Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Linux OS
(Or)
Open Source Operating System
Getting Start with Linux OS
What is Linux?
Linux OS [m True 32-bit Operating System jzpfw,f/ Linux udk 1991
ckESpfavmufwGif 32-bit architecture jzifh a&;om;cJhMuygonf/ Linux onf Unix OS ESifh
qifwl aomfvnf; em;vnf xm;&rnfrSm Linux onf Unix r[kwfay/ Unix ESifh
qifwlaomfvnf; (POSIX) Portable Operating System Interface on Unix jzpfonf/
Unix udk 1960 ckESpfwGif pwifa&;om;cJhMuNyD; ¤if;umvwGif C programming Language
ay:vmojzifh C Language jzifh Unix OS udk AT&T bell lab company ua&;om;cJhMuonf/
,cifu Unix onf open source OS wpfck jzpfaomfvJ aemufydkif;wGif AT&T rS rlydkifcGifh
jyefvnf&&SdNyD; Close OS jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ Unix onf Close OS wpfck jzpfoGm;&kHrQru
Dedicated hardware ay:wGifom run vdkY&onf/ Oyrm ajymqdk&rnf qdkvsif HP twGuf
a&;om;xm;aom Unix udk IBM ay:wGif run vdkY r&Edkifay/
Linux OS onf Internet twGuf optimize toifh jzpfNyD;om; OS wpfck
jzpfonfhtwGuf TCP/IP taMumif;udk tenf;tusOf; em;vnfxm;rS omvsif Linux udk
avhvm&mwGif vG,fulvsifjrefrnf jzpfonf/ Linux onf multiuser, multitasking and
multiprocessing jzpfonfhtjyif SMP (symmetrical multiprocessing) support
jzpfonfhtwGuf Memory management ygvkyfEkdifonf/ 1992 ckESpfwGif Linux version 1.0
udk xkyfvkyfEdkifcJhonf/ Open source ESifh Close Source wdkY\ jcm;em;csufrSm kernel udk
zGifhxm;ay;jcif;ESifh ydwfxm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ Linux kernel onf open kernel
jzpfonfhtwGuf aMumifh pdwfBudKufjyKjyif okH;pGJEkdifonf/
Why Linux?
Linux udk tb,faMumifh okH;pGJoifhoenf;qdkaomf Linux onf Open Source
jzpfonf/ Stable usaom OS wpfck jzpf&kHrQru Standalone odkYr[kwf Network
ESpfckpvkH;twGuf aumif;rGefaom OS wpfck jzpfonf/ C, C++, Pascal, Cobol, Fortran,
Delphi, Kylix ponfh programming language rsm;pGmtwGuf free jzpfaom library rsm;
utilities rsm;udk support vkyfay;EkdifonfhtwGuf Programming uRrf;usifolrsm;twGuf
txl;yif aumif;rGefonf/ system programming twGuf kernel udk pdwfMudKuf jyKjyif
okH;pGJEkdifonf/ tjcm; platform rsm;ay:wGifvnf; 100% portability jzpfaom OS
wpfckjzpfonf/ Linux OS udk Budge PCs ESifh Budget Servers rsm;wGif okH;&eftxl;
oifhavsmfonf/ Computer Science ESifh ywfoufí avhvmvdkolrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;
Internet admin, system admin jyKvkyfvdk olrsm;twGuf Linux udk txl;
oifhavQmfayonf/
Windows OS wGif GUI (Graphical User Interface) rygvsif t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaomfvnf;?
