)

Hinh 2-19

Hlnh 2-20

4S

3. Chia dU'c.ngtren ra 5 - 10 phan b~ng nhau 3.1. Chia duang tron ra 5 phfin bang nhau, dung ngfi giac d~u nQi ti~p
(Hlnh 2-21) Bai (Olin:

Cho dirong tron tam 0 duong kinh AB .L CD. Dung ngi1 giac deu noi tiep
trong dirong tron. Phuong phap dung:

Muon dung ngu giac deu noi tiep trong duong tron trrc Ia ta chia duong tron ra 5 phan bang nhau. each chia nhu sau: - Dung trung diem M cua ban kinh OA - Ve eung tron tarn M ban kinh Me, cung tron cat OB tai N - Noi N voi C thi NC Ii'!. d¢ dai mot canh cua ngii giac deu noi tiep,

2JC
3 A B

Hinh 2-21 3.2. Chia duang tron ra 10 phAn bang nhau Dung thap giac deu noi tiep, Cach dung nrong tu nhu hlnh 2-21. Doan ON la d(l dai mot canh cua thap giac deu n¢i tiep, 4. Chia dU'dng tren ra 7,9, 11... ph'n b~ng nhau Bai loan:
Cho dubng tron tam 0,

hai duong kfnh AS .L CD.

46

Chia duemg tron ra 7 phan hang nhau. Phuong phap dJ!1Zg: (Hinh 2-22).

7C

ffinh2-22

- UlY D lam tam quay mot cung tron c6 ban kinh bang CD. Cung nay cat
AB keo dai tai M

va N.

- Chia CD ra 7 phan bang nhau duqc cac diem chia: l ': 2'; 3'~ ... ~6'.

- N6i M va N voi cac di~m le: 1'; 3'; 5' (hoac noi voi cac diem chan 2'; 4'; 6') keo dai elit duang tron tai cac diem 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. D6 la cac ditim chia

dirong tron ra Him7 phan bang nhau.

- Ta n6i cac di~rn 1,2, ... ,6, C bang cac day cung, ta se duoc hinh bay canh deu nQi tiep,
- Chia duong tron thrum 9, 11, 13... phan bang nhau ta lam tuong nr nhu

tren nhirng dUCmg kinh CD se duoc chia thanh 9, 11, 13... phan bang nhau.
5. Dung .thltdC va ike dl/ng cac tam giac deu, I\lc giac deu va hinh vuong nQi tiep
5.1. Dung eke 60° va thuGe dung tam giae d~unt)i tiep (Hlnh 2-23)

47

Hinh 2-23 5.2. Dung eke 600 va tluroc dung IIJ-c giac deu nQi tiep (Hinh 2-24)

Hinh 2-24 5.3. Dung eke 450 va tluroc dung hinh vuong nQi tiep (Hinh 2-25)

Hinh 2-25

Ghi chit:

Co th~ dung da giac d~u noi tiep trong dtrong tron cho tnroc bang each
tinh d¢ dai mot canh cjia da giac theo dirong kfnh d cua dirong tron boi cong thirc sau: . 1800 3.u= d. Stn-n Trong do: - ~: d¢ dai mot canh cua da giac dell noi tiep, - d: duong kinh cua duong tron ngoai tiep da giac dell.

IV. CACH xAc DlNH TAM CUNG TRON

Nell mot vat th~ c6 cung tron can xac dinh tam ta lam nhu sau: - Dung giay t6 cung tron (Hinh 2-26).

IDnh 2-26 - Lay 3 di~m tllY y tren cung tron d5 ve (diem A, B, C), - Dl!I1g cac duong trung true cua hai day cung AB va Be. Hai duong trung

true nay cat nhau tai 0 thl 0130 tam cung tron cAn tun,

49

V. VE NOI TIEP 1. Hai djnh 1.1. Dinh

19' t:ep xuc

Iy 1

Mot dirong tron tiep XIJe vci mot duong thang thl tam drrong tron each duong thang mot doan bang ban kfnh dirong tron, Tiep diem 18.chan dubng vuong g6c ke tir tam dirong tron den dirong thang (Hlnh 2-27).

A
IDnh 2-27

1.2. Dinh

Iy 2
neu cluing tiep xuc

Mot dtrong tron tiep xuc v6i mot dirong tron khac, thl khoang each hai tam duong tron bang tdng hai ban kinh cua hai dirongtron ngoai, hoac bang hieu hai ban kfnh cua hai dubng tron neu cluing tiep xuc

trong. Tiep diem nam tren dirong n6i hai tam (Hlnh 2-28).
50

Hai duong tron tiep xuc ngoai

Hai duong tron tiep xiic trong

Hlnb 2-28

2. Cae tntbng hqp noi tiep 2.1. Ve tiep tuyen v(ri mot duong tron
Bdi loan: Tit mot diem echo truce hay ve tiep tuyen v6i mot dirong tron, Phuong phap ve: a. Neil C ndm tren duang trim tam 0 N6i 0 vci C. Qua C ve dirong vuong goc v6i ban kfnh OC, AB chfnh 13.tiep tuyen can ve. (Bai toan dung dirong vuong goc) (Hinh 2-29).

A
Hinh 2-29

b. Ne'u C ndm ngoai duang tron tam 0 (Hlnh 2-30)

Hlnh 2-30

- N6i Cv6i D
- 11m trung diem I cua DC.

- Ve dirong tron phu dirong kinh OC. Duong tron nay eAt dirong tron tam tai T1va T2• - N6i Cfj va Cf2• do Ia hai tiep tuyen phai dung, 2.2. Ve tiep tuyen chung v6i hai duong tron
Rai loan:

Cho hai dtrong tron tam 01 va 02. ban kinh R1va R2. Hay ve tiep tuyen chung voi hai dirong tron do. Phuong phdp vi':

a. Truong hop ve-tie'p tuyen chung ngoai (Hinh 2-31)

T1

ffinh 2-31

52

- Ve du<:mgtron

phu tarn 0, ban kinh R,-R2•

:. Tina.m O2 ve tiep tuyen vOi duong tron phu tiep xiic tai A.
- N6i 0, v6i A keo dai d.t duang tron tam 0, tai di~m T,., - Tir tarn O2 ke 02T2// O,T,. - N6i T, v6i T2 thl T]T21a tiep tuyen chung ngoai ella hai duong tron tarn 0] va 02. - Tuong tu nhu tren, ta co th~ ve tiep tuyen thir hai T' IT' 2 d6i xtmg v6i T ,T2 qua 0102'

.v l

ti{p tuyen chung trong (Hlnh 2-32).

tron phu tam

- Ve duong

2, ban

kfnh R]+R2• Cac biroc him tiep theo nrong

tt! nhu bai toan tren,

* Cac

tnrong hop c~n chii <;: ta co hai tiep tuyen chung trong.

- Neu d > R,+R2 (d la khoang each 0,02)

- Neu d = R,+R2 thi co mot tiep tuyen chung trong tai tiep diem.

- Neu d < R,+R2 thi khong co tiep tuyen chung trong.

Hinh 2-32 2.3. Ve cung trim n6i tiep hai duang thang

Bdi loan:
Cho hai duong thang d, va d2.Ve cung tron n6i tiep hai duong thang Phuang phdp vi': - Ap dung dinh 1<;tiep xuc 1 d~ vi! cung tron n6i liep v6i dirong thang.

do.

