APEnvironmentalScienceStudyOutline
KuiTang August2008
ThisguidefollowstheCollegeBoard'sTopicOutline.
EnvironmentalSci- ence:EarthasaLivingPlanet
byBotkinandKeller,6thedition,wasthemain sourceforthesenotes.
Contents
1EarthSystemsandResources2
1.1EarthScienceConcepts.......................3 1.2TheAtmosphere...........................3 1.3GlobalWaterResourcesandUse..................5 1.4SoilandSoilDynamics........................7
2TheLivingWorld8
2.1EcosystemStructure.........................8 2.2EnergyFlow.............................11 2.3EcosystemDiversity.........................11 2.4NaturalEcosystemChange.....................12 2.5NaturalBiogeochemicalCycles...................13
3Populations14
3.1PopulationBiologyConcepts....................14 3.2HumanPopulation..........................15 3.2.1HumanPopulationDynamics................15 3.2.2PopulationSize........................15 3.2.3ImpactsofPopulationGrowth...............16
4LandandWaterUse16
4.1Agriculture..............................16 4.1.1FeedingaGrowingPopulation...............16 4.1.2ControllingPests.......................18 4.2Forestry................................18 4.3Rangelands..............................19 4.4OtherLandUses...........................19 4.4.1UrbanLandDevelopment..................19 4.4.2TransportationInfrastructure................21 1
4.4.3PublicandFederalLands..................22 4.4.4LandConservationOptions.................22 4.4.5SustainableLand-UseStrategies..............22 4.5Mining.................................22 4.6Fishing................................25 4.7GlobalEconomics...........................26
5EnergyResourcesandConsumption26
5.1EnergyConcepts...........................26 5.2EnergyConsumption.........................27 5.2.1History............................27 5.2.2PresentGlobalEnergyUse.................27 5.2.3FutureEnergyNeeds.....................28 5.3FossilFuelResourcesandUse....................28 5.4NuclearEnergy............................29 5.5HydroelectricPower.........................32 5.6EnergyConservation.........................33 5.7RenewableEnergy..........................34
6Pollution36
6.1PollutionTypes............................36 6.1.1AirPollution.........................36 6.1.2NoisePollution........................41 6.1.3WaterPollution........................42 6.1.4SolidWaste..........................45 6.2ImpactsontheEnvironmentandHumanHealth.........49 6.2.1HazardstoHumanHealth..................49 6.2.2HazardousChemicalsintheEnvironment.........50 6.3EconomicImpacts..........................51
7GlobalChange52
7.1StratosphericOzone.........................52 7.2GlobalWarming...........................54 7.3LossofBiodiversity..........................57 7.3.1Habitatloss;overuse;pollution;introducedspecies;en- dangeredandextinctspecies................57 7.3.2MaintenanceThroughConservation............58 7.3.3LawsandTreaties......................58
1EarthSystemsandResources
1.AverageResidenceTime(ART):ratioofsizeofreservoirtorateoftransfer throughreservoir:
ART
=
S/F
Where
S
issizeofreservoirand
F
israteoftransfer. 2
1.1EarthScienceConcepts
1.
Lithosphere
iscrust. 2.Geologicalcyclesinclude (a)Tectonic:cancreateecologicalislands. i.Divergentplatesboundariesoccurataspreadingoceanridge (seaoorspreading). ii.Convergentplateboundariesoccurwhenplatescollide. A.
Subduction
istheheavyoceanrockdivingbeneaththelight continentalrock.Mayproducecoastalmountainranges(An- des). B.Continentalcollisionsmayproducecontinentalmountains. iii.Transformfaultboundariesoccurwhenoneplateslidespastan- other. (b)Hydrologic (c)Rock (d)Biogeochemical 3.
Earthquake
occurswhentectonicplatesunderpressure
rupture,
releasing hugeamountsofenergy(morethanalargenuclearexplosion),usuallyat 1015kmalongfaults. (a)Faultplanesbargroundwater.Rockscrushed,thenalteredintoclay. Waterforcedtosurface,creatingvitalhabitats,especiallywherearid. 4.
Volcaniceruption
occurswhenmagmarisestothesurface.Energy releasedvariesbroadly.Volcanoesoccuralongtectonicplateboundaries, whereactivemeltingofrocksfavorsextrusionofmagma,
or
alongcentral partsofplateswherelocalhotspotsheatandmeltrock. 5.
Tsunami
isaseriesoflargewavesproducedaftertheverticaldisturbance ofocean.80%areproducedbyearthquakes.Theytravelatjetaircraft speedsbutslowandgettallerastheyapproachthesurface.
1.2TheAtmosphere
1.Compositionis78%N
2
,21%O
2
,0.9%Ar,0.03%CO
2
. 2.Structureinorderis:troposphere,tropopause(condensationtrapswater vapor),stratosphere(O
3
),stratopause,mesosphere,mesopause,thermo- sphere. 3.25%ofincomingsolarradiationreectedstraightintospace,25%absorbed byatmosphere. 3
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Environmental Science Study Outline
An outline of Botkin and Keller, Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet following the AP outline.
MORE NOTES at the repository at http://supernova.dyndns.org/csmfoc/
MORE NOTES at the repository at http://supernova.dyndns.org/csmfoc/
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