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14.1
SECTION FOURTEEN
PLUMBING—WATER-SUPPLY,SPRINKLER, ANDWASTEWATERSYSTEMS
Gregory P. Gladfelter
Gladfelter Engineering GroupKansas City, Missouri
Brian L. Olsen
Poole Consulting Services, Inc.Olathe, Kansas
This section treats the major subsystems for conveyance of liquids and gases inpipes within a building. The pipes generally extend beyond the building walls to asupply source or a disposal means, such as a sewer.
14.1 PLUMBING AND FIRE PREVENTION CODES 
Plumbing codes were created to prevent illness and death from unsanitary or unsafeconditions in supply of water and gases in buildings and removal of wastes in pipes.There are two commonly recognized model plumbing and fire prevention codes:‘‘International Plumbing Code’’ and ‘‘International Fire Code,’’ InternationalCode Council Inc., Falls Church, VA.‘‘Uniform Plumbing Code’’ and ‘‘Uniform Fire Code,’’International Associationof Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Walnut, Calif.These codes are generally revised on 3-year cycles.In addition to these model codes, several cities and states have adopted theirown plumbing and fire prevention codes. The ‘‘National Standard Plumbing Code,’’administered by the National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Con-tractors, Inc., Washington, D.C., has been adopted in some localities. The AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI) has also adopted the ‘‘National Plumbing
 
14.2
SECTION FOURTEEN
Code,’’ ANSI A.40.8, which is administered by the Mechanical Contractors Asso-ciation of America, Rockville, Md. Also, numerous fire-safety codes and standardsare contained in ‘‘National Fire Codes,’’ National Fire Protection Association,Quincy, Mass.Persons involved in the design and installation of plumbing systems shouldcheck with all local code authorities to determine which code is in effect prior tobeginning a project. Also, local governmental authorities should be contacted aboutspecial regulations relating to sewer and water systems. Those involved in the de-sign of plumbing systems should also be familiar with ANSI A117.1 and the Amer-icans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which require that provision be made in build-ings for accessibility and usability of facilities by the physically handicapped.Plumbing designers and architects should work together to assure strict compliancewith these requirements.
14.2 HEALTH REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUMBING 
Plumbing codes place strict constraints on plumbing installations in the interest of public health. Following are typical basic provisions:All buildings must be provided with potable water in quantities adequate for theneeds of their occupants. Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances should besupplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressures adequate to enable themto function properly. The pipes conveying the water should be of sufficient size toprovide the required water without undue pressure reduction and without unduenoise under all normal conditions of use.The plumbing system should be designed and adjusted to use the minimumquantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleansing of fixtures andappurtenances.Devices for heating and storing water should be designed, installed, and main-tained to guard against rupture of the containing vessel because of overheating oroverpressurization.The wastewater system should be designed, constructed, and maintained to guardagainst fouling, deposit of solids, and clogging.Provision should be made in every building for conveying storm water to a stormsewer if one is available.Recommended tests should be made to discover any leaks or defects in thesystem. Pipes, joints, and connections in the plumbing system should be gastightand watertight for the pressure required by the tests.Plumbing fixtures should be located in ventilated enclosures and should be read-ily accessible to users.Plumbing fixtures should be made of smooth, nonabsorbent materials. Theyshould not have concealed fouling surfaces. Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appli-ances should be protected to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods,and similar material by the backflow of wastewater. Indirect connections with thebuilding wastewater system should be provided when necessaryEvery fixture directly connected to the wastewater system should be equippedwith a
liquid-seal trap.
This is a fitting so constructed that passage of air or gasthrough a pipe is prevented while flow of liquid through the pipe is permitted.Foul air in the wastewater system should be exhausted to the outside, throughvent pipes. These should be located and installed to minimize the possibility of clogging and to prevent sewer gases from entering the building.
 
WATER-SUPPLY, SPRINKLER, AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
14.3
If a wastewater system is subject to the backflow of sewage from a sewer,suitable provision should be made to prevent sewage from entering the building.The structural safety of a building should not be impaired in any way as a resultof the installation, alteration, renovation, or replacement of a plumbing system.Pipes should be installed and supported to prevent stresses and strains that wouldcause malfunction of or damage to the system. Provision should be made for ex-pansion and contraction of the pipes due to temperature changes and for structuralsettlements that might affect the pipes.Where pipes pass through a construction that is required to have a fire-resistancerating, the space between the pipe and the opening or a pipe sleeve should notexceed
1
 ⁄ 
2
in. The gap should be completely filled with code-approved, fire-stoppingmaterial and closed off with close-fitting metal escutcheons on both sides of theconstruction.Pipes, especially those in exterior walls or underground outside the building,should be protected, with insulation or heat, to prevent freezing. Underground pipesshould be placed below established frost lines to prevent damage from heaving andin high traffic areas should be encased in concrete or installed deep enough so asto not be damaged by heavy traffic. Pipes subject to external corrosion should beprotected with coatings, wrappings, cathodic protection, or other means that willprevent corrosion. Dissimilar metals should not be connected to each other unlessseparated by a dielectric fitting. Otherwise, corrosion will result.Each plumbing system component, such as domestic water, natural gas, andwastewater pipes and fixtures, should be tested in accordance with the plumbingcode. All defects found during the test should be properly corrected and the systemretested until the system passes the requirements of the test.
WATER SUPPLY
Enough water to meet the needs of occupants must be available for all buildings.Further water needs for fire protection, heating, air conditioning, and possibly pro-cess use must also be met. This section provides specific data on all these waterneeds, except those for process use. Water needs for process use must be computedseparately because the demand depends on the process served.
14.3 WATER QUALITY 
Sources of water for buildings include public water supplies, groundwater, andsurface water. Each source requires careful study to determine if a sufficient quantityof safe water is available for the building being designed.Water for human consumption, commonly called potable water, must be of suit-able quality to meet local, state, and national requirements. Public water suppliesgenerally furnish suitably treated water to a building, eliminating the need for treat-ment in the building. However, ground and surface waters may require treatmentprior to distribution for human consumption. Useful data on water treatment areavailable from the American Water Works Association, Denver, Col.Useful data on water supplies for buildings are available in the followingpublications: American Society of Civil Engineers, ‘‘Glossary-Water and SewerControl Engineering;’’ E. W. Steel, ‘‘Water Supply and Sewerage,’’ McGraw-Hill
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