6.8
THIN-WALL
TORSION
MEMBERS
WITH RESTRAINED ENDS
235
FIGURE
6.20
Thin-wall rectangular section torsion member with a restrained end.
As
a generalization of the von KhAn-Chien solution, a solution presented bySmith et al.
(1970)
indicates that the torsion member in Figure
6.20
does not warp if
bt,
=
at2.
In addition, they presented a solution for the case when
alb
=
318,
tl
=
b/32,
and
t2
=
b/ 16.
They found that the normal stress distribution at the end was nonlinear as indicatedin Figure
6.20
with
om,
=
0.01 14T,
where
om,
has the units of MPa and
T
has the unitsof
N
m. For hollow torsion members with rectangular sections of constant thickness andrestrained ends, similar normal stress distributions at a restrained end
are
predicted in thepapers by von KhAn and Chien
(1946)
and Smith et al.
(1970).
6.8.1
Restrained from Warping
Consider an I-section torsion member subjected to a twisting moment
T
(Figure
6.21a).
Ifboth ends of the member are free, the torsional moment
T
is resisted entirely by the tor-sional rigidity
GJ,
where the torsional constant
J
of the member is approximately equal tothe combined torsional constants of the cross sections of the individual rectangles (twoflanges and the web); see Eq.
6.62.
However, if one end of the member is restrained suchthat warping
is
prevented (Figure
6.21a),
the torsional moment
T
is resisted by both thetorsional rigidity
GJ
of the web and flanges and the warping rigidity of the two flanges act-ing as beams parallel to the
(x,
y)
plane (Figure
6.21b).
Let the section at the wall be restrained from warping.
A
small distance from thewall, say, at section
AB,
artial warping takes place and the twisting moment
T
may beconsidered to be made up of two parts. One part is a twisting moment
TI
produced by thelateral shear forces since these forces constitute a couple with moment
arm
h. Hence,
TI
=
V’h
(6.70)
The second part is twisting moment
T2,
which produces warping on the section in theabsence of end restraint. Hence,
T2
is given by Eq.
6.63
as
T,
=
JG8
(6.7
1)
The values of
T,
and
T2
are unknown since the values of V’and
8
at any section are notknown. Values of these quantities must be found before the lateral bending stresses in the
I-Section Torsion Member Having One End
236
CHAPTER6
TORSION
FIGURE
6.21
Effect
of
twisting moment applied to an I-section torsion member
with
one endfixed.
flanges or the torsional shear stresses in the I-section can be computed. For this purpose,two equations are needed. From the condition of equilibrium, one of these equations is
T1+T2
=
T
which by Eqs. 6.70 and 6.71 may be written
V’h+JG8
=
T
(6.72)For the additional equation, we may use the elastic curve equation for lateral bending ofthe upper flange in Figure 6.21b, which is
Ezz
--
2y
=
-M,
dx2
(6.73)in which the
x
and
y
axes are chosen with positive directions as shown in Figure 6.21;
M,”
is the lateral bending moment
in
the flange at any section, producing lateral bending in theflange; and
Z,
is the moment of inertia of the entire cross section
of
the beam with respectto the axis of symmetry in the web,
so
that
iZz
closely approximates the value of themoment of inertia of one flange of the cross section. However, Eq. 6.73 does not containeither of the desired quantities
V’
and
8.
These quantities are introduced into Eq. 6.73 asfollows:
In
Figure 6.21b the lateral deflection
of
the flange at section
AB
s
h
Y
=
ZB
Differentiation of Eq. 6.74 twice with respect to
x
gives(6.74)(6.75)
3See
Eq.
1.8
and Figure
1.4,
where
+V
acts in the
-y
direction, which is counter to the case considered here.Hence, in
Eq.
6.73,
the minus sign is introduced.
6.8THIN-WALL TORSION MEMBERS WITH RESTRAINED ENDS
237
and, since
dpldx
=
8,
q. 6.75 may be written
d2y=--
d8
dx2
2
dx
Substitution of this value of
d2yldx2
nto Eq. 6.73 gives(6.76)(6.77)
To
introduce
V'
into Eq. 6.77, we use the fact that
dM,ldx
=
V. Thus, by differentiatingboth sides of Eq. 6.77 with respect
to
x,
we obtain(6.78)Equations 6.72 and 6.78
are
simultaneous equations in V'and
8.
he value of V'obtainedfrom Eq. 6.78 is substituted into Eq. 6.72, which then becomesFor convenience let
so
that Eq. 6.79 may be written
T
-
a2d-!?+
8
=
-
dx2
JG
2
The solution of this equation is
x/a+Be-x/a
+-
T
JG
8
=
Ae
(6.79)(6.80)(6.81)(6.82)Appropriate boundary conditions in terms of
8
or
deldx
are needed to determine values ofthe constants
A
and
B
in
Eq. 6.82. At the fixed end where
x
=
0,
8
=
dpldx
=
(2/h)(dy/dx)
=
0
(since the slope
is
zero). At the free end where
x
=
L,
deldx
=
0
(see Eq. 6.77), since at thefree end the bending moment
M,
in the flange is zero. The values
of
A
and
B
are deter-mined from these two conditions and
are
substituted into Eq. 6.82, which gives the angleof twist per unit length
cash
(L
-
)/
a
I
=
~[i-
JG
cosh
(L/a)
The total angle of twist at the free end is(6.83)(6.84)
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