BASICS OF

ELECTRONICS
&
BJT
 CONDUCTOR
• An electrical conductor is a material which
contains movable electric charges.
• In metallic conductors, such as copper or
aluminum, the movable charged particles
are electrons.
• Positive charges may also be mobile in the
form of atoms in a lattice that are missing
electrons (known as holes), or in the form of
ions, such as in the electrolyte of a battery.
 USES OF CONDUCTOR

•To make metallic contacts in various

fabricated components
•To make conducting wires
 INSULATOR
• Electrical insulation is the absence of
electrical conduction
• Insulators are characterized by having a large
band gap.
• Electronic band theory (a branch of physics)
predicts that a charge will flow whenever there
are states available into which the electrons in
a material can be excited.
• This allows them to gain energy and thereby
move through the conductor (usually a metal).
• If no such states are available, the material is
an insulator.
 USES OF INSULATOR

•Insulators are used in devices such as

transistor,solar cells.
•They are used in many kinds of diodes
including LED and silicon controlled
rectifier.
 SEMICONDUCTOR

 A semiconductor is a material with

electrical conductivity due to electron flow
(as opposed to ionic conductivity)
intermediate in magnitude between that of
a conductor and an insulator. This means
a conductivity roughly in the range of 103
to 10−8 siemens per centimeter
 USES OF SEMICONDUCTOR
•To make power device components
•They are used in active devices and fabrication
 Intrinsic semiconductor
• An intrinsic semiconductor, also called an
undoped semiconductor or i-type
semiconductor, is a pure semiconductor
without any significant dopant species present.
• In intrinsic semiconductors the number of
excited electrons and the number of holes are
equal: n = p.
PURE SEMICONDUCTOR BEHAVIOUR
•In semiconductor production, doping is the
process of intentionally introducing impurities into
an extremely pure semiconductor to change its
electrical properties.
•The impurities are dependent upon the type of
semiconductor. Lightly- and moderately-doped
semiconductors are referred to as extrinsic .
•A semiconductor doped to such high levels that
it acts more like a conductor
 DOPING

During doping, impurity atoms are introduced to

an intrinsic semiconductor.
Impurity atoms act as either donors or
acceptors to the intrinsic semiconductor,
changing the electron and hole concentrations
of the semiconductor
N -TYPE P -TYPE
N-type semiconductors
• In n-type semiconductors, electrons are the
majority carriers and holes are the minority
carriers
• N-type semiconductors are created by doping
an intrinsic semiconductor with donor impurities
P-type semiconductors
• p-type semiconductors have a larger hole
concentration than electron concentration.
• P-type semiconductors are created by doping
an intrinsic semiconductor with acceptor
impurities
 DIODE
In electronics a diode is an electronic device that
restricts current flow chiefly to one direction.
The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode,
the most common type today, which is a crystal of
semiconductor connected to two electrical terminals
FORMATION OF P-N JUNCTION DIODE
 DIODE IN FORWARD BIAS CONDITION

DIODE IN REVERSE BIASED CONDITION

•The diode is a device formed from a junction of
n-type and p-type semiconductor material.
•The lead connected to the p-type material is
called the anode and the lead connected to the
n-type material is the cathode.
•In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a
solid line on the diode.
•The primary function of the diode is rectification.
•When it is forward biased (the higher potential is
connected to the anode lead), it will pass current.
• When it is reversed biased ( the higher potential
is connected to the cathode lead), current flow is
blocked
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Thank You