Linux wGif GUI udk rygvsif&Ekdifonfh layer wGifom xm;&Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
Linux onf CLI (command line interface ) ESifh function trsdK;rdsK;udk vG,fulpGm
okH;pGJEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
3
tjcm; individual user account rsm;ESifh operate vkyfEkdifNyD; twwfEdkifqkH; root account
jzifh operate rvkyfrdap&ef *&kjyK&rnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf Linux onf Open source
jzpfNyD; kernel onfvJ open jzpfaeaomaMumifh root user account jzifh operate
vkyfaecsdefwGif system files rsm;tm; edit vkyfrnf qdkygu rnfonfh wanning rS ay;rnf
r[kwfay/ xdkodkYoabm&SdaomaMumifh root account jzifh operate vkyfjcif;udk wwfEkdiforQ
owdjyK&rnf/
Installing Linux
Windows OS tokH;jyKaeMu user rsm;taeESifh Linux OS udk install vkyf&mwGif
installation method rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifzkdY vdktyfygonf/ ¤if; installation methods
rsm;rSm-
• CD Rom rS boot vkyfNyD; install vkyfjcif;?
• WEB ay:rS install vkyfjcif;?
• NFS(network file system)
jzifh install vkyfjcif;?
NFS qdkonfrSm windows OS &Sd work group rsm;ESifh wlnDaom service jzpfonf/
Installing Linux OS
rsm; install vkyf&mwGif personalize user rsm;twGuf ta&;rBuD;aomfvnf;
OS
server twGuf OS install vkyf&mwGif planning onf tvGefta&;ygaom tcef;u@ rS
yg0ifonf/ xdkYaMumifh I/O(Input/Output devices), Programs ESifh Partation wdkYonf
tvGefta&;BuD;onf/
7
OK udk click
NyD;aemuf Miscellaneous Setting wGif Gateway, Primary DNS Esifh
Secondary DNS wdkYdudk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Primary DNS ae&mwGif rdrdpuf\ IP address
udkom&dkufoGif;&rnf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf Linux onf multiuser, multitasking
jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
16
about installation dialog rS next udk click vdkufaomtcgwGif RED Hat Linux
installation udk atmufygtwdkif; pwifNyDjzpfygonf/
odkYr[kwf Text mode rnfonfh mode jzifh login vkyfrnfudk a&G;cs,f&ygrnf/ Text mode
jzifh login vkyfrnfudkom a&G;cs,f&ygrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf graphical mode onf
login 0if&mwGif tcsdefMumjrifhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ text mode rS login 0ifNyD; Graphical
mode odkYvnf; jyefoGm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/
xdkaMumifh Linux wGif Command rsm;onf ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifojzifh
command udk rodrjzpf avhvmxm;oifhygonf/ Linux wGif ta&;ygNyD; tokH;0ifaom
comman tcsdkKUudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
removepkg removepkg -copy packagename | This will remove the named package but
make a copy in the /tmp directory
rpm2targz rpm2targz filename.rpm | This will convert an RPM file to a
Slackware .tgz package
upgradepkg upgradepkg packagename.tgz | This will upgrade a Slackware package
and remove any old or no used files
ipchains ipchains [-A -s -d -j] [Input / Output] | This command is used to ACCEPT or
DENY access to your system
ipchains -A input -s 24.1.50.25 -j DENY | This will block the IP address
24.1.50.25 from accessing your system
ipchains -A output -d 24.1.50.2 -j DENY | This command will DENY your
system from accesing this IP address
| [-A append] [-s source] [-d destination] [-j
join]
jobs jobs | This will list all jobs presently running on
your system
kernelcfg | GUI to add/remove kernel modules (as
root in X terminal).
kill kill 2587 | Kills the process specified by the Process
ID Number (2587)
kill -9 2587 | The -9 flag forces the process to die
last last -300 | Prints to the screen the username,
location, log-in and log-off times of the last
last -5 username | -x logins to the system. The username will
select the last x time that person has
| used the system. The last command is not
traceable.
lastlog lastlog | Displays a list of the login attempts / times
of all users on the system (security check)
less less /html/index.html | Less displays information a screen at a
time, you can also page back and forth
lilo lilo ---v | To write or correct boot config to disk. Use
this comand after modifying /etc/lilo.conf
| Do this before rebooting (to avoid "LIL-" on
startup) if it's been a while
lilo -b /dev/fd0 | This command will make a boot disk
ln ln -s /usr/dso ./home/html | Creates a “symbolic” link from the first
directory or file to the second. A user
changing
| into ./home/html will actually be directed to
the /usr/dso directory.
