Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3) Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a 3)
human cell from its surrounding medium?
A) cell membrane
B) plasmalemma
C) cell wall
D) plasma membrane
E) both A and D
1
7) Functions of the glycocalyx include 7)
A) binding extracellular compounds.
B) lubricating and protecting the cell membrane.
C) identifying the cell for the immune system.
D) all of the above
E) B and C only
11) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? 11)
A) intermediate filaments
B) microtubules
C) microfilaments
D) thick filaments
E) basal bodies
12) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the 12)
A) nucleus.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) cilia.
D) cytoplasm.
E) mitochondria.
13) In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to 13)
A) actin.
B) matrix.
C) basal body.
D) microvilli.
E) cytosol.
2
14) The components of ribosomes are formed within 14)
A) nucleoli.
B) Golgi complexes.
C) lysosomes.
D) mitochondria.
E) the endoplasmic reticulum.
16) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached 16)
ribosomes?
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) nucleoli
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria
E) Golgi apparatus
18) Organelles that absorb and neutralize drugs and toxins are 18)
A) nuclei
B) endocytic vesicles.
C) toxisomes.
D) peroxisomes.
E) lysosomes.
3
21) The control center for cellular operations is the 21)
A) ribosome.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) mitochondria.
22) The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are 22)
A) nucleases.
B) histones.
C) mitochondria.
D) chromosomes.
E) nucleoplasm.
24) The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the 24)
A) codon.
B) gene.
C) cytoplasm.
D) anticodon.
E) polypeptide itself.
25) As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing the 25)
anticodon. This molecule is called
A) rRNA. B) tRNA. C) RER. D) DNA. E) mRNA.
4
28) The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is 28)
an example of
A) facilitated transport.
B) diffusion.
C) filtration.
D) active transport.
E) osmosis.
29) Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except 29)
A) the presence of the membrane channels.
B) the charge on the ion.
C) hydrolysis of ATP.
D) concentration gradient.
E) lipid solubility.
30) Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through 30)
A) channels formed by integral proteins.
B) peripheral carbohydrates.
C) defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.
D) peripheral proteins.
E) lipid channels.
31) A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called 31)
A) isotonic.
B) homotonic.
C) hypotonic.
D) hypertonic.
E) merotonic.
32) "Spikes" form on a blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. 32)
A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) homotonic
D) merotonic
E) hypotonic
33) The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration 33)
gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called
A) active transport.
B) osmosis.
C) endocytosis.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) exocytosis.
5
34) Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that 34)
A) facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
B) facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient.
C) the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.
D) the rate of molecular movement is not limited by the number of available carrier
molecules.
E) facilitated diffusion consumes no ATP.
35) A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is 35)
called
A) active transport.
B) facilitated transport.
C) osmosis.
D) diffusion.
E) passive transport.
36) The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is called 36)
A) an ion exchange pump.
B) facilitated transport.
C) active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) endocytosis.
37) The principal cations in our body fluids are ________ and ________. 37)
A) sodium; calcium
B) calcium; magnesium
C) sodium; potassium
D) chloride; bicarbonate
E) sodium; chloride
38) In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell 38)
and imports ________ ions.
A) calcium; sodium
B) potassium; calcium
C) potassium; sodium
D) sodium; calcium
E) sodium; potassium
39) Which of the following about a cell's resting transmembrane potential is false? 39)
A) inside slightly more positive than outside
B) inside slightly more negative than outside
C) controls muscular contraction and nervous signaling
D) represents potential energy
E) depends on separation of + and — charges
6
40) The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the separation of 40)
A) acids and bases.
B) phospholipids and proteins.
C) cations and anions.
D) water molecules.
E) carbohydrate molecules.
42) The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for 42)
division is called
A) anaphase.
B) metaphase.
C) interphase.
D) prophase.
E) telophase.
43) A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. 43)
A) G 2 B) G m C) G o D) G 1 E) S
44) During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during 44)
A) prophase.
B) telophase.
C) interphase.
D) metaphase.
E) anaphase.
45) During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and 45)
cytokinesis occurs.