53

- Khi viSclin xac dinh duoc tam cung tron n6i tiep va tiep diem.
a. Ne'u hai duang thdng d, va dz song song vai nhau (Hinh 2-33) - Ke dirong thang vuOng g6c v6i d, va d2 cat d. va d2 tai T, va T2. - TIm trung di~m

cua T] T 2 d6 la tam cung tron,

- ViS cung tron T]T2 tarn 0, ban kinh OT] (hoac OT2).

d1

d2
T2
ffinh 2-33 b. Ne'u hai duang thdng cAt nhau (Hinh 2-34)
:I<

Bai toan: Cho hai duong thfutg d. Phuong phap viS:

va

d2 cAt nhau. Hay

ve

cung tron ban

kinh R n6i tiep voi hai dtrong th§ng d6.

:I<

Ap dung tfnh chat tiep xuc cua duong thang vci dirong tron d~ xac dinh trf tam cung n6i tiep va ticp diem.(Hlnh 2- 34a,b)

vi

- Tir phia trong g6c cua hai dirong th§ng da cho, ke dirong thang d,' lid] va

d2'lld2• each

a, va d

mot khoang R.

- Hai dtrong thang d. 'va d2' d.t nhau tai 0 thl Ia tam cung n6i tiep, - Tir 0 ha duong vuong g6c vOi d, va d2 duoc hai diem T] va T2• Chfnh T]. T21a hai tiep diem. - LAy 0 Him tam ve cung tron ban kfnh R n6i T] v6i T2• D6 chinhla cung tron n6i tiep can dung. 54

d'1

d'2 d'2
0::

T2

d2

d2

T2

Hlnh 2-34a

Hinh 2-34b

Trong tnreng hop hai dirong thang cat nhau tao thanh mot g6c vu6ng ta co

the ve thea each khac nhu hinh 2-34e

d1
T1

d2

Hlnh 2-34e

2.4. Ve cung tron n6i

Bai todn:

tiep v(ri mot dUOng

thang va mot cung trim khac

- Cho eung tron Hun 0,. ban kfnh R, va duang thAng d. Ve cung tron ban kfnh R n6i tiep v6i cung tron 0, va duong th.1ng d.

PhU01lg phdp
- Ta

ap dung

ve.'
dinh

ly duong

tron tiep xuc voi duemg tron va duong tron tiep

xuc vOi dubng tha.ng d~ ve cung tron n6i ti€p.

55

- Xac dinh tam va tiep dii~m. a. Truong ht;fp tie'p xuc ngoai (Hinh 2-35)

d'

d T2 cung tron n6i tiep voi mot dirong thang va IDOt cung tron khac (ti~p xiic ngoai), Hlnh 2-35

Ve

- Ke dirong tha.ng d' song song voi direng thang d va each d mot khoang bang R.

- LAy 0, lam tarn ve dirong tron phu ban kinh bang R+RI' Cung tron phu cat duong thing d' tai 0,0 la tarn cung tron n6i tiep, - N6i 0 voi 01 cat cung tron RI tai T,va tir 0 ha OTz .L d. T1va T2 la hai tiep ditm. - LAy0 lam tam ve cung tron ban kinh R n6i TIT2 , d6 chfnh lii cung tron
n6i tiep can dung.

b. Truong hap tiep xuc trong (Hlnh 2-36)

- Ke duong khoang R. thang d' song song vdi duong thing d va each d mot

56

- Lay 01 Him tam quay cung tron phu ban kinh bang R-RI. Cung tron phu ca.t dirong thang d' tai 0, 0 Hi tam cung tron noi tiep, - Noi 0 v6i 01 keo dai cat cung tron RI tai TI, tir 0 ha O'Ty L d. TI,Tzla hai tiep diem. - Lay 0 lam tam quay cung tron ban kinh R n6i TITz. D6 chinh la cung tron noi tiep can dung,

d'

d T2

Ve cung tron n6i tiep v6i mot dircng thAng va mot cung tron khac (tiep xuc trong). Hlnh 2-36 2.5. Vi cung trim n6i tiep v~ cung tron khac Bai todn: - Cho hai cung tron tarn 0lva O, ban kinh RI va Rz. Ve cung tron ban kinh R noi tiep voi hai cung tron da: cho,
Phuong phdp vi:

- Ap dung dinh Iy 2: Dirong tron tiep xuc v6i duong tron khac de ve cung tron noi tiep, - TIm tam cung tron noi tiep va cac tiep ditm. 57

a. Truong hap

tiep xuc ngoai (Hinh

2-37)

Ve cung tron n6i tiep voi

hai cung tron khac (tiep xnc ngoai),

Hinh 2-37

- LA'y 01 va 021am tam ve hai eung tron phu ban ki~ R+RI va R+R2' - Hai cung tron phu d.t nhau tai 0.0130 tam eung tron n6i tiep.
- N6i Olvm 0 c~t duong tron tam 01 tai T1• n6i O2 v6i 0 cat dirong tron

tam O2 tai T2. TI.T2 la hai tiep diem. - Lay tam 0 ban kinh R ve eung tron T1T2• do la cung tron n6i tiep can tim. b. Truong hap liep xuc trong (Hinh 2-38) - each ve nrong t\l' nhu tren, a day chi chii y: Khi ve hai dmmg tron phu tam 01 va O2 thl ban kinh cua hai cung tron nay la R-RI va R-R2•
58

Ve cung tron n6i tiep voi

hai cung tron khac (tiep xuc trong).

Hlnh 2-38

c. Truong hap lie'p xuc trong va liep xuc ngoai (Hinh 2-39) - Cung tron R\ tiep xuc trong voi cung tron R va R2 tiep xuc ngoai voi R
(hoac ngiroc lai), - Cach ve nrong tu nhu hai each ve tren.

I T1

Truong hop tiep xuc trong va tiep xric ngoai. H1nh 2-39
59

2.6. Vi du tmg dung Ve n6i tiep duqc dung

de ve cac hlnh
la dirong

bitu dien cua chi tift va dung dt H\y

dau trong cac nganh nguoi, go, han, moe ma.u... Khi ve cac hlnh bitu dien c6 cac dirong n6i tiep, tnroc het phai dira vao kich tluroc da cho de xac dinh dtrong nao 13. dirong da biet va dirong nao 13. direng n6i tiep, Duong da biet co kich thuoc d¢ 1&1va kich thiroc xac dinh vi tri da cho. Vi du dirong tron da biet
dirong n6i tiep diroc

la duong

tron c6 ban kinh va kich

tluroc xac dinh vi tri tam duong tron da cho, Duong

da

biet dtroc ve tnroc,

ve sau.
dang cua tarn giang (Hinh 2-40)

Vi du:

Ve hinh

- Duong thang tiep xiic voi dirong tron:

Tir diem A (kich thircc da xac dinh la 95 va 50) dung dirong thlmg tiep xuc
voi dirong tron ban kinh R24 (co tam nam tren true d6i xtrng va each duang nam ngang 0 dum mot khoang 76 da diroc xac dinh), - Cung tron n6i tiep vai hai duong th~ng d.t nhau: Hai dirong thing c~t nhau da biet, cung tron ban kinh RI21a cung tron n6i tiep. - .Cung tron n6i tiep voi hai dirong thang vuong g6c: Hai dirong thing biet, cung tron ban kinh RIO

la cung

da

tron n6i tiep,

- Cung tron n6i tiep voi dirong thing va cung tron khac: Duong thfing va cung tron ban kinh RI5 (v] trf tam X8.C dinh bang kich thiroc 30 va 50) la dircng da bier, cung tron R8 la cung n6i tiep, - Cung n6i tiep vdi hai cung tron kbac: Hai cung tron c6 cung ban klnh R15,

vi

tri tam da diroc xac dinh Ia hai dub'ng da biei, cung RI8 (tiep xuc

ngoai) Iii cung tron n6i tiep,

60

lfinh 2-40

(Tng dung cac bai toan co ban v~ ve n6i tiep cua tam giang. VI. MOT.

a tren ta se ve duoc

hlnh dang

s6 DUONG

CONG HINH HQC

1. £)U'bng elip

Duong elip la quy tfch cua dh~mco tcing khoang each den hai di~m c6 dinh F, va F2 bang mot hang s616'o han khoang each F,:f2 (Hinh 2-41).