locate locate wordperfect | The locate command will locate the file
specified aand output a directory path (see
“updatedb”)
lpr lpr /home/html/index.html | This command will print the file index.html
to the printer
lprm lprm 12 | This command will cancel pint job 12 in
the printer queue
lpq lpq | This will show the contents of the print
25
queue
ls ls -al | Lists all information on all files (-a) in the
current directory in single line
| format (-l). Includes permissions, owners,
modification time, file size and name
ls ---F | Marks (directories with a trailing / ) - (
executables with an *) (symbolic links w/ @)
ls /proc/sys/net/ipv4 | This will ist all IP4 (masquerading) entries
in the system processes directories
lspci lspci | Lists your PCI devices
lsof lsof |grep :<port number> | This will show you what program has that
port open.
lsmod | used (by root) to show kernel modules
currently loaded
make make mrproper | Cleans up junk accidentally left behind by
the development team
make menuconfig | This will ask you a series of questions
about your system and drive requirements
make dep | This will use dependencies
make clean | The clean command will clean up any
unnecessary files left lying around
make bzImage | This will begin the process of compiling
your new kernel
make lnx | This specified that the source will be
compiled under a Linux system
make install | After the make command this will install
the compiled binaries to their directories
make modules | This will compile all the necessary
modules
make modules_install | This will install modules into the
/lib/modules directory
man man vi | Prints the manual page on the specific
topic (vi) to the screen. To scroll down
| the page use the Space Bar, to scroll up
use the letter b, to exit press the q key.
md5sum md5sum filename.tgz | To ensure a copy between
machines went perfectly
mkdir mkdir pascal | This will create new directory (pascal) in
the present directory
mkfs mkfs -t msdos -c -v /dos-drive | Formats a partition and builds a new
filesystem on it
mkfs -t xfs -c -v /home | -t specifies filesystem type, -v produces
verbose output, -c checks for bad blocks
more more /home/html/index.htm | Paginates the specified file so it can be
read line by line (using Enter key) or
| screen by screen using the Space Bar.
Use b key to move back and q to quit.
mount mount -t msdos /dev/hda5 /dos | Mounts the msdos partition on the Hard
Drive (hda5) to the directory /dos
26
apache -howto
email -howto
jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf Linux OS tm; install vkyfpOfu Text mode ESifh login 0ifrnf [k
option ay;cJhaomaMumifh Text mode login udk atmufygtwdkif; awGU&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/
¤if; login name wGif root user taeESifh 0ifa&mufrnf qdkygu root [k&dkufEdkyfNyD;
enter Edkyfygu root password awmif;rnfjzpfonf/ root password &dkufoGif;NyD; enter
Edkyfygu root user taeESifh login 0ifNyD;atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/ password
udk jrifawGU&rnf r[kwfay/
34
touch filename
cp test /tmp
ls -al /tmp/test
rm test
System Administration
Linux wGif system udk configuration file rsm;jzifh xdrf;csKyfonf/ xdk
configuration file rsm;onf omref ASCII file rsm;omjzpfonfhtwGuf ¤if; file rsm;udk edit
vkyf&ef editor rsm;jzifh configure vkyf&onf/ Edit vkyfaom editor rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf
