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UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY(Text from Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston)1
Chapter Six (Photosynthesis)Chapter Six (Photosynthesis)Chapter Six (Photosynthesis)Chapter Six (Photosynthesis)
SECTION ONE: THE LIGHT REACTIONSSECTION ONE: THE LIGHT REACTIONSSECTION ONE: THE LIGHT REACTIONSSECTION ONE: THE LIGHT REACTIONSOBTAINING ENERGYOrganisms can be classified according to the way they obtain energy.AutotrophsAutotrophsAutotrophsAutotrophs are organisms that use energy from sunlight or inorganic substances tomake organic compounds. They mostly use the process of photosynthesisphotosynthesisphotosynthesisphotosynthesis to convertlight energy from the sun into chemical energy.Animals and other organisms that have to get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or other inorganic compounds are called heterotrheterotrheterotrheterotrophsophsophsophs. Automeans self and hetero means other. So remember, autotrophs make food bythemselves and heterotrophs need others for food.Photosynthesis involves a complex series of chemical reactions in which theproduct of one reaction is consumed by the net reaction. When such reactions arelinked in this way, it is referred to as a biochemical pathway.OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESISThe diagram to the left shows howautotrophs use photosynthesis to produceorganic compounds from carbon dioxide(CO
2
) and water. The oxygen (O
2
) andsome of the organic compounds producedare then used by cells in
cellular respiration
, where CO
2
and water areproduced.Therefore, the products of photosynthesis are reactant of cellularrespiration. This reaction goes both ways.
Light energyPlants convert light energyto chemical energy.Caterpillars get energy byeating plants.Birds g
et energy by eatingcaterpillars.
PHOTOSYNTHESISby autotrophsCELLULAR RESPIRATIONby autotrophs andheterotrophsOrganic compoundsand oxygenCarbon dioxide andwater
UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY(Text from Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston)2Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages:1.1.1.1.
Light ReactionsLight ReactionsLight ReactionsLight Reactions in which light energy from the sun is converted into chemicalenergy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH, which is the energycarrier molecule.2.2.2.2.
CaCaCaCalvin Cyclelvin Cyclelvin Cyclelvin Cycle where organic compounds are formed using CO
2
and the chemicalenergy stored in ATP and NADPH.Photosynthesis can be summarized using the equation:CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGYThe first stage of photosynthesis includes the light reactionslight reactionslight reactionslight reactions, which requirelight to happen. This begins with light being absorbed in the chloroplastschloroplastschloroplastschloroplasts of plant andalgae cells. If you recall from Chapter 4, chloroplasts are surrounded by a doublemembrane.Inside the inner membrane is asystem of membranes called thylakoidsthylakoidsthylakoidsthylakoids,arranged as flattened pockets. They areconnected and stacked on top of eachother called granagranagranagrana. Surrounding the granais a solution called the stromastromastromastroma.The stroma of a thylakoid can becompared to the cytoplasm of a cell.Lights and PigmentsAlthough light from the sun appears white, it isactually comprised of several colors. White light can beseparated into its component colors by passing the lightthrough a prism. The resulting colors range from red at oneend to violet at the other, and is called the
visiblespectrum
. Each color in the visible spectrum has a differentwavelength, measured in nanometers.
UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY(Text from Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston)3When white light strikes an object, its component colors can be reflected,transmitted, or absorbed by the object. Many objects contain pigmentspigmentspigmentspigments, compoundsthat absorb light. Most pigments absorb certain colors stronger than the other. Theabsorbed colors are removed from the visible spectrum, so the light that is reflectedor transmitted by the pigment no longer appears white. For example, the pigments ina green shirt absorb all the colors except for green. This leaves green to bereflected and transmitted, so the shirt looks green.Chloroplast PigmentsLocated in the membrane of the thylakoids are several pigments, of whichchlorophyllschlorophyllschlorophyllschlorophylls are the most important. While there are several different types of chlorophyll, the most important types are chlorophyll
a
and chlorophyll
b
.Chlorophyll
a
absorbs less blue light butmore red light than chlorophyll
b
does. Neither of them absorbs much green light, and they allow itto be reflected or transmitted. This is why leavesand other parts of plants that have a lot of chlorophyll look green.Only chlorophyll
a
is directly involved in thelight reactions of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
b
assists chlorophyll
a
in doing so; therefore it is anaccessory pigment. Other compounds in thethylakoid membrane include carotenoidscarotenoidscarotenoidscarotenoids, which also function as accessory pigments.Accessory pigments absorb the colors that chlorophyll
a
cannot absorb, and so theyenable plants to capture more of the energy in light.In the leaves of plants, the chlorophylls are generally present in largernumbers, and so mask the colors of other pigments. But in parts of a plant notinvolved in photosynthesis, such as fruit and flowers, the colors of other pigments arevisible. Additionally, when plants lose their chlorophylls in the fall, their leaves takeon the colors of the carotenoids.CONVERTING LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
Once the pigments in the chloroplast have captured light energy, the nextstep is to convert the light energy into chemical energy. This chemical energy istemporarily stored in ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is given off during these reactions.Chlorophylls and carotenoids are clustered in groups of a few hundred pigmentmolecules in the thylakoid membrane. Each group of pigment molecules and theproteins they are embedded in are called a photosystemphotosystemphotosystemphotosystem. Two types of photosystems are
photosystem I
and
photosystem II
. They have similar kinds of pigments, but have different roles in the light reactions.
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