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sludge sludge
Alum
Coagulation Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers
Flocculation Storage
Sedimentation Distribution
sludge
Screening
Vt 2 W
Fd = C D AP ρ w
2
Particle Terminal Fall Velocity
(continued)
Fd = W − Fb Force balance (zero acceleration)
Vt 2
C D AP ρ w = ∀ p (ρ p − ρw )g
2
2∀ p ( ρ p − ρ w ) g
Vt 2 = We haven’t yet assumed a shape
C D AP ρ w
∀p 2 4 sphere
Assume a _______
= d ∀ p = πr 3 Ap = πr 2
Ap 3 3
4 gd ( ρ p − ρ w ) 4 gd ( r p - r w )
Vt =
2
Vt =
3 CD ρw 3 CD rw
Drag Coefficient on a Sphere
100
10
0.1
00
0
00
0
00
0
1
10
1
00
00
10
0.
00
00
10
00
10
Vt d ρ
00
10
10
10
Reynolds Number Re =
µ
turbulent
laminar turbulent boundary
Drag Coefficient: Re =
Vt d ρ
µ
Equations
4 gd ( ρ p − ρ w )
General Equation Vt =
3 CD ρw
24 d 2 g( ρ p − ρw )
CD = Vt =
Laminar flow Re < 1 Re 18µ
gd ( ρ p − ρ w )
Fully turbulent flow Re > 10 4 CD = 0.4 Vt ≈
0.3 ρw
Example Calculation of Terminal
Velocity
Determine the terminal settling velocity of a
cryptosporidium oocyst having a diameter of 4 µ m
and a density of 1.04 g/cm3 in water at 15°C
[µ =1.14x10-3 kg/(s•m)]. ρw =999 kg/m3
g =9.81 m/s 2
Work in your teams.
Use mks units (meters, kilograms, seconds).
Convert your answer to some reasonable set of units
that you understand.
Solutio Reynolds
Floc Density and Velocity
(Approximate)
36 - 100 m/day
Water inlet
Based on experimental data for
Alum-clay flocs
0.1 1000
0.001 10
0.1 1 10
0.4 mm
floc diameter (mm)
ρ floc =______
1030 kg/m3
Sedimentation Basin:
Critical Path
Horizontal velocity
Vh
Outlet
Q Q = flow rate H
zone
Vt
zone
Vh =
Inlet
Sludge zone
AA = WH
Vertical velocity
d 2 g( ρ p − ρw )
L
Sludge out
Vt =
18µ (property of the particle)
Vc = terminal velocity that just barely gets captured (property of the tank)
Sedimentation Basin:
Importance of Tank Surface Area
θ = residence time
∀
θ= Time in tank ∀ = WHL = volume of tank
Q
A s = top surface area of tank
W
H HQ Q Q Vh H
Vc = = = =
q " LW As
Vc
L
Want a _____
small Vc, ______
large As, _______ large θ .
small H, _______
Suppose water were flowing up through a sedimentation tank. What Q
would be the velocity of a particle that is just barely removed? Vc = A
s
Conventional Sedimentation Basin
Outlet
zone
4-6 hour
zone
Inlet
retention time Sludge zone
3-4 m deep
max of 12 m Sludge out
wide
max of 48 m
long H 3 m 24 hr
Vc = = = 18 m / day
θ 4 hr day
We can’t do this in our laboratory scale
Settling zone
Design Criteria for
Outlet
zone
zone
Inlet
Sedimentation Tanks Sludge zone
_______________________________
Minimal turbulence (inlet baffles)
_______________________________
Uniform velocity (small dimensions normal to velocity)
_______________________________
No scour of settled particles
_______________________________
Slow moving particle collection system
_______________________________
Q/As must be small (to capture small particles)
Q
Angle is approximately 60° to get Qlamella =
N lamella
solids to slide down the incline
Ltan k − L cos ( α )
Re must be less than 2000 N lamella =
b sin ( α )
Shear doesn’t causing resuspension
if flow is laminar Vlamella b
Re =
Lamella spacing must be large ν
relative to floc size (flocs can be
several mm in diameter)
Upflow velocity (Q/As) can be as
large as 100 m/day
Sedimentation of Small
Particles?
How could we increase the sedimentation
rate of small particles? Increase d (stick
particles together)
Vt =
18µ (dissolved air flotation)
Decrease viscosity
(increase temperature)
Particle/particle interactions
Electrostatic repulsion
In most surface waters, colloidal surfaces are
negatively charged
stable suspension
like charges repel __________________
van der Waals force
an attractive force
decays more rapidly with distance than the electrostatic
force
is a stronger force at very close distances
Electrostatic
Energy Barrier
Increase kinetic energy of
Layer of
particles
counter ions
increase temperature
stir
+++ +++
+ + + +
+++ +++
+ +
Decrease magnitude of energy
barrier
change the charge of the particles
van der introduce positively charged
Waals particles
Coagulation
Types
Horizontal baffle
Vertical baffle
Pipe flow
Questions for design
How long must the suspension be in the “reactor”
How should the geometry of the reactor be
determined?