1990 ckESpf linux pwifay:aygufonfhtcsdefrS pwifí ,aeYwdkiftokH;jyKvsuf&Sdaom editor
rSm vi editor jzpfonf/ aemufwpfrsdK;rSm mcedit ESifh tjcm; third party editor
rsm;vJ&Sdonf/ vi onf tjcm; editor rsm;ESifh ,SOfvsif ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfrSm script
vkyf&mwGif process awGudk sentence rsm;jzifh edit vkyfEdkifonfhtwGufjzpfNyD; vi onf linux
ray:cif ay:cJhzl;aom edlin qdkonfh line editor ESifh qifwlonf/ vi \ command
rsm;onf vG,fulonfhtwGuf linux &Sdvsif vi &Sd&rnf jzpfNyD; vi &SdaeorQ Linux &Sdaernf
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux tokH;jyKolrsm; taeESifh vi udk tuRrf;w0if&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
vi editor udk pwifrnf qdkygu command rSm t&dk;&Sif;qkH; jzpfNyD; vi [k
&dkufEdkyf&kHjzifh vi editor odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí temp qdkaom file
wpfckudk vi jzifh create vkyfrnfqdkygu vi temp [k&dkufEdkyf&ygrnf/ vi editor wGif pwif
edit vkyf&ef 'i' Edkyfvdkufrnfqdkygu inseart [k screen \ atmufqkH;wGif
ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaemufrdrd vdk&mudk edit vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
37
vi editor wGif insert rvkyfyJ vi editor udk command ay;vdkygu Esc cvkwfudk
&dkufEdkyfNyD; command ay;Edkifygonf/ owdjyK&efrSm Esc udk &dkufNyD; ':' sign udk
&dkufay;&onf/ odkYrSom command ay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ vi editor tm; edit vkyfNyD;vsif
save vkyf&ef command rSm Ecs EdkyfNyD; ':' sign Edkyf&ygrnf/ NyD;vsif 'w' jzpfonf/ write
[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ vi editor rS save vkyfNyD; xGufvdkygu wq jzpfNyD; tu,fí bmwpfckrQ
edit rvkyfyJ xGufvdkvsif !q jzpfonf/
zefwD;xm;aom temp file wGif line tcsdKU&dkufEdkyfNyD; txufazmfjyyg command
rsm;twdkif; save NyD; vi editor rS xGufMunfhyg/ xdkYaemuf vi temp qdkaom command
jzifh temp file udk jyefzGifhMunfhEdkifygonf/ xdkYtjyif edit rvkyfyJ Munfh&kHrQom Munfhvdkvsif
cat command udk okH;Edkifonf/ cat filename jzpfonf/ temp file udk Munfhrnfqdkygu
cat temp jzpfonf/ cat taMumif;udk odvdkygu cat --help udk&dkufEdkyfNyD;
tao;pdwfod&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
zefwD;xm;aom temp zdkiftm; vi editor jzifhjyefvnf edit vkyfrnf qdkygu vi temp
[k &dkufEdkyfNyD; edit vkyfEdkifonf/ ¤if; file twGif;rS lne wpfcktm; copy vkyfvdkygu copy
vkyfvdkaom line wGif coursor xm;NyD; Esc udkEdkyfNyD;vsif yy udkEdkyfNyD; copy ul;&ygrnf/
xdkYaemuf paste csvdkaom ae&mwGif coursor xm;NyD; pp udkEdkyfrnfqdkygu copy
ul;NyDjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wpfaMumifr[kwfyJ 5 aMumif; copy yGm;vdku 5p jzpfonf/ 3 aMumif;
jzpfu 3p jzpfNyD; zsufvdku dd udkEdkyfNyD; zsuf&rnf jzpfonf/
38
fdisk -l /dev/hda
dmesg | more
Searching in Linux
Linux wGif rdrd&Smvdkaom files rsm;? directory rsm;udk tvG,fwul &SmEdkif&eftwGuf
search command rsm;&Sdonf/ owdjyK&efrSm searching rvkyfrD updatedb qdkaom
command jzifh database rsm;udk OD;pGm update jzpfae&ef vkyfxm;oifhygonf/ Linux
twGif;&Sd search command rsm;rSm-
locate filename
find / filename
which filename
Process Management
Windows OS ay:&Sd task manager uJhodkY rdrdpufwGif process rnfrQ run
aeonfudk od&SdEdkifonfh command rSm ps jzpfNyD;
ps -ax | more
qdkygu atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
process wGif [---] ygaom process rsm;onf kernel \ process rsm;jzpfNyD; [---]
