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Skull
• Divided into two parts:
• Neurocranium: forms a protective case
around the brain.
• Viscerocranium: forms the skeleton of
the face.
Neurocranium
• Divided into two portions:
(1) membranous part, consisting of flat
bones, which surround the brain as a
vault.
(2) cartilaginous part, or chondrocranium,
which forms bones of the base of the
skull.
Membranous Neurocranium
• Derived from neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm.
• Mesenchyme of those two sources undergoes
membranous ossification.
• Resulting in a number of flat, membranous bones that
are characterized by the presence of needlelike bone
spicules.
• Spicules progressively radiate from primary ossification
centers toward the periphery.
• With further growth during fetal and postnatal life,
membranous bones enlarge by apposition of new
layers on the outer surface and by simultaneous
osteoclastic resorption from the inside.
Skull bones of a 3-month-old fetus show the spread of bone spicules from
primary ossification centers in the flat bones of the skull.
Skeletal structures of the head and face.
Mesenchyme for these structures is derived from neural crest (blue),
paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomeres) (red),
lateral plate mesoderm (yellow).
New Born Skull
• At birth, the flat bones of the skull are separated from each other by
narrow seams of connective tissue, the sutures, derived from two
sources:
• neural crest cells (sagittal suture)
• paraxial mesoderm (coronal suture).
• At points where more than two bones meet, sutures are wide and
are called fontanelles
• The most prominent of these is the anterior fontanelle, which is
found where the two parietal and two frontal bones meet.
• Sutures and fontanelles allow the bones of the skull to overlap
(molding) during birth.
• Soon after birth, membranous bones move back to their original
positions, and the skull appears large and round.
• In fact, the size of the vault is large compared with the small facial
region
Skull of a newborn,