Velocity Gradient Flocculation
With fixed frame of reference
du
G=
dy
Velocity gradient!
How much water is cleared of particles
from stationary particle’s perspective?
Volume cleared is proportional to projected area
of stationary particle ∝d 2
Volume cleared is proportional to time ∝t
∝G
Volume cleared is proportional to the velocity
gradient
The velocity of the water flowing past the
particle increases with the diameter of the
particle
∝d
∀ cleared ∝d Gt 3
How much volume must be cleared
before a collision occurs?
What is the average volume of water
occupied by a particle?
Given C mg/L of particles in suspension…
Need to know particle diameter (d)
And density (ρ particles)
How many particles are in a volume of
water? N = C particles number
π 3
volume
ρ particles g d
6
Volume occupied by a particle
π 3
ρ particles ⋅ d
∀occupied = 6 ∀cleared ∝ d 3Gt
C particles
π 3
ρ particles ⋅ d ρ particles
6 ∝ d 3Gt tcollision ∝
C particles G ⋅ C particles
ρ particles
tcollision ∝
Collision Time G ⋅C particles
ρ particles
Critical design is when particle concentration is
low tcollision ∝
G ⋅C particles
Higher velocity gradients would decrease the
characteristic collision time
Why not design a tiny reactor with huge
velocity gradients?
SHEAR
du
Shear τ =µ
dy
Fluid Velocity
Shear
viscosity gradient
N N ⋅ s 1
m 2 m 2 s
du
Too much shear? τ =µ
dy
∀ Reactor volume
θ=
Q Flow rate
Laminar Flow Pipe Flocculation: 32Q
G =
for tiny flows! max
πd3
64Q
G= True for laminar flow
3π d 3
πd2
L
∀ 4 π d 2L
θ= = =
Q Q 4Q
π d 2 L 64Q 16 L
Gθ = ⋅ =
4Q 3π d 3
3d
3dGθ
L=
16
Laminar Pipe Flow
displacement
r r
Velocity
velocity gradient
Coagulation/Flocculation
sludge sludge
Alum
Coagulation Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers
Flocculation Storage
Sedimentation Distribution
sludge
Filtration
Gravel 5 - 60 2.65 45
Drain
Effluent Wash water
Particle Removal Mechanisms in
Filters
Transport
Molecular diffusion
Inertia
Gravity
Interception
Attachment
Straining
Surface forces
Filter Design
Filter media
silica sand and anthracite coal
non-uniform media will stratify with _______ particles at the top
smaller
Flow rates
2.5 - 10 m/hr
Backwash rates
set to obtain a bed porosity of 0.65 to 0.70
typically 50 m/hr
Backwash
Wash water
is treated
water!
Anthracite
WHY?
Only clean water
should ever be on
Influent Sand
bottom of filter!
Gravel
Drain
Effluent Wash water
Ways to Improve Filtration
Filter to waste
Extended Terminal Sub-fluidization Wash
Alum feed directly to filter?
Potato starch?
Disinfection
Chlorine
chlorine gas Poisonous gas – risk of a leak
sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
Ozone
Irradiation with Ultraviolet light
Sonification
Electric Current
Gamma-ray irradiation
Chlorine
* No sedimentation tanks
Disinfection CT Credits
sludge sludge
Alum
Coagulation Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers
Flocculation Storage
Sedimentation Distribution
sludge
Summary
Cryptosporidium Oocyst
d 2 g( ρ p − ρw )
Vt =
ρ p = 1040 kg/m 3 18µ
ρw = 999 kg/m 3
Vt =
( 4x10 −6
m ) ( 9.81 m/s 2 )(1040 kg/m 3 − 999 kg/m 3 )
2
−3 kg
181.14x10
g = 9.81 m/s 2 s⋅m
d = 4x10 −6 m
Vt = 3.14 x10 −7 m/s
Vt = 2.7 cm/day
Reynolds Number Check
Vd ρ
Re =
µ
Re =
( 3.14 x10 −7
m/s ) ( 4 x10 −6
m ) ( 999kg/m 3
)
−3 kg
1.14x10
s⋅m
Re = 1.1 x 10-6
Clay
DE
Q
Qlamella = = vlamella wb
N lamella
Ltan k − L cos ( α )
N lamella =
b sin ( α )
L vc cos α + sin α =
L Qb sin ( α )
vlamella = vc cos α + sin α
b b wbLtan k − wbL cos ( α )
L cos α
b=
Q sin ( α )
− sin α
Qlamella vc ( wLtan k − wL cos ( α ) )
vc =
wL cos α + wb sin α Q sin ( α )
vc =
L
Q 1 ( wLtan k − wL cos ( α ) ) cos α + sin α
vc = b
wbN lamella L cos α + sin α
b