rygvsif user process jzpfonf/ a&ShwGif yg&Sdaom *Pef;rsm;onf process ID rsm;
jzpfMuNyD; ¤if; ID rsm;jzifhom process management udk jyKvkyf&onf/ process udk stop
vkyfjcif;tm; Linux wGif; process udk kill onf[k ac:onf/ command rSm-
kill -9 1576
Windows platform wGif install vkyfjcif;udk Linux wGif package [kac:onf/ Linux
wGif &Sdaom package type (3)rsdK;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
• RPM (RedHat Package Management)
# rpm
• Debian
# dpkg
• TAR (Tape Archive Format)
# abc.tar.gz (or) abc.tgz
rm -Rf filename
R = remove
f = do not confirm for remove
tu,fí gzip udk tokH;jyKNyD; compress / decompress vkyfvdkvsif gzip ESifh ¤if;\
switch option rsm;rSm-
gzip -f force overwrite output file and compress link
-1 (one)compress faster
-9 compress better
-t test compress
-d decompress
-l list
ESifh ywfoufNyD;
rpm install / Uninstall vkyfaom command rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
rpm -ivh filename install package
rpm -Uvh filename uninstall package
rpm -ivh --replacepkgs replace package alerady installed
pufxJwGif install vkyfxm;aom package rsm;udk odvdkvsif-
rpm -qa | more
rpm -qa | grep packagename
rpm -qpi filename (qpi = query package information)
rpm -qpl filename (qpl = query package list)
install vkyfNyD;om; packages rsm;udk uninstall
vkyfvdkvsif-
rpm -e filename (e = erase)
Files rsm;udk compress vkyf&mwGif aemufxyf command wpfrsdK;rSm zcat
command jzpfonf/
46
Host Name (or IP address) ae&mwGif sshd service on xm;aom Linux puf\
address udk&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Port wGif 22 jzpfNyD; Protocol wGif SSH jzpfygrnf/ Open udk
click aomtcgwGif warning message ay:vmrnfjzpfNyD; yes udk click vsif ssh on
xm;aom Linux puf\ login screen udk jrifawGUEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
wzef ssh on xm;aom linux pufwGif rdrd system twGif user rnfrQ
0ifa&mufokH;pGJaeaMumif; odvkdvsif w qdkaom command udkEdkyfNyD; Munfhygu putty
software okH;NyD; remote admin vkyfaeaom pufudk jrifawGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
49
tu,fí DNS service &SdaecJhygu ¤if;ae&mwGif rdrdwdkY puf emrnf odkYr[kwf site
name udk &dkufoGif;Edkifonf/ rdrd\ Web Server jcif;tm; netstat –an | grep 80 jzifh
Munfhygu Port 80 tvkyfvkyfaeygu Server Run aeNyDjzpfonf/
50
Gateway udk owfrSwfay;NyD;aemuf hosts file udk setting csay;&rnf jzpfonf/ hosts file
udk&Sm&efrSm ¤if; file onf /etc directory atmufwGifwdkuf&dkuf&Sdygonf/
vi /etc/hosts
xdktcgatmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/ 127.0.0.1 onf local loop back
jzpfonfudk aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;&rnf/
Squid II
squid onf ¤if;\ proxy setting udk edit vkyf&mü CLI mode jzifh jyKvkyf&onf/
xdkYaMumifh squid \ setting udkjyKjyif&ef file rSm /etc/squid twGif;&Sd squid.conf file
jzpfonf/ ¤if; squid.conf file udk vi editor jzifh Munfhvdkufrnf qdkygu pmaMumif;a&
3225 vdkif; &Sdaom squid \ configuration file udk awGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/ squid \
configuration udk atmufygtwdkif; tqifhvdkufjyKvkyfoGm;&rnf/
yxrOD;pGm Network Option wGif proxy service ay;rnfh port udk edit
vkyfay;&rnf/ configuration file \ default rSm 3128 jzpfonfudk awGUjrif&rnf/ port
3128 onf ,cifu tokH;jyKaom proxy port jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,aeYacwfwGif