MF, + MF2;:: 2a
61

CI

1
\ \ \ \

./ ./

1 1

\ \

----·----I----~---F1 01 F2

2a Hinh 2-41

- AB goi la true dai cua elfp, - CD 1.. AB la true ngan cua elip. - 0 la Him cua elip,
Cach

ve elip

kill biet hai true AB 1.. CD: (Hlnh 2-42)

A
12'

D 19'

Hioh 2-42

62

- Ve hai dmmg tron tam 0 duong kfnh AB va CD. - Chiacahai chinh xac), dubng tron ra lam nhieu pMn bang nhau (cang chia nh6 cang

- Tir cac di~mchi~ tren dirong tron

CD, va

tu cac

Ian ke duong
.

song song vOitrue nga.n

ditm chia tren duong tron nho ke cac duong thAng song song

voi true dai AB. Giao di~m cua cac cap duong thang nay la cac diem tao thanh elip. 2. Dlfbng trai xoan (mnh 2-43) - Trang truong hop khong doi hoi ve chinh xac dubng elip. Co th~ thay the dirong elip bang duang trai xoan. - Duong trai xoan la duong cong khep kin tao hOi b6n cung tron n6i tiep co dang gan gi6ng duong elfp. - N6i cac diem nay bang net manh, sau d6 t6 darn bang thuoc .cong.

- each

ve dirong trai xoan thea true dai AB

va true

ngan CD nhu sau:

Hlnh 2-43
- Ve cung tron tam 0, ban kinh GA. Cung tron nay d.t true ngan CD tai E. - Ve cung tron tam C, ban kfnh CE. Cung tron nay cat dub"ng th&ng AC tai F.

63

- Ve duang trung tnrc ciia dean AF. dU<mgtrung tnrc nay cat true dai tai 01
vatruc ng!n CD tai hinh trai xoan, IAtam cua hai cung tron con lai cua dubng trai xoan,
03'

Hai di~m 01 va 0313. hai

tam

cua hai cung tron tao nen

- L:iy cac ditm d6i xtmg voi 01 va 03 qua 0 ta diroc cac diim O2 va 04' D6

3. £)LtCfng than khai ella dltCfng tron .

- Duong than khai cua dueng tron 1a quy tfch cua mot ditm mot duong thang, tron co dinh, - Duong tron co dinh khi duong thang nay Ian khong tron eo narn tren tnrot tren mot dirong than khai, thuong

la duong

sa. Khi ve duong

cho bie't ban kinh dirong tron co sa. Cach ve nhu sau: (Hinh 2-44)

Hinh 2-44 - Chia deu duong tron eo sa ra mot s6 phan bang nhau vi du 12 phan, bang cac di~m chia 1,2, ...,12 - Til cac ditm chia do ke cac tiep tuyen cho dirong tron co sd lAy tren tiep tuyen tai diem 12 mot doan bang chu vi dirong tron co - Chia deu dean d6 thanh 12 phan hang nbau (bang s6 phan chia tren duong tron co Sd) v6i cac ditm ehia 1', 2', ... 12'.

sa.

va

64

- Lan hrot d~t tren tiep tuyen tai cac diim 1,2, 3 ...cac doan bang l l , 10,9." l~n doan 2nR/12 ta duoc cac di6m thuoc dirong than khai MI, M2,··· M12• - N6i cac di6m MI.M2
dirong tron.
....

MI2 bang thiroc cong, ta duoc duong than khai cua

Cciu hoi

on t~p

1. Trinh bay each chia dean th~ng thanh nhil~u phan bang nhau. 2. Trinh bay each chia dlfong tron ra 5,7, 10, 11 phan bang nhau. 3. Neu each xac d!nh tam va ban kinh cung tron, 4. PMt biE§uhai djnh

Iy tisp

xuc,

Co hinh ve minh

noa,

5. Trinh bay each ve noi tisp hai dU'Clng th~ng bt!.ng mQt cung tron (hai trLtong hop). 6. Trinh bay each va noi tisp duong thimg va m9t cung tron bang met cung tron khac (hai trLtong hop), 7. Trinh bay each VEl noi tit~p hal cung tron bilngm9t cung tron khac (ba trltong hop),

8. Trinh bay each VEl dlfong eUp khi blst hai true vuOng goc. 9. Trinh bay each VEl dLtong trai xoan.

10. Trinh bay each ve dLtong than khai.

65
~TVKT.A

Chuang 3 HlNH CHIEU VUONG G6C

MlJ,c dich
- Gioi thi¢u mot so' phep chieu - Nh(i'n manh phep chieu song song va vuong g6e.
- Gio: thieu cdc phuang phdp chieu diem, duong thang, mgt phdng va cac

linh chdt eua n6.

- Huang ddn each vi' 3 hinh chieu eua cae kh61 hinh hoc co bdn. feu cdu - Ndm cae khdi niem ve' phep ehieu va tinh chdt eua phep chieu song song.
- Ndm duoc cae phuang phdp:

cuu« di€m,

duong (hang, mat phang va cdc

tinh chat eua n6.

- Bier vi ba hinh
1. Khlti ni~m

chieu eua cdc khot' hinh.

I. KHAI NI~M vf cAe PHEP CHIEU

Gia thiet trong khong gian, ta Hiy mot mat phang P va mot di(~m Sa ngoai mat phang do. Til mot di~m A Nil ky trong kh6ng gian, ta dung dirong thang SA, dirong thang nay eftt mat phang P tai mot di~m A' (Hinh 3-1). Ta n6i rang ta da thirc hien mot phep chien va ta goi m~t phang P 13.mat phang hlnh chieu, dirong thang SA la tia chieu va di~m A' la hlnh chieu cua di~m A tren mat

phang P. 66

Hlnh 3-1

2. cae phep chleu 2.1. Phep chieu xuyen him

Trong phcp chien tren, neu tat ca cac tia chieu d~u di qua mot diem S cO dinh goi lit tam chieu thl phep chieu d6 goi la phep chieu xuyen tam, diem A' goi Iii. hlnh chieu xuyen tam cua diem A tren mat phang chieu P, tarn chieu S (Hinh 3-2),
5

A'

c·
p

IDnh 3-2

67

Vi du:

Trong tlurc t€, ta thuong thay nhimg hien nrong gi6ng nhu cac phep chieu, Ann sang cua mot ngon den chieu d6 v~t len mat dat gi6ng nhu phep chieu xuyen tam, voi ngon den Iii tam chieu, mat dat Iii mat phang chieu, b6ng d6 v~t tren mat dat la hinh chieu xuyen tarn cua d6 v~t d6 (Hinh 3-3).