A) telophase
B) interphase
C) prophase
D) anaphase
E) metaphase
46) As genes are functionally eliminated, the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it can 46)
make. This specialization process is termed
A) apoptosis.
B) cellular activation.
C) adaptation.
D) differentiation.
E) structural integration.
7
47) All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except 47)
A) diffusion.
B) vesicular transport.
C) facilitated diffusion.
D) osmosis.
E) all of the above
53) Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions. 53)
A) messengers
B) carbohydrates
C) enzymes
D) ions
E) lipids
8
54) Extracellular fluid serves as 54)
A) a storage area.
B) a component of the phospholipid bilayer.
C) a reserve area.
D) a transport medium with large storage capacity.
E) a transport medium.
57) These molecular motors carry materials in opposite directions along microtubules. 57)
A) dynein and kinesin
B) actin and myosin
C) kinesin and myosin
D) dynein and actin
E) dynein and myosin
60) Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This 60)
suggests that
A) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
B) some cells are older than others.
C) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply.
D) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived.
E) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.
9
61) A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. Thus, it 61)
A) is malformed.
B) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
C) can only divide once more.
D) will be a long-lived cell.
E) can repair itself readily.
64) Which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? 64)
A) proteasome
B) nucleolus
C) nucleus
D) mitochondria
E) chromosome
66) The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are 66)
A) ribosomes.
B) codons.
C) chromosomes.
D) RNA.
E) genes.
67) Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ________ and ________. 67)
A) multiple carbohydrates; three types of DNA
B) multiple enzymes; three types of DNA
C) multiple enzymes; two types of RNA
D) multiple proteins; three types of DNA
E) multiple enzymes; three types of RNA
10
68) Which of these transport processes always requires metabolic energy? 68)
A) impermeable
B) diffusion
C) vesicular transport
D) carrier-mediated transport
E) freely permeable
69) The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ 69)
fluid.
A) toxic
B) isotonic
C) diffusion
D) hypertonic
E) hypotonic
70) Red blood cell shrinkage is to ________ as cell bursting is to ________. 70)
A) crenation; hemolysis
B) hypotonic; isotonic
C) isotonic; hypertonic
D) lysis; crenation
E) isotonic; hypotonic
73) During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has 73)
A) half as many chromosomes as the original cell.
B) a different number of chromosomes than the original cell.
C) a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell.
D) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
E) twice as many chromosomes as the original cell.
74) A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n) 74)
A) codon.
B) anticodon.
C) amino acid.
D) tRNA.
E) gene.
11
75) An impermeable carbohydrate that is often administered to patients suffering blood loss is 75)
A) salt solution.
B) dextran.
C) saline solution.
D) isotonic saline.
E) glucose.
77) What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? 77)
A) the cytosol
B) nucleolus
C) cytoskeleton
D) plasmalemma
E) nucleus
78) Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? 78)
A) ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum
B) raised endoplasmic reticulum
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) proteosomes reticulum
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum
79) Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? 79)
A) supplies new membrane components
B) sends transport vesicles to the RER
C) produces secretory vesicles
D) receives transport vesicles from the RER
E) produces lysosomes
80) Which phase of the cell cycle has the most variable duration? 80)
A) G 0 phase
B) V phase
C) G 2 phase
D) G 1 phase
E) S phase
12
82) The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for 82)
A) drug and toxin neutralization.
B) protein synthesis.
C) lipid synthesis.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
83) A substance containing atoms of different elements that are bonded together is called a(n) 83)
A) compound.
B) molecule.
C) mixture.
D) solution.
E) isotope.
84) Special catalytic molecules called ________ control chemical reactions in the human body. 84)
A) cytochromes
B) enzymes
C) ribosomes
D) cytozymes
E) DNA
85) All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following elements, except 85)
A) carbon.
B) calcium.
C) hydrogen.
D) oxygen.
E) both A and D
13
89) Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into 89)
A) isotonic solution.
B) merotonic solution.
C) hypotonic solution.
D) hypertonic solution.
E) homotonic solution.
90) If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not 90)
A) form a new nuclear membrane during telophase.