international tokH;jyKaeaom proxy port rSm 80 jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh # http_port 3128 qdkaomae&mwGif # sign udk zsufNyD; port udk on
&ygrnf/ port number ajymif;vdkvsif 3128 ae&mü rdrdxm;vdkaom port number udk
&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Oyrm 80 xm;rnfqdkygu command line status rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfaeygvdrfrh nf/
http_port 80
port number udk jyifNyD;vsif cache peer udk setting vkyf&ygrnf/ cache peer
qdkonfrSm rdrdtxufrS proxy server udk ajymjcif; jzpfonf/ tu,fí bagan net rS
connection udk &,lxm;onfqdkygu cache peer wGif bagan rS proxy server address udk
54
&dkufoGif;&rnf jzpfonf/ cache peer setting \ default rSm none jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
none udk zsufNyD; atmufygtwdkif; &dkufoGif;&rnf/ &dkufoGif;rnfh line number onf 309
jzpfonfudk nmbuf atmufa'gifhwGif awGUEdkifrnf/
cache_peer 192.168.1.254 parent 8080 0 default no-query
txufyg command line udk &Sif;&rnf qdkvsif cache_peer onf cache_peer
command jzpfonf/ 192.168.1.254 qdkonfrSm parient proxy \ IP address
jzpfonf/ parient qdkonfrSm parient jzpfaMumif; aMumfjimjcif; jzpfonf/ 8080 rSm
parient proxy \ service ay;aeaom port jzpfonf/ aemufxyf 0 rSm neighbours
rsm;tm; query ay;jcif;r&Sd[k t"dygÜ,f&onf/ default qdkonfrSm connection tm;vkH;
default okH;rnf[k ajymjcif; jzpfonf/ no-query qdkonfrSm query rvkyfbl; [k
t"dyÜg,f&onf/ tu,fí parient proxy wGif rdrdonf user account wpfck &,lxm;NyD;
login vkyfrS access ay;onfh parient proxy jzpfaeygu no-query aemufwGif login
name ESifh password udk &dkufoGif;ay;&ayrnf/
Proxy server onf High Volume Traffic udk access vkyf&aomaMumifh IO system
aumif;&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh server tokH;jyKaom cache memory yrmPrsm;&ef
vdktyfonf/ Squid wGifvnf; cache memory udk setting vkyfay;&onf/ Option Which
Effect the Cache Size qdkaom acgif;pOfatmufwGif line number 468 ü default setting
8 MB udk awGUEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ # sign udk zsufNyD; cache memory udk on ygrnf/ NyD;vsif
rdrdxm;vdkaom cache size udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf/
xdkYaemuf line number 501 &Sd maximum_object_size 4096 KB udk # sign
zsufNyD; default setting twdkif; on ay;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf Logfile Pathnames and Cache
Directory acgif;pOf atmuf&Sd cache directory udk setting vkyfay;&rnf/ Default setting
jzpfonfh line number 666 wGif&Sdaom cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100
16 256 qdkaom command line udk # sign zsufí on ay;&rnf/ azmfjyyg command \
t"dyÜg,fwGif 100 onf directory \ size udk ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ 16 qdkonfrSm ¤if;
directory wGif directory 16 ck&Sdrnf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ 256 onf sub directory 256
ckxm;&Sdrnf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf line number 673 &Sd cache_access_log ? line number 681 &Sd
cache_log ESifh line number 691 &Sd cache_store_log wdkYudk toD;oD; on ay;&rnf/
¤if; log rsm;onf rdrd server tm; access vkyfonfh connection rsm;udk log taeESifh
55
jzpfonf/ xdkodkY performance rusqif;ap&ef Host ESifh client tm; wdkuf&dkuf csdwfqufcGifh
csufcsif;ray;yJ super server Mum;cHNyD;rS om super server \ request jzifh
wdkuf&dkufcsdwfqufapjcif;tm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh host performance udk wufaponf/ super
