Dengue Hemorrhagic

Fever
Its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis
Problem of the Study
The study aims to describe dengue hemorrhagic fever
by answering the following questions:

1. What is dengue hemorrhagic fever?

2. How can dengue hemorrhagic fever be diagnosed?
3. What are the symptoms manifested by a patient of
dengue hemorrhagic fever?
4. Can dengue hemorrhagic fever be cured?
5. What are the treatments applied to cure or alleviate
dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Research Objectives
General Objectives
• The researchers aim to explain and discuss
briefly the causes, symptoms and prognosis
of dengue hemorrhagic fever(DHF) for the
awareness and clean health of the
community.
Specific Objectives
To determine the possible and most effective
treatments for DHF and the safety precautions
to consider for the minimizing of the number of
victims around the country.

To determine the current status of DHF in

terms of its intensity and rate of spread in
specific areas of our region as well as other
regions of the Philippines chosen to be surveyed.
Significance of the Study
• The study aims to clarify and feed
information to our community about
dengue hemorrhagic fever and all the basic
facts under it to lessen the rate of this
disease.
Scope and Limitation
• The study was limited to the causes,
symptoms and prognosis the DHF. A
questionnaire written by the group was
utilized and was provided to the people of
Purok Maligaya Barangay Gulang-Gulang,
Lucena City. The people from the community
that would be given the said instrument
would amount to fifty (50) respondents.
Research Hypotheses Tested at 95%
Confidence Level
1. Dengue Hemorrhagic fever is prevalent among the
residents of Purok Maligaya Barangay Gulang-
Gulang, Lucena City.
2. The prevalence of dengue fever in Purok Maligaya
Barangay Gulang-Gulang, Lucena City is due to
stagnant water found in certain areas of the
community.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Caused by Dengue virus.
Transmitted between humans by the bite of Aedes
Aegypti mosquito.
It has four strains
Common in tropical and sub-tropical countries like
the Philippines.
Most common in urban areas specially during the rainy
season when mosquitoes breed heavily.
Point of Entry
The virus enters its host
through the bite of a
carrier mosquito.

 This causes the virus to

enter directly into the
blood stream
Symptoms
Symptoms arise in about 8 to 10 days after a bite from the carrier
mosquito.
Generally, the patient manifests flu-like symptoms which include:
 High fever
 Severe headache
 Retro-orbital pain
 Severe joint pains
 Muscle pains
 Swollen lymph nodes
 General weakness
 Nausea and Vomiting
 Rash
Symptoms
Children get non-typical symptoms
Fever
Weakness
Prostration
Severe muscle pain
Slowed heart rate
Enlarge lymph nodes
Masculopapular rash
Diagnosis
Guzman and Kouri (2004), Dengue diagnosis can be
performed trhough several processes such as
 Virus isolation
 Genome and antigen detection
 Serological studies
Virus Isolation
• Dengue viremia is usually observed two to three days before the onset
of fever and lasts four to five days later.

• Samples for virus isolation must be taken within the said period of
time.

Samples used:
 Serum (routine test)
 Blood
 Plasma

 Leukocytes

 Tissues obtained in autopsy

Virus is heat-labile
Dengue Virus
Antigen Detection
IFA and radio-immuno assays (RIA)
 Lesser sensitivity
 Not recommended for routine testing

• In 1995, Malergue and Chungue

 Streptavidin-biotin amplified fluorogenic ELISA
• detection and identification of the dengue 3 antigen in
serum
• showed a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 98% when
compared to virus isolation
Genome Detection
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
 laboratory screening
 entomological surveillance
 molecular epidemiological studies
has also proven useful as a research tool in
pathogenesis, antiviral drug and vaccine studies
Serological Diagnosis
Most widely applied in routine diagnosis
Detection of levels of antibodies
Uses enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
represents one of the most important advances
invaluable tool for routine dengue diagnosis
Other means of Diagnosis
Tourniquet test
 Demonstrates an
increased capillary
permeability and
thrombocytopenia with
concurrent haemo-
concentration
Other means of Diagnosis
Tourniquet test
 initial screening procedure of patients with suspected
DHF, particularly grade I DHF
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A drastic decrease of platelet count is an
implication of dengue fever.
Prognosis
Intravenous Fluids
Analgesics (pain reliever)
 Paracetamol
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Antipyretics (fever reducer)