A'

Hlnh 3-3

Phep chieu xuyen tarn diroc dung trong ve ky thuat, trong cac ban ve xay dung, kien true. Phep chieu xuyen tarn cho ta nhiing hlnh ve ciia v~t th~ gi6ng nhu nhirng hinh anh khi ta nhm v~t th~ d6.
2.2. Phep chieu song song Neu tilt ca cac tia chieu khOng di qua mot di~m c6 dinh rna song song voi mot dirong thkg e6 dinh 1 goi la phuong chieu thl phep chieu d6 goi la phep chieu song song (Hlnh 3-4). Di~m A', giao di~rn cua duang thang di qua di~m A va song song v6i phuong chieu 1, v6i mat phang P goi la hinh chieu song song cua di~m A tren m~t phang chieu P, phtrong chien 1. 68

A'

Hlnh 3-4 Vi du: Anh sang cua mat troi chieu do vat len mat dat gi6ng nhu phcp chieu song song. Cac tia sang mat troi la nhOng tia chieu song song, mat dat d6 (Hlnh 3-5).

la

mat

phang chieu va b6ng do v~t tren mat da't la hinh chieu song song cua do vat

Hlnh 3 - 5

69

2.3. Phep chieu vuong g6c Trong phep chieu song song, neu phuong chieu 1 vu6ng goc v6i mat phang chieu P, ta goi d6la phep chieu vuong goc (Hlnh 3-6).

A'

Hinh 3-6

Phep chien song song va nhat la phep chieu vuong goc duqe dung nhieu trong cac ban ve ky thuat noi chung va cac II. HINH CHIEU

ban

ve co khi noi rieng.

CVA DIEM, DUONG THANG V A M! T PHANG TRONG Ht THONG BA M!T PHANG CHIEU
1. Hinh ehieu eua di~m 1.1. H~ thong ba mat phang chleu
Nhu tren ta thay rang: mot dil~m A trong hinh khong gian thi co mot hinh chieu A' duy nhat tren mat phang chieu P. Nhung nguoc lai, di€m A' kh6ng chi la hinh chieu ella mot di~rn A duy nhat rna A' con la hinh chieu ella v6 s6 cac di€rn khac nhau thuoc tia chieu AB (Hinh 3-7).

70

B
C

A'=:

B'=:

C'

Hlnh 3-7 Ta xem vat the Ht mot t~p hop diem nao do. Vi vay, mot hlnh chien cua mot vat the tren mot mat phang chieu chua hay xay dung lai vat the do trong kh6ng gian. Vi du: (Hlnh 3-8)

du de

xac dinh hlnh dang va kich

thuoc cua vat the do, nghia la can cu vao mot hlnh chien chua the hlnh dung

HInh 3-8

71

Quan sat hai vat th~ ~

co hinh

dang khac nhau, song hlnh chieu cua chiing

tren mot m~t phang thl hlnh chieu lai gi6ng nhau.

ban ve ky thuat

dien ta mot each chfnh xac hlnh dang va kfch thiroc v~t th6, tren cac ngtroi ta dung phirong phap hinh chieu vuong g6c, tire la chieu .

vat the len hai hay ba mat phang hinh chieu de hinh chieu d6 dien t3. duoc d ba kfch thtroc: dai, rong, cao cua vat the. De tong quat ta chieu vat the len ba mat phang chieu, Ta lay ba mat phang . chieu sao cho vuong goc voi nhau tung doi mot (Hinh 3-9a): p].l P2 .1 PJ Mat phang P, thAng dtrng goi la mat phang hinh chieu dirng. Mat phang P2 nam ngang goi la mat phang hinh chieu bang. Mat phang P 3

a ben phai

P, goi la mat phang hinh chieu canh,

Giao tuyen gifta ba mat phang hinh chieu vm nhau goi

ia true

chieu,

y Hinh 3-9a

Co ba true chieu nhu sau:

- Giao tuyen gifra PI va P21a true chieu Ox. - Giao tuyen gifra P2 va P3la true chieu Oy. - Giao tuyen gifra PI va P1 iii true chieu Oz. Giao diem cua ba true chieu goi la diem goc (0).

72

V~t th~ d~t trong khong gian giO'a ba mat ph~ng chien. Chien v~t the len ba m~t phang hinh chieu, san d6 tnii ph~ng cac m~t phftng hlnh chieu cho trung v6i mat phang chieu PI (mat phang ban ve), ta se ve dU<;1cac hinh chien vuong c g6c cua v~t the. Hlnh 3-9b la hinh chieu cua v~t the tren cac mat phang chien

z
p,

P3

y Hinh 3 - 9b 1.2. Hmh chien (do tlurc) ella met di~mtrong h~ thong ba mat phiing chien

1.2.1. Xliy dung d6 thue

D~t diem A vao h~ th6ng ba mat phang chien (Hinh 3-10). z

p,

Hlnh 3-10

73

Trong h¢ thong ba m~t phang chieu thi cac true chieu Oy 1.. PI' Oz 1.. P2, Ox 1.. P3. V ~y mu6n chieu vuong goc diem A len ba mat phang chieu ta lam nhu sau: * Chieu len PI: Tit A k6 dmmg song song v6i Oy cilt P 1 tai AI. AlIa hlnh chieu dUng cua diem A. * Chieu xu6ng P2: Tir Al dircng song song voi Oz cilt Ox tai Ax. Tir Ax ke dirong song song voi Oy, dong thoi tit A ke dirong song song v& Oz, hai duong nay nhau tai mot di~ffi, diem d6 la A2 chinh la hinh chieu bang cua diem A. * Chien sang P~: Tir A I ke dirong song song vdi Ox d.t Oz tai An tir Al k6 duong song song voi Oy, dong thai ttr A dubng song song voi Ox hai dirong nay dt nhau tai mot diem, ditm d6 la A3 chinh la hinh chieu canh cua diem A.

ke

cat

ke

1.2.2. Xoay mi;it

phdng
Ox mot goc 90° (theo chieu mtii ten tren theo va thing hang voi AI. True Oy xoay Oz mot g6c 90° (theo chien mui ten tren thea va thing hang voi AI. True Oy xoay

. Xoay mat phang P2 quanh true hinh ve 3-10). Ta diroc P2== PI. Liic nay A2 xoay theo va trung voi Oz keo dai, . Xoay mat phang P~ quanh true hlnh ve 3-10). Ta diroc p~;:::: I. Liic nay A3xoay P theo va trung voi Ox keo dai.

z
AJ

Ax

y Htnh 3 - 11
74

Sau khi xoay ta diroc do thirc ella di~m A trong he thong ba mat phang chieu nhir hinh ve 3-11.

1.2.3. Tinh ch(i'tcua

do thuc

Nhin vao do thirc hinh ve tren ta thay:

- Duong thang noi Al voi A2 d.t true X tai Ax va A1A2.l Ox. - DUCmg thing n6i Al voi A3 true Z tai Az va AIA3.l Oz. - Khoang each tir hinh chien bang den true X bang khoang each nr hinh

cat

chieu canh den true Z.