server \vkyfaqmifcsufonf host \ performance wufaponfrSefaomvnf; security
udk usqif;aponfudk owdjyK&rnf/
Linux wGif super server Mum;cHrIudk od&Sdvdkvsif /etc/xinetd.d directory
xJwGif od&SdEdkifonf/ inetd qdkonfrSm inet daemon jzpfonf/ ,cif RedHat version
rsm;wGif inetd onf directory taeESifh rwnf&SdyJ inetd.conf file wpfcktaejzifh
wnf&Sdonf/ service wpfcktwGuf pmaMumif;a& wpfckjzifh configure vkyfaqmifay;onf/
inetd.d directory tjzpfajymif;vJvmaomtcgwGif service wpfcktm; file wpfcktjzpf
udk,fpm;jyKvkyfaqmifay;vmcJhonf/
Telenet service in Linux
telenet service qdkonfrSm remote admin wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ telenet \ service
ay;aom port rSm standard tm;jzifh 23 jzpfonf/ telnet service tm; Linux wGif
ay;csifygu /etc/xinetd.d directory twGif;&Sd telnet file tm; vi editor jzifh edit
vkyfay;&rnf/ atmufwGif jyxm;onfhtwdkif; disable=no ay;NyD; wq jzifh save um vi
editor rSjyefxGufrnfqdkygu telnet service ay;NyD; jzpfrnf/ xdkYaemuf service xinetd
restart command jzifh services rsm;tm; restart vkyfay;&ygrnf/ netstat -al
| grep 23 jzifhMunfhvsif port 23 wGif listing vkyfaernfudk awGU&SdEdkifonf/
xdkYaemuf tjcm;puf wpfvkH;rS putty soft ware jzifh telnet service jzifh login
vkyfrnf[k option ay;NyD; remote admin jyKvkyfrnfqdkygu root user account jzifhr[kwfyJ
omref user account jzifh login vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
58
xdktcgwGif password
awmif;ayvdrfhrnf/ windows OS password udk&dkufoGif;
NyD;ygu share folder twGif;&Sd share files rsm;tm; jrifawGUEkdifayonf/ tu,fí
ul;,lvdkvsif rdrdwnfaqmufxm;aom directory udk chmod jzifh write permission
ay;xm;&ef vdktyfonf/
61
Router 203.81.76.X
or
Gateway
Internet LAN
Direct Connection
192.168.X.X
GateWay
Proxy Connection
GateWay 192.168.X.X
with NAT
Service
Security
jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh LAN \ address t& rdrd LAN twGif puftvkH;a& 253
vkH;om tokH;jyKEdkifawmhrnf jzpfonf/ Linux wGif iptable ESifh squid service
ESpfckaygif;pyfNyD; NAT service udk on Ekdifonf/ Windows wGifuJhodkY tuefYtowfr&Sday/
Windows wGif ISA service rwufrcsif; firewall service rwufay;/ ISA server run
rSomvsif cover vkyfay;onf/ Linux wGif boot vkyfonfESifh cover vkyfay;onf/ xdkYtjyif
tm;omcsufwpfckrSm virus rsm;\ wdkufcdkufrIudk vkH;0xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef rvdktyfay/
Linux wGif Firewall, NAT twGuf tokH;jyKaom command rSm iptables
jzpfonf/ Linux version 2.0 wGif ipfwadm jzpfNyD; version 2.2 wGif ipchain, version
2.4 rS pwifí iptables tjzpfpwifcJhonf/ iptables wGif kernel space ESifh user space
[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ kernel space onf netfilter model jzpfNyD; user space onf iptables
jzpfonf/ iptables onf Good Guys IN Bad Guys OUT qdkaom firewall \ function
udkyg &&Sdonf/ network connection wpfckwnf; odkYr[kwf wpfckxufygaom connection
rsm;jzpfonfh multi home sustem wGifyg tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ host wpfcktwGufomru
network wpfckESifhwpfcktMum; Gateway rsm;wGifyg tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ iptables
tvkyfpwifvkyf&eftwGuf IP routing function udk on ay;&rnf/ IP routing function udk
atmufygtwdkif; On ay;Edkifonf/
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
txufyg command wGif -t onf service type jzpfNyD; nat onf NAT service
jzpfonf/ -A onf add odkYr[kwf append jzpfNyD; POSTrouting twGuf jzpfaMumif;
