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SUMMARY
I General Features
II First steps with PSCAD
III Introduction on control systems
IV Breakers & Faults
V Switching & Interpolation
VI Transformers in PSCAD
VII Rotating Machines in PSCAD
VIII Transmission Lines & PSCAD
IX User Component
X Organizing the Worksheet
XI Matlab Interface
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I General Features
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I R L
⎛ dI ⎞
V (t ) = [I ( t ) × R ] + ⎜ L ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠
Selection of
Simulation Tools
z Transient solution
Harmonics
Non-linearities
Frequency dependent
effects
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Typical studies
• Grounding methods
• Over-voltages due to switching
• Voltage sags
• Iron saturation – inrush
• Performance of FACTS devices
• Ferro resonance
• Active and passive filters
• Distributed generation
• Flicker
• Variable speed drives and related harmonics
• Industrial systems
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Integration of components
to form the system
PSCAD
z Compiles the circuit draft to form the FORTRAN file
z Defines the Y matrix (map file)
z EMTDC :
♦ Solves for node voltage based on Y and I values
♦ Increments the time step
z FILES :
♦ PSCAD shematics: *.psc file
♦ directory *.emt : contains data file, map file, line.* files, output files
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PSCAD: Specifications
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PSCAD: Limits
Educational edition
Electrical Nodes 200
Electrical branches 2000
Sub-pages 25
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PSCAD Workspace
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Create Projects
or :
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Activate Projects
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Define components
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On Line Help
z [Help][Table of Contents]
z Or directly click on
the [Help] button from
the dialog box of a
component
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On Line Help
z Detailed
information on:
♦ Master
Library
Models
♦ Solver
structure
♦ Index, etc.
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Measurement
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Plotting Devices
z Overlay Graphs
z Polygraphs
z Meters
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Plotting Curves/Metering
• Step 1 : Measurement
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Plotting Curves/Metering
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Plotting Curves
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Plotting Curves
•Step 3b ( if the graph is already created) :
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Metering
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Metering
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Plotting Curves/Metering
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Snapshot
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Measured values
Parameters of the
which will be
project which are
recorded in the
monitored in the
multiple run output
multiple solution
file *.out
43
Type of variation:
list,sequential or random
Boolean, Real or
Integer ?
List of values
44
Number
N b off recorded
d d
quantity Recorded quantity:integer,
real or boolean ?
45
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46
Variable parameters
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Control Blocks
48
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Control Blocks
z Example:
49
Sequencers
50
51
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Breaker model
Low
o voltage
o tage display
d sp ay High
g Voltage
o tage display
d sp ay
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Breaker: Parameters
53
Breakers Control
54
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Fault model
Fault control
z Sequencers:
56
Fault control
57
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V Switching
g & Interpolation
p
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Semi-Conductors Models
Available Semi-conductors
models in the PSCAD Master
Library :
59
Semi-Conductors Models
Common representation of
semi_conductors: RON/ROFF
with parallel snubber circuit or
not
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Diode characteristic
Parameters:
z Ron/Roff values
z F
Forward
d Voltage
V lt Drop
D Value
V l
z Snubber Circuit Resistance & Capacitance
61
Thyristor characteristic
Parameters:
z Ron/Roff values
z Forward Voltage Drop Value
z The Forward Break-Over Voltage:
Device will be forced into conduction if this
voltage is exceeded (with or without a gate pulse) [kV]
GTO/IGBT characteristic
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Interpolation Method
t- dt t
y2
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Interpolation Method
4 6 5 7
1
t1
3 t
2 t
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Interpolation Method
z F t Can
Fast: C b
be run att a llarger time
ti step
t and
d maintain
i t i
accurate results
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VI Transformers in PSCAD
68
69
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Classical Models
Classical models:
z 3p
phase: 2,3
, or 4 windings,
g , autotransformers
z No mutual coupling between the 3 phases
=> equivalent to 3 single phase units
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Classical Models
71
UMEC models
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UMEC models
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Equivalent Circuit
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Parameters
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Parameters
« Ideal Model »
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Representing saturation
Flux linkage
λ
Mag. Current
Im1 Im2 79
Saturation in Classical
approach
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VII Rotating
g Machines in PSCAD
81
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Introduction to Electric
Machines
• Induction Machine:
• 2 models: Squirell Cage and Wound Rotor
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Qaxis: Xq,X’q,X’’q,T’q0,T’’q0
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T12 := k12⋅ ( θ 2 − θ 1)
Synchronous machine
initialization process
• To quickly and smoothly reach the steady state at a desired working point,
user can :
♦ Start the machine in « normal mode » but user has to set the proper
inital conditions: P0,Q0,Ef0,Tm0
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Transmission Lines
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Representing
Transmission Lines
Equivalent circuit model:
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R,L
92
User represents:
z The geometry of the corridor
z Sag, ground wires
z Conductor
Co ducto resistivity
es st ty
z Ground resistivity
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IX User Component
p
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EMTDC:
Simplified Solving Process
t0
Master DYNamics Subroutine DSDYN
Network Solution
t1 =t0+δt
OUTput Subroutine DSOUT
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EMTDC:
Simplified Solving Process
97
2) User
U code
d directly
di tl inserted
i t d in
i DSDYN or DSOUT sections:
ti
possibility to use all the existing EMTDC subroutines in order
to design custom components easier
98
Create a component:
General Steps
1) Create a library
2) Define the interface of the component
3) Parameterize your component
4) Define the Code
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Indicate:
z The name of the component
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Indicate:
z The connection name
z The type of the
connection: Electrical or
C t l quantity
Control tit (input
(i t or
output)
z The type of the data:
Logical, Real, Integer
z The dimension (can be an
array of several values)
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Confirm...
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« Edit Definition »
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Then, choose the type of variable that the user will have
the possibility to enter:
z Text
z Input Field (one value)
z Choice Box
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Specify:
z The elements to be
displayed in the parameter
box (size, title, default
value…..)
z The data type
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108
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109
Segments
110
z Useful if :
• A variable needs to be available for another time step
• A variable needs to be used in another subroutine
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112
X Organizing
g g the Worksheet
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Create sub_page
Main Page
Subpage 1 Subpage2
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Create sub_page
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Create sub_page
Indicate:
• the name of the sub-
page
•The number of
connections between the
sub_page and the main
page
•Tick « Page Module
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Create sub_page
Step 3:
Indicate:
•The connection name
•The type of the connection:
Electrical or Control q
quantity
y
(input or output)
•The type of the data:
Logical, Real, Integer
•The dimension (can be an
array of several values)
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Create sub_page
Step 4 :
Confirm and …….that ’s finished !!
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Create sub_page
Note : This electrical node must have the same name as the one
declared during the sub_page creation
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Create sub_page
Notes:
1) Above, the imported value is an array of 4 reals
2) Similarly, we use the « export » component to export outputs
in the main page
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XI MATLAB-Simulink interfacing
g
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Matlab/Simulink Interfacing:
General features
122
Variable
defined in the Output of the
PSCAD circuit *.m file, sent to
User_component: Send the PSCAD
PSCAD data to a *.mdl file project
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Variable
defined in the Output of the
PSCAD circuit *.mdl file, sent to
User_component: Send the PSCAD
PSCAD data to a *.mdl file project
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128
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