AAj = A2A~} _ AAj - A~A,

A2A"

= A3Az

V oi phuong phap bicu dien hlnh chieu cua diem A, ta co th~ bieu dien v~t the (}hlnh 3-9b nlur hinh 3-12.

,---------------~z
AI Az

z
AJ

./ p,

Ax

a
Ay

r.
y

Ay

A1

-.

lftnh 3-12 1.2.4. Ung dung

Dira vao tinh chat tren bao gio ta ding ve diroc hlnh chieu thtl ba khi biet hai hinh chieu cua diem. Vi du 1: Biet hai hinh chieu AI va A3 cua di~m A. Tim blnh chieu bang (A2) cua diem A? (Hinh 3-13).

75

z Az
II
II

Ax

y
Hlnh 3-13

each ve nhir sau:

- Noi AI v6i A3 cat true Z tai Az - Qua A I ke dirong vuong goc voi true X, cat true X tai Ax. - Lay A2Ax = A3Az. Nhu v~y di~m A2 da diroc xac dinh, Ta co the tlm A2 bang phuong phap dung dirong phu trc; duong phu tro nghieng goc 45° b goc thu 4. Vi du Z: Cho hai hlnh chieu Al va A2 ciia diem A. TIm A3 (Hinh 3-14). Tim hmh chieu A3 bang phuong phap ke them dirong xien 45() goc thu tu cua he true toa d¢. - N6i Al vm A2• - Tit A2 ke dirong narn ngang g~p dirong 45° dung tiep duemg gi6ng thAng dung (theo chieu mui ten tren hlnh ve). - Tit AI giong duang nam ngang gap dirong th~ng dimg giong tit duong 45° tai A:\. V~y diem A3 ta dff tim dircc,

76

z
At Az

Ax

y
IDnh 3-14 MQt ditm trong khong gian bao gio ciing duqc xac dinh bang ba toa d¢ A(x,y,z), nhu vay A,(x,z), A2(x,y), A3(y,z). Vi du 3: Cho A(5,3,7) ve ba hinh chieu cua di~m A (Hinh 3-15). V~y Al(5,7). A2(S,3), A3(3,7). Cach ve: Ke hai dtrong true vuong goc nhau, lAy Tirong tJ! nhu vay ta tim diroc diem A2

ty l~ xich
3.

tren cac true toa d¢:

Til true Ox Ilfy di~m 5 giong len va til true Oz Ilfy di~m 7 ke sang ta

va A
z

co AI'

A,

A3

5
A2

3 3

y Hlnh 3-15a 77

Sau khi ve xong ta dung tinh chat cua di~m d~ kiem tra lai cac toa d¢ diem. Vi du d: Cho A(6, -2,8) tim ba hinh chieu cua diem A. Di~m Al (6,8), Al (6,-2), Al (-2,8). Cach ve: - Ke hai dirong true vuong goc nhau, lay ty l~ xich tren cac true toa d¢:

z
AI AJ

8
-

A2
X

Y
I

Y
Hinh 3-1Sb - Tit true Ox lay di~m 6 giong len va tit true Oz lay di~m 8

AI' Tuong nhu vay ta tim diroc di~m A2 va A3. * Nhdn xet: - Neu dilm Az tuim dum true Xthi di€m A3 ndm ben phdi true Z. - Ne'u dilm Az ndm tren true X thi diim A3 ruim ben trdi true Z. Ne'u Az thuoc true X thi A3 thuoc true Z. 2. Hinh chleu (do thU'e) ella dLtcsngthing trong h~ thong ba mij.t phang ehieu
~ AI

tv

ke sang

ta co

Mot dirong thang diroc xac dinh bang hai di~m, do do mu6n bicu dien mot duong thang, ta chi can xac dinh duoc hinh chieu (do thirc) cua hai di~m thuoc dtrong thang do.

78

2.1. Hinh chieu ella dtrong tha.ng bat chieu nao,

ky

Duong th~ng ba't ky 130 dirong thang kh6ng song song voi mat phkg hlnh
Tim do thirc cua dirong thang AB bat ky trong h~ thong ba mat phkg chieu

(Hinh 3-16). - Chieu tirng diem: A len PI' P2, P3: Ta duqe AI' A2, A3•

B len PI' P2, P3 : Ta diroc BI, Hz, B3• AI,BI E PI; A2,Hz E P2; A3,B3 E P3. Nen ta n6i Al voi BI, A2 voi

Hz. A3

voi B3•

y Hinh 3-16
Tuong t\1' phan tim d6 thuc eua mot ditm

a tren

ta tim duqc A,B, hinh

chien dimg, A2Bz hlnh chieu bang, A3B3 hinh chieu canh cua dean thang AB. 2.2. Hlnh chieu ella duang tha.ng song song v(ri mat phang htnh chleu

2.2.1. DlIiTng thdng song song v6iPJ (Hinh 3-17a)

79

___ ~--+----,

B,

z
B3

Al~---r--'_-~A3

o
A,
y
Hinh 3-17a Duong thang song song voi PI nghia la khoang each H(t cll cac di~m tren doan thang AB d€n PI deu bang nhau, Oich ve: - Til A va B ke dUOng thang song song voi Oy lay AAI = BBl. N6i AIBI ta diroc hlnh chieu dUng cua AB. - Tirong tu nhu each ve hlnh chien cua di~m, ta ve hinh chieu bang va hlnh chieu canh cua diem A va B. N6i A2Bz va A3~. Tinh chat: - Dc) dai hinh chieu dimg cua doan thang AB bang chinh n6: AJBJ - Hlnh chieu bang cua AB song song vci true Ox: A2B211 Ox. - Hlnh chieu canh cua AB song song voi true Oz: A3B] /I Oz. Tirong tu nhu each tim hinh chieu cua ducng thkg song song vai PI' ta tim dU<;1C hlnh chieu cua duong thing song song voi P2 va P3• 2.2.2. Duong thang song song v6i mijt phdng chieu bang P2 (Hinh 3-17b) 80
y

= AB.

A,

8,

A, 8,

p,

x 0 A2 ____

~ 82

-,
y

Hlnh 3-17b Tfnh chat: A2B2;;;; AB AlBl!/ Ox AJBJ j_ Oz 2.2.3. Duong thdng song song v6i mijt phdng chieu c{lnh P1(Hlnh 3-17 c)
z B, A, B.

f".....

A.

B2 A2
y

r-,
y

<,

Hinh 3-17c Tfnh chat: AJBJ;;;; AB AIBI L Ox A2Bzj_ Ox 81

* Nhdn

xet:

V {iy duong' thdng song song vai m¢t ph&ng hinb chieu new thi hinh chieu clla no tren mgt phdng hinh chilli d6 bang chinh no.

Hinh chilli clla v{it the' c6 cann AB II p!'

,------~---~--___,.,.z
p,
Al 8,f

z
A3

)"""""'::iIf===*==f..rlA
~--t-'-~+--+-__,,_---'I

B.

83
P3 X

x
A2
y

82 A2

-.<,
y

Hlnh 3-17d 2.3. Hinh chieu cua dubng thdng vuong g6e vm mat phang hinh chieu 2.3.1. Hinh chitu cria duang thdng vu6ng goc v6i mij,tphcing hinh chiiu dung P, (Hlnh 3-18a) Duong thing AB vuong gee voi mat phang hlnh chieu dirng PI'
z
A,~B, B3 A.

