Data Communications and Networking

Module 3

By Arti Bansal
 DATA TRAFFIC

The main focus of congestion control and quality of

service is data traffic. In congestion control we try to
avoid traffic congestion. In quality of service, we try to
create an appropriate environment for the traffic. So,
before talking about congestion control and quality of
service, we discuss the data traffic itself.

Topics discussed in this section:

Traffic Descriptor
Traffic Profiles

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Traffic descriptors

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Three traffic profiles

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 CONGESTION

Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the

network—the number of packets sent to the network—
is greater than the capacity of the network—the
number of packets a network can handle. Congestion
control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to
control the congestion and keep the load below the
capacity.

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Queues in a router

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Packet delay and throughput as functions of load

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 CONGESTION CONTROL

Congestion control refers to techniques and

mechanisms that can either prevent congestion, before
it happens, or remove congestion, after it has
happened. In general, we can divide congestion
control mechanisms into two broad categories: open-
loop congestion control (prevention) and closed-loop
congestion control (removal).

Open-Loop Congestion Control

Closed-Loop Congestion Control

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Congestion control categories

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Backpressure method for alleviating congestion

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Choke packet

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 What is Network Traffic?
1. Density of data present in the network.
2. Communication devices access resources and also
get requests to carry out some work.
3. So a lot of request, response and control data.
4. Load on the network.
5. Other devices may get delayed in their
requirements.
Electric Signal – Bit –Byte- Frame – Packet – Message- Session – Application Data

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Traffic Management

Controlling network traffic requires

limiting bandwidth to certain applications,
guaranteeing minimum bandwidth to
others, and marking traffic with high or
low priorities. This exercise is called
traffic management.

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General Process of Traffic
Management
TRAFFIC MEASUREMENT

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

RESULT EVALUATION Feedback

FINAL RESULT
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 Organizational Requirements for
managing Network Traffic?
1. To guarantee maximum bandwidth to mission critical
applications.
2. To block music or video downloads.
3. To block music file sharing and avoid copyright
infringement liability.
4. To delay investments in additional network capacity.

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Organizational Requirements for
managing Network Traffic?
5. Service monitoring - making sure things keep
working.
6. Cost recovery - session times and traffic
volumes can provide billing data.
7. Research - an improved understanding of
what's happening should allow us to
8. Improve network performance.

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Where should we manage traffic?
1. Usually deployed at the WAN edge of an enterprise site.
2. The LAN-WAN juncture is also where both Internet and
Intranet traffic enters and exits the enterprise.

Traffic
Management

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Multimedia Requirements

l To develop schemes for multi-access networks which can

provide performance guarantees.
l To develop a distribute route-selection strategy for point-
to-point networks.
l Real-time multimedia applications require guaranteed
performance communication services, such as
throughput, delay, delay jitter and loss rate.
l The characteristics of a source, such as peak and
average rate, are known at channel establishment time.
l Channel parameters have to be predicted in live
continuous video sources.

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Multimedia Application Environment

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Multimedia Internet Protocols

l Multimedia over TCP

l Multimedia over UDP

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RTP

l Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) provides support for

the transport of real-time data such as video and audio
streams.
l RTP needs support from lower layers that actually have
control over resources in switches and routers
l RTP/RTCP provides functionality and control
mechanisms necessary for carrying real-time content.
l RTP/RTCP itself is not responsible for the higher-level
tasks like assembly and synchronization. These have to
be done at application level.

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RTCP
l Real-Time Control Protocol extends RTP
l In an RTP session, participants periodically send RTCP
packets to convey feedback on quality of data delivery and
information of membership.
l Packets defined for carrying control information:
l SR: Sender report, for transmission and reception statistics
from session participants that are
l active senders.
l RR: Receiver report, for reception statistics from session
participants, that are not active
l senders.
l SDES: Source description items, including CNAME
l BYE: Indicates end of participation
l APP: Application specific functions

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Multimedia Internet Protocols

l SAP & SDP

l Peer to peer communication, the concept of
session.
l SIP
l Signaling mechanisms that are necessary to
establish a session and to negotiate the
parameters to be used in it, such as codecs,
media, location, etc.
l MBONE Tools
l SDR, VIC, VAT and RAT, WB, NTE.
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Multimedia Internet Protocols

l RSVP
l Network control protocol

l Allows data receiver to request a special end-to-end

quality of service for its data flows.
l RTSP
l A client-server multimedia presentation protocol to
enable controlled delivery of streamed multimedia
data over IP network.
l Aims to provide the same services on streamed audio
and video just as HTTP does for text and graphics.

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Multimedia Communications
l High-Density File Transfers
l Graphics File Transfers
l Audio File Transfers
l Video File Transfers
l Audio Communication
l Computer-Based Telephony
l Computer-Based Audio Conferencing
l Streaming Audio
l Video Communication
l Video Conferencing
l Streaming Video

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