B) form protein.
C) form complementary sequences of DNA.
D) form spindle fibers.
E) link segments of DNA together.
94) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true, except one. Identify the 94)
exception.
A) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.
B) The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle.
C) The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production.
D) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae.
E) The mitochondria contain no DNA.
95) Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, except 95)
A) storage and release of calcium ions.
B) synthesis of triglycerides.
C) modification of protein.
D) detoxification of drugs.
E) synthesis of steroid hormones.
14
96) The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. 96)
1. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles.
2. Exocytosis.
3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles.
4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face.
5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face.
6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.
97) Imagine two rigid chambers separated by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water but 97)
impermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10 percent glucose solution and side 2 contains pure
water. At equilibrium, what will be the situation?
A) Water will continue to move from side 2 to side 1.
B) Water will continue to move from side 1 to side 2.
C) No way to tell what the situation will be.
D) The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 1.
E) The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 2.
98) If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially 98)
occur?
A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase.
B) The blood hydrostatic pressure will increase.
C) The blood osmotic pressure will stay the same.
D) The blood osmotic pressure will decrease.
E) The blood hydrostatic pressure will decrease.
99) If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and 99)
the concentration of other solutes remains constant,
A) the cells will shrink.
B) the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic.
C) the cells will not change.
D) the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic.
E) the cells will swell.
100) Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed (1) to 100)
occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a similar amino acid is added
to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely
by
A) osmosis.
B) pinocytosis.
C) active transport.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) diffusion.
15
101) Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G 0 phase 101)
A) have brief life spans.
B) do not exhibit cytokinesis.
C) lack the enzyme DNA polymerase.
D) are reproductive cells.
E) are stem cells.
102) There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its 102)
ability to
A) bind to DNA.
B) dissolve in water.
C) bind to proteins.
D) interact with carbohydrates.
E) dissolve in lipids.
104) The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is 104)
A) UAG. B) ATC. C) AUC. D) AUG. E) TAG.
106) Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be 106)
A) edited to remove introns.
B) edited to remove exons.
C) transported into the cytoplasm.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C
107) Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin and actin 107)
filaments. This tissue is probably formed from
A) nerve cells.
B) bone cells.
C) reproductive cells.
D) liver cells.
E) muscle cells.
16
108) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic 108)
reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells?
A) protein hormones
B) transport proteins
C) digestive enzymes
D) antibodies
E) steroid hormones
109) Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal 109)
breathing. Under these circumstances
A) the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged.
B) less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.
C) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.
D) less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.
E) more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.
110) A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the 110)
following is a possible property of the process?
A) active transport
B) carrier-mediated
C) cotransport
D) energy-dependent
E) all of the above
111) In a series of measurements of resting transmembrane potentials, the following values were 111)
recorded. Which one is likeliest to be an error?
A) —10 mV B) +100 mV C) —20 mV D) —40 mV E) —70 mV
17
Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
113) Which structure organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division? 113)
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6
114) Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids occurs in the structure labeled 114)
A) 4. B) 5. C) 6. D) 7. E) 8.
18
116) Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion? 116)
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
121) Lipid molecules pass into the cell through the structure labeled 121)
A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6.
19
122) What part of the plasmalemma is hydrophobic? 122)
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
123) When a person receives intravenous fluids to help build up blood volume, why is it important for the fluid to
be isotonic?
125) How would an inhibitor of the sodium-potassium exchange pump affect the resting potential?
127) A) What are the similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport? B) What are the differences?
128) What role does the sodium-potassium exchange pump play in stabilizing the resting membrane potential?
130) During kidney dialysis, a person's blood is passed through a bath that contains several ions and molecules.
The blood is separated from the dialysis fluid by a membrane that allows water, small ions, and small
molecules to pass, but does not allow large proteins or blood cells to pass. What should the composition of
dialysis fluid be for it to remove urea (a small molecule) without changing the blood volume (removing
water from the blood)?
131) Which organelles are involved in membrane flow? Trace the route of a single integral membrane protein
from formation to incorporation into the plasma membrane.
20