P.

x B2

a
A,

-.
6.GTVK1-B

Hinh 3-18a 82

each ve: - Ke AB song song voi Oy lay AI::::::; BI Vi AB..l PI nen AB song song voi P2 va P3, nen each tim hlnh chieu bang va hinh chieu canh cua AB nrong tu tnrong hop dirong thang song song voi
mat phang.

Tfnh chat:
- Hinh chieu dung cua dirong thang A~ suy bien thanh mot diem:

Al =BI - D¢ dai hinh chieu bang: A2B2 = AB, A2B2 .L Ox - D9 dai hinh chieu canh: AJB3 = AB, A3BJ..l Oz 2.3.2. Duong thdng vuong goc vOi mtj.t phdng hinh chieu
(Hlnh 3-18b)
P, A,

bang Pz

z
A3 B3

8, p,
x A2=B2
X

-.

Blnh 3-18b
Tirong

tv nhir tren

ta c6 tfnh chat:

A2==Bz AIBI = AB, AlB, .L Ox A3BJ = AB-, AJB311 Oz 2.3.3. Duimg thang vuong g6c v6i mtjt ph&ng hinh chieu canh PJ (Hinh 3-18c) TUC1ngtu nhu tren ta c6: AJ == B3 AIBI = AB, AIBI .L Oz AzB2 = AB, A2B2 /I Ox
83

A,

Bl

AJ=

83

A2
y

B2

r
y

Hinh 3-18c xet: Duong thdng vuong g6c viii mdt phdng hinh chieu ndo thi hinii chieu cua no tren mgt phdng do suy bien thanh mot dilm, con hinh chieu tren hai mdt pitting chieu con lai bang chinh no. H inh chi e'u c ua vgt the' c 6 canb AB L P / (Hinh 3-18d)

* Nhan

..-=---------,.,.z
PI

z AtB,
/'

BJ

A3

x
X

.
B2
A2

-,

ffinh 3-18d
QA

3. Hinh ehieu eua mijt phing

Trong khong gian, mat phang diroc xac dinh bang cac dieu kien sau: - Ba diem khong thang hang. - Mot dirong thang va mot diem nam ngoai dirong thing. - Hai duong thang cat nhau. - Hai duong thang song song.

82

82
IDnh 3-19 Vi vay, muon xay dung d6 thirc ella mot m~t phang thl ta xay dung d6 thue
cua mot trong cac tnrong hop tren.Gllnh 3-19)

3.1. Vet ella mat phang Vet cua mat phang 13. giao tuyen gina mat phang d6 voi mat phang

hlnh chieu. V~y co the c6 ba vet ella mot mat phang a khi cat ba mat phang chieu:
- Vet dirng nee a x PI=> !la. - Vet bang rna: a x P2=> rna' - Vet canh pa: ex. x p~=> Pa.

85

Hlnh 3-20 Mot mat phang diroc xac dinh khi biet hai vet. Vi vay, ngiroi ta c6 the xac dinh mat phang khi biet d6 tlurc cua hai vet cua mat phang d6 (Hinh 3 -20) 3.2. Hlnh chieu cua mat phang bat Mat phang bat

ky

ky trong

h~ thong ba mat phang chieu la mat phang khong

song song hay vuong g6c v6i mat ph&ng hinh chieu nao, M~t phang ABC nam bat ky trong he thong ba mat phang chieu. each VI! hinh chieu cua no urong

n6i cac hinh chien cung ten ta diroc A.BIC. la hlnh chien dirng, A2B.zCz Ia hlnh

tv nhu each

VI! hlnh chieu cua di~m. Sau

do

chieu bang, AJ~C~ la hinh chieu canh cua ABC tren cac mat phang chieu. Nhu vay, khi chieu ABC len cac mat phang chieu ta diroc cac hinh phang
(Hlnh 3-21).
z
B, A, C,
X

8,
CJ

A,

P3
X

A2

Hinh 3-21

86

3.3. IDnh chien cua m~t phang vuong goc v(ri mat phang hlnh chien 3.3.1. M(it phdng ABC vuong g6c v6i m(it phdng hinh chii'u dfmg PI

Hinh chieu dUng cua m~t phfuIg suy bien thanh mot duang thfing (Hinh 3-22a).
z

Hinh 3-22a each ve: - Tit A, B. C ke cac dtrcng song song voi Oy va H(y AIBICI Iii mot
duong thang.

- Bang each urong nr nhu tim hinh chieu cua dit~m fa tim diroc cac di~m Az, A3; Bz, ~va Cz. C, sau do nlii cac hlnh chien cung ten A2BzCz va A;B3C3'
Tinh chst: AIBIC1 suy bien thanh mot duemg thang.

3.3.2. Mt;it phdng ABC vuong gac vUi m(it phdng hinh chilu bang P2 (ffinh 3-22b).
z

ffinh 3-23b 87

each

ve

nrong tu nhu

tren.

Tfnh chat
Hinh chieu bang A2~Cz cua mat ABC suy bien thrum mot duong thang,

3.3.3. MiJ,tphdng ABC vuong goc vOi mij.t phdng hinh chieu canb PJ
(HInh 3-22c). Cach ve nrong tl}' nhir ABC 1.. P;
z B, c, B.

A,
P3
X

L
B2

A y

c>
Y

-.<,

"'"

C. A3
Y

H1nh 3-22c

Tinh chat:
Hinh chieu canh A3~C3 cua mat phang ABC suy bien thrum mot duong thang,

* Nhan

xet:

V ¢y mat phdng vuong g6e viti mij,tphdng hlnh chieu nao thi hinh chieu ctia

n6 tren mgt phdng hinh chieu d6 suy mat ph~og hinh chieu dung.

bien

thann mot duang thdng.

Hlnh 3-22d lit hlnh chieu cua vat th~ c6 m~t phang ABCD vuong g6c voi
s:
B

,e,...,...

A,O,

O~ c..;,

A. B.
y

e
B~
y

02 A2

r-,
~

Hinh 3-22d 88

3.4. Hmh chieu cua mat ph~ng song song voi mat phang hmh chieu 3.4.1. MijI phcing ABC song song v6i m~t phcing hinh chien dung PI
(Hlnh 3-23a) z
83

'A,~I\

-B, B2

A,
C, C,

P2 y

A,

C2

r.
y

Hlnh 3-23a each ve:

Tir A, B, C ke song song voi Oy va lay AA, = BB, = CCI' n6i AIBICI ta diroc hinh chieu dimg cua ABC tren Plo
Mat phang ABC song song voi mat phang hinh chieu dimg PI thi ABC se vuong gee voi mat phang hinh chieu bang P 2 va vuong goc voi hlnh chieu canh P~ nen hlnh chieu A2~~ suy bien thanh mot dtrcng thang. Hinh chieu canh A3B3C3ciing suy bien thanh mot dirong thang, Tlnh chat:

AlBIC,

= ABC

A2B2C2 II Ox

A3B3C3 II Oz 3.4.2. Mijt phdng ABC song song v6i mijt phcing hinh chieu biing P2
(Hlnh 3-23b) Mat phang ABC song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu bang P2 thl ABC se vuong goc voi mat phang hlnh chieu dtrng P I va hinh chieu canh P~do do each ve hinh chieu ella n6 nrong ttl nhu each ve hinh chieu ella mat phang song song voi mat phang chieu dung P; .