aMujimjcif; jzpfonf/ -o onf eth1 \ output jzpfaMumif;ESifh ¤if; output tm;
masquerade vkyfrnfjzpfaMumif; owfrSwfay;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ MASQURADE qdkonfrSm
twkta,mif? rsufESmzkH;pGyfvdkufjcif; [k qdkEdkifonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh source address rsm;udk
ajymif;vJay;vdkufonfh function udk Ethernet 1 (eth1) \ output tjzpfajymif;vJ
xkwfay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
rdrd wGif&Sdaom WEB server twGufqdkvsif ¤if; WEB server twGuf secure jzpfNyD;
aumif;rGefpGm WEB service ay;Edkif&eftwGuf command rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
iptables -P INPUT DROP
iptables -nL
iptables -D INPUT 2
-D onf delete
jzpfNyD; Input policy rS 'kwd,ajrmufudk zsufrnf [k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/
Port routing ESifh ywfoufNyD; WEB server odkY PRErouting vkyf&ef command rSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s 0/0 -d 203.81.71.65 -p
tcp dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.2
txufyg command wGif -t onf service type NyD; -A rSm Append jzpfonf/ append
trdsK;tpm;rSm Prerouting jzpfNyD; -s rSm source jzpfonf/ 0/0 qdkonfrSm rnfonfh
source address rS rqdk[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ -d onf distination jzpfNyD; ¤if;\
aemufwGif destination address vdkufonf/ -p onf proto type jzpfNyD; tcp jzpfaMumif;
aMujimonf/ dport rSm distination \ port number udk qdkvdkonf/ aemufwGif disnation
port ygonf/ DNAT trsdK;tpm;jzpfaMumif; ESifh --to jzifh 192.168.1.2 odkY forward
vkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf/
Kernel Compilation
Linux onf open source jzpfaomaMumifh Linux \ kernel udk pdwfBudKufjyKjyif
a&;om; Ekdifonf/ xdkodkYa&;om;jcif;udk kernel compilation vkyfjcif;[k ac:onf/ kernel udk
rdrdpdwfBudKuf jyKjyifNyD;ygu rebuilt jyefvkyfay;&onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh compilation
jyefvkyfay;&onf/ xdkodkYjyKvkyf&eftwGuf /usr/src/ atmufwGif kernel version tvdkuf
directory &Sdonf/ ¤if; directory atmufodkY oGm;NyD; make command jzifh compilation
vkyfEkdifonf/ make command wGif atmufygtwdkif; configuration vkyfonfh type
rsm;&Sdonf/
69
• make config
• make menuconfig
• make xconfig
• make oldconfig
config onf yes or no command rsm;tvdkuf command ay;NyD; compilation
vkyf&onf/ menuconfig onf menu rsm;a&G;cs,fNyD; rebuilt vkyf&onf/ xconfig rSm
GUI mode jzifh compilation vkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif gconfig [kvnf;
awGUjrifvm&onf/ oldconfig onf factory default odkY tvdktavsmuf compile
vkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ atmufwGif make menuconfig command jzifh compile
vkyf&eftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfaeaom custom configuration screen udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
./ configure
E-Mail on Linux
X Windows System
X windows system qdkonfrSm Unix tm; GUI support ay;Edkif&eftwGuf
wDxGifcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; truely client, server architecher jzifh tvkyfvkyfonf/ layer
wpfcktaeESifh yg&SdwmjzpfNyD; X version 11 release 5 wGif X free 86 project ESifhtwl
Linux twGuf support vkyfay;cJhonf/ layer wpfcktaeESifh wnf&SdaomaMumifh X windows
twGuf components rsm;yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf-
X server (or) display server
windows manager
Desktop Environment
X-client