89

Tfnh chat:

A1BzCz ABC AlBIC! 1/ Ox A)B)C) 1. Oz

z

c,
y

Hlnh 3-23b 3.4.3. Mijt phdng ABC song song vOi mijt phdng hinh chieu canh P3 (Hlnb 3-23c) Mat phang ABC song song voi mat phang hinh chieu canh P 3 thl ABC se vuong goc v6i m~t phang hlnh chieu dung PI va hinh chieu bang P2' do do each ve hlnh chieu cua no luang tu nhu each vi! hinh chieu cua mat phang song song voi mat phang chieu dtmg PIz
B,

c,
A,

V c, A,?
y
0

...........

BJ

A .. B;

<,

c;

-.

Blnh 3-23c

90

Tfnh chat:

* Nhan

AJBJCJ = ABC AIBICI /I Oz A2B2C2.L Ox

xet: ciing bang ehinh no. z

Hinh chieu eua mdt phling song song viii mdt phling hinn chieu nao thi hinh chieu eua n6 tren mdt phdng hinh chieudo Hinh chieu eua v¢t thi eo mat pJulng ABeD II Pl.

~--------------~z
p,

A,D,

B,C,

A,D,
./'

B,C,

D3C3

AJBJ

D2 A2
y

C2

a I~

Ay

B2
y

-.

Hlnh 3-23d

III. HINH CHIEU CVA cxc KH61 HINH HOC co nAN

Cac kh6i hinh hoc co ban thircng gap g6m c6 khci da dien nhu hlnh lang tru, hlnh ch6p, hlnh ch6p cut va kh6i tron nhtr hlnh tru, hlnh non, hinh n6n cut, hinh cau. Sau day ta nghien cuu each ve cac hlnh chieu va each xac dinh nhttng di~m nam tren mat cua mot s6 kh6i hlnh hoc co ban d6.

1. Hlnh chiou cua cae khoi da di~n

Khoi da dien 130 khoi hinh h9C dircc gioi han bang cac da giac phang, Cac da giac phang d6 goi 130 cac mat cua kh6i da dien; cac dinh va cac canh cua da giac goi la cac dinh va cac canh cua khoi da dien, (Hinh 3-24a)

91

Muon ve hlnh chieu cua khoi da dien ta ve hinh chieu cua cac dinh, cac
qUID va cac mat cua khoi da dien,

Khi chieu len mot m~t phAng hinh chieu nao

do, neu canh khong bi cac mat cua v~t the che khuat thi canh do diroc ve bang net co ban, ngiroc lai neu canh bi che khuat thl canh do duoc ve bang net dUt. (HInh 3-24b)

D)-_
/

E B A

Hinh 3-24a 1.1. Hinh lan~ tru 1.1.1. Hinh chieu ella hinb htJp ehrt nh{it

Hinh 3-24b

- Dat day ABeD cua hlnh hop song song v6i mat phang hlnh chien bang

P2' mat ben ABA'B' song song vOi mat phang hlnh chieu dimg PI (Hinh 3-25a).
- Chon huang chieu: Huang chieu theo chien mtli ten tren hlnh ve.(Hinh 3-25a)

92

- Thuc 'hanh chieu:

* Chien

len PI: Vi ABA'B' song song v6i PI nen AIBIA\B\

= ABA'B' (thea

tinh chat cua m~t phang song song), nen ta lay cac kfch thiroc cua ABA'B' ve duoc hlnh chieu dimg. Thea each chon hirong chien thi AD .1 PI nen A I := DI, nrong W ta e6 BI == CI, A'I== D\. B\ ==
C'I'

* Chieu

len P2:

Thea tinh chat cua difm A\A2.l Ox. Vi ABCD song song v6i P2 (thea each d~t vat the) nen A2BzCzD2 = ABCD (thea tinh chat cua mat phang song song).

* Chien
chieu canh,

len P,:

Bier hai hinh chieu cua hinh hop dung tinh chat thir ba ella diem.d~ ve hinh N6i hlnh chien cua cac diem. cac canh, ta se duoc hlnh chieu ella cac canh va cac mat cua hlnh hop (Hinh 3-25b). P,
C'

A',.O',

B',.C',

0'3"

c',

A']" B'

D'
8' K,

K,

P3

--A

--

- - ...Ie
.~8

A,.O,
0'2· O2

Bt .. C,
C'2i

o.c,

Al" B]

C2

I'"

K2

-.
93

Hinh 3-25a

lfmh 3-25b

* Nhan

xet:

v t,iy hinh chieu cua hinh h¢p chfl nha: tren ba m(it phdng hinh chieu la ba hinh chil nhat. Htnii chieu dung co kich thuoc bdng chieu dai nhdn chieu cao, hinh chieu bdng c6 kich thuac bang chieu dai nhdn chieu r¢ng va hinh chilu canh co kich thuac chieu rong nhan chieu eao. Mu6n xac dinh mot diem K nam tren mat cua hinh hop, ta thang narn tren matcua hlnh hop, (Hinh 3-25)

ve qua

K duang

1.1.2. Hinb chieu ella hinh ldng tru

Hlnh lang tru c6 cac mat ben vuong g6c v6i cac mat phang hinh chieu, D~t: mat day cua hinh lang tru song song voi mat phang P2: ABC 1/ P2 M~t ACA'C'/I PI (Hlnh 3-26) Cach ve hlnh chieu va each xac dinh diem nam tren mat cua hinh lang tru nrong ur nhu each ve hlnh chien va each xac dinh diem narn tren mat cua hinh

h9P chtt nhat,

A', C' A' B', C', A', C', B',

K,

K,

K A

A,
C A' A

I, B.

C,
C'2 Cz

r4, c,

K21z

r-,

-.

/,

83

B'2 B2

Hlnh 3-26 xet: Htnh chieu cua lang tru tren m(it phdng song song vai day cua lang tru la m¢t da giac c6 hinb dang va kich thuac bang dung day cua lang tru, con tren hai hinh chitu kia la nhitng hinn chit nhat.

* Nhan

Muon xac dinh mot ditm tren M mat cua lang tru, ta dirong thang narn tren mat cua hlnh lang tru, (Hlnh 3-26).

ve qua

diem d6 mot

1.2. Hmh chop va hmh chop cut deu 1.2.1. Hinh chien cria hinh chop Tim hlnh chieu cua hlnh chop co day 13. luc giac deu: SABCDEF (Hlnh 3-27). - D~t day hlnh ch6p ABCDEF II P2. - Dirong cheo FC II Pj•
- Ta c6 cac hinh chieu nhu sau: * Hinh chieu bang: A2~~D2~F2 = ABCDEF (theo tinh chat cua mat phang song song), ~ trung voi tam cua hinh luc giac deu.

* Hinh

chieu dirng:

Duong bao la m¢t tam giac can c6 earth day bang chieu dai dmmg cheo FC (do mat phltog AOCDEF vuong goc vdi PI), chieu cao bang chieu cao cua hinh chop.
chieu canh: . Duong bao lao mot tam giac can co canh day bang chieu rong cua da giac, chien cao bang chieu cao cua hlnh chop.

* Hlnh

c
A B

Hloh 3-27

95

Hinh chieu coo hinh chop tren mqt pMng vuong goc viii true coo chop ld mqt da giac co hinh dang va kich thuac bang dung day cua hinh chop. Con tren hai mdt pMng chieu kia fa nhiing hinh tam giac can, do fa hinh chieu cua cdc mgt ben CUel hinh chop. cnu« cao cua cac tam gidc bang chie'u cao cua hinh chop.
Muon xac dinh mot diem K nam tren m~t cua hinh chop, ta ke qua dinh S va K direng SK nam tren mat ben cua hmh chop, Cach tlm nhu hmh chieu cua di~m K nhu hlnh 3-27.

* Nhan

xet:

1.2.2. Hinh chop cut de'u

Tun hlnh chieu cua hlnh chop cut, (Hinh 3-28)

tu giac deu co day IC1nla ABCD. tu giac deu.

- Dat ABCD//P2' AB// PI - Tuong tl,! nhu tren ta co eric hlnh chieu cua chop cut
z

ArDr x

/
r\
A,

1\
/

B.C.

D.C,

I
-,

A,S,
y

0 0>
A

c,

-,
Y

82

-.

<,

Hinh 3-28

ret: Hinh chieu cua hinh chop cut tren mgt phdng vuong goc viti true cua chop Iii hai da gidc dong dang dong tarn, da gidc lan co hinh dang va kich thucc

* Nhan

96

bang day IOn cua chop va da giGC nho c6 hinh dang va kich thuac bang dung hinh dang va kich thuoc day nho cua chop. Con tren hai hinli chieu kia fd nhiing hinh thang can co chieu cao bang chieu cao cua chop, hai canh day CG kicti thuac bang kich thuoc hinh chieu ctia day Ion va day nhd. 2. Hinh ehieu eLla cac khoi trim xoay Kh6i tron cac khoi hlnh hoc gi6i han boi mot phan mat tron xoay mat phang. * Mat tron xoay tao bOi. mot duong bat ky quay mot vong quanh dtrong thang dinh. Dtrong bat ky d6 goi la dirong sinh cua mat tron xoay. Dircng thiing co dinh goi la true quay cua mat tron xoay. Moi diem cua duang sinh khi quay, se t<;10 thanh mot dtrong tron e6 tam nam tren true quay va ban kfnh bang khoang each til diem d6 den true quay. (Hlnh 3-29). * Neu dtrong sinh 1ft dirong th~ng song song v6i true quay se tao Thanh mat tru tron xoay, (Hlnh 3-29a) * Neu dirong sinh 13.dtrong thang dt true quay. se tao Thanh mat non tron xoay. (Hlnh 3-29b) * Neu duong sinh m¢t OIIa dirong tron quay quanh true quay dtrong kinh cua nira dirong tron d6 se tao Thanh m~t cau. (Hinh 3-2ge)

la

va

co

la

1a

a)

b)

c)

Hinh 3-29
Q'7

2.1. Hlnh tru

Kh6i tru diroc xem nhir Ia mot khoi tron xoay, do mot hlnh chtr nhat quay quanh mot canh ella n6 tao thanh m~.t ben ella khoi tru, hai canh kia tao thanh hai mat day. (Hlnh 3-30) Khi ve hlnh chieu ella khoi tru, ta d~t mat day ella n6 song song vci mat phang P2' Do d6 ta e6: - Hinh chieu bang

Ia mot

hlnh tron e6 dtrong kinh bang dirong kinh cua day

hinh tru. - Hinh chieu dirng va hinh chieu canh la hai hinh chit nhat bang nhau. Hai canh song song voi true x va e6

dq dai

bang dirong kinh day. Hai canh kia la

hinh chieu cua hai duong sinh hai ben cua mat tru, cluing e6 do dai bang chieu cao hinh tru,

K,

Hlnh 3-30

* Nhan xet:
Hinh chieu cua htnh tru tren mat phiing vuong goc viti true ella hinh tru ld mot duang trim co duang kinh bdng duong kinh hinh tru, con tren hai mdt
98
7.GlV~T·B

phdng chieu kia fa hai hinb chii nhd: bang nhau, mot Ctfnh bang duong kinh hinh tru va mot canh bang d¢ dai duang sinh hinh tru. - Mu6n xac dinh mot diem nam tren mat tru, ta ve qua diem d6 dirong sinh hay dirong tron cua mat tru (Hlnh 3-30).

2.2. Hinh non 2.2.1. Hinh non

Hinh non cilng diroc xem nhir khoi tron do mot hlnh tam giac vuong quay quanh mot canh ella no tao thanh, Canh goc vuong kia se tao thanh mat day. Canh huyen ella tam giac vuong tao thanh mat ben ella hlnh non. (Hinh 3-31a) Cach ve nhir sau:

- Dat day non II P2• - Duong kinh AB II PI.

- VI day ella hlnh n6n II P2 nen hlnh chieu bang la hinh tron bang dirong kfnh day non, con tren hinh chieu dung va hlnh chieu canh 1ft2 tam giac can, * Nhdn xet: Hinh chieu ella hinh non tren m{it phdng vuong goc v6i true cua non fa mot duong tron eo duang kinh bang duang kinh day n6n, can tren hai mgt phiing chieu kia fa hai hinn tam gkic can bang nhau c6 cann day bang duang kinh day non va chieu eao bang chieu cao clla non.
5, 5

Hlnh 3-31
00

Muon xac dinh mot diem nam tren m~t non, ta ve qua di~m do mot dirong sinh hay mot dirong tron cua mat non.

2.2.2. Hinh non cut (ffinh 3-32a)

each ve hinh chieu cua hinh non cut nrong t1)' nhu each ve hlnh chieu cua hinh non.

* Nhan

xet:

Hinh. chieu clla hinli non cut tren mgt phling vuong goc viti true cua non Iii hui duang trim dong tam, duang trim Ion co duang kinh bang duang

kinh day lan clla hinlt non cut, duong trim nho co duong kfnh bang duang kinh ddy nho Clia hinh non cut, con tren hai hinli chieu kia la hai hinh thong can bang nhau, day lim va day nho co dt? dai bang duang kinb day lim va nho Clta hinh non cut, chieu cao cua hinh thang bang chilli cao Clia hinli non cut, (Hinh 3-32)

a)

b)

ffinh 3-32

2.2.3. Hinh diu

Hinh cau la khoi hinh hoc gioi han bOi mat diu (Hinh 3-33).

100

Hlnh 3-33 Hinh chieu cua hmh tren ba mat phang chieu 13. ba duong tron e6 dirong kinh bang dllong kfnh cua hlnh e~u. Hlnh tron nay 1a dirong bao hinh chieu cua hlnh cau, dong thm 13.hlnh chieu cua duang tron Ian song song v6i mat phang hmh chieu. Hinh tron hinh chieu dUng IIIhlnh chien cua hlnh tron 100 song song voi PI. Hinh tron hlnh chieu bang 13.hlnh chieu cua hinh tron Ian song song voi P2. Hinh tron hinh chieu canh Ia hlnh chien cua hinh tron Ian song song vei P3• Mu6n xac dinh mot dit~m nam tren mat cua hlnh cau, ta d1!I1gqua diem d6 dirong tron nam tren mat cau, dong thci m*t phing chua dirong tron d6 song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu (Hinh 3-33).

cau

a a a

Cau hoi on t~p

1. Th~ nao la phep chi~u xuyen tarn va phep chi~u song song? 2. Vi sao ffi(>t hinh chieu cua ffi(>t V?t the tren ffi(>t ffi1:\tph~ng hlnh chiau khOng du de xac dinh hlnh d<;lngcua v?t the d6

a trong khong

gian?

101