Basic English Grammar

cross crossed crossing menyeberangi

cry cried crying menangis
cook cooked cooked memasak
deliver delivered delivering mengantar
destroy destroyed destroying menghancurkan
decrease decreased decreasing rnenurun
disturb disturbed disturbing mengganggu
design designed designing merancang
discover discovered discovering menemukan
drop dropped dropping menjatuhkan
enjoy enjoyed enjoying menikmati
enter entered entering memasuki
entertain entertained entertaining menghibur
escape escaped escaping melarikan din
examine examined examining menguji/memeriksa
explain explained explaining menjelaskan
fetch fetched fetching menjemput/mengambil
fi ll fi lled fi lling mengisi
fi nish fi nished fi nishing menyelesaikan
greet greeted greeting menyalami
gather gathered gathering berkumpul
guess guessed guessing menerka
guide guided guiding membimbing
help helped helping membantu
hunt hunted hunting memburu
introduce introduced introducing memperkenalkan
invite invited inviting mengundang
join joined joining bergabung
jump jumped jumping meloncat
kick kicked kicking menendang
knock knocked knocking mengetuk
kidnap kidnapped kidnapping menculik
kiss kissed kissing mencium
look looked looking mencari
love loved loving mencintai
lock locked locking mengunci
mend mended mending memperbaiki
miss missed missing kehilangan
mix mixed mixing mencampur
move moved moving pindah
obey obeyed obeying mentaati
offer offered offering menawarkan
34
1.
2.
Basic English Grammar

(Jenis-jenis Kata dalam Bahasa Inggris)

PRONOUNS (KATA GANTI)
Macam-macam Pronouns
Subj. Pro Obj. Pro Poss. Adj Poss. Pro Reflexive
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Theirselves
She Her Her Hers Herself
He Him His His Himself
It It Its Its Itself
Ex. I bring my book for me myself because this book is mine
Demonstrative Pro. : this, that, these, those, the former, the latter.
Relative Pronon : who, whom, which, that, where, when
Interrogative Pro : who, whom, what, which, whose, how, why, where, when
Reciprocal Pro : each other, one another
Definite Pro : the other(s)
Indefinite Pro : all, any, both, each, either, other(s), another, few, many, mor
e,
neither, none, some, someone, something, anything, one,
ones, half.
I buy a book. You give me a book. This is my book. This book is mine. I want to
meet
Mr. Ahmad himself in offi ce right now. This will make us happy. The lady whom y
ou
visited last night is very humble. Whom did you visit last night? We must forgiv
e each
other because no one is perfect in this world. You have 5 books. You give me one
but
it s broken. Give me another.
ADJECTIVE (Kata sifat)
Macam-macam adjectives
Possesive Adjectives (untuk kepunyaan sebelum benda). My book, your bag, our
course, their school
Interrogative Adjectives (kata tanya sebagai kata sifat). What lesson, which pen
,
whose car, how many guys
Demonstrative Adjectvies (kata ganti penunjuk). This dictionary, that boy, those
tins
Distributive Adjectives (bersifat distribusi). Each man, every seasion, either y
ou or I
Numeral Adjectives (bilangan sebagai kata sifat) one stick, two cans, fi rst lov
e, the
second chance
1
Basic English Grammar

Quantitative Adjectives (jumlah). Much money, many teachers, little water, few
words
Descriptive Adjectives (menggambarkan). She is good, pretty, polite, kind, humbl
e,
cute

3.
NOUNS (Kata benda)
Countable Nouns (kata benda yang dapat dihitung). Book, ruler, pen, bag, wallet
Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung). Water, oil, sugar, sal
t,
coffee, tea, berer, light
Concrete Nouns (kata benda yang berwujud). Bag, door, chair, fish pan, tin,
television .
Abstract Nouns (kata benda yang tak berwujud). Happiness, emotion, feeling,
disappointment
Commouns Nouns (kata benda biasa). City, town, book, pen, bag
.
Proper Nouns (kata benda untuk menyebut nama diri). Indonesia, Jakarta, Ali,
Supra
Collective Nouns (kata benda kumpulan). A club, a team, a group
Material Nouns (kata benda bahan baku). Gold, silver, steel, tin, bronze
.
Singular Nouns (kata benda tunggal). Book, pen, child, car, man, snake
Plural Nouns (kata benda jamak). Books, children, people, mice, men, wives, deer
,
cars

4.
CONJUNCTIONS
Macam-macam conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions (kalimatnya setara)

a.
Cumulative Conjunctions (mengumpulkan/menambah). And, both and ,
as well as. And also, not only , but also , addition, furthermore, like wise,
besides, again, moreover, in, similiarly.
Ex. Andi is kind and smart.
b.
Alternative Conjunctions (pemilihan antara 2/lebih). Or, either or , neither
nor , or ,
Ex. Do you like Rama or Shinta?
c.
Adversative Conjunctions (pertentangan). Yet, still, however, but, nevertheless,
whereas.
Ex. He is poor but honest.
d.
Illusive Conjunctions (menunjukkan kesimpulan). Accordingly, consequently,
thereforem hence, so, wherefor, thus, thereby, otherwise, moreover.
Ex. He is sick so he can t join the class now.
2
Basic English Grammar

Kata Kerja Beraturan (Regular Verb)

Yang Umum Digunakan

V1 V2/V3 V1-ing Arti

Accept accepted accepting menerima
accompany accompanied accompanying menemani
accuse accused accusing menuduh
add added adding menambah
advise advised advising menasihafi
agree agreed agreeing menyetujui
allow allowed allowing mengijinkan
announce announced announcing mengumumkan
annoy annoyed annoying menjengkelkan
answer answered answering menjawab
appear appeared appearing muncul/tampak
approach approached approaching mendekati
appreciate appreciated appreciating menghargai
appoint appointed appointing menunjuk
arrange arranged arranging menyusun
arrive arrived arriving tiba
ask asked asking bertanya
assign assigned assigning menugaskan
attack attacked attacking menyerang
attend attended attending menghadiri
avoid avoided avoiding menghindari
borrow borrowed borrowing meminjam
boil boiled boiling merebus
brush brushed brushing menggosok/menyikat
call called calling memanggil
carry carried carrying membawa
celebrate celebrated celebrating merayakan
change changed changing mengubah
chase chased chasing mengejar
climb climbed climbing memanjat
close closed closing menutup
collect collected collecting mengumpulkan
combine combined combining menggabungkan
confess confessed confessing mengakui
confuse confused confusing membingunkan
connect connected connecting menghubungkan
control controlled controlling mengawasi
cover covered covering menutupi
33
Basic English Grammar

P pay back ................................return money to someone

pick up...................................lift

put away................................put something in its usual or proper pla

ce

put back.................................return something to its original place

put down................................stop holding or carrying

put off....................................postpone
R run into..................................meet by chance

*run out (of) ..........................fi nish the suply of something

S shut off ..................................stop a machine or light

start over................................start again

T take off ..................................remove clothes from one s body

tear down...............................destroy a building

tear off...................................detach, tear a long a dotted or perfo

rated line

tear out (of) ...........................remove a piece of paperfrom a book or n

otebook

tear up....................................tear into small pieces

throw away/out......................put in the trash, discards

try on .....................................put on clothing to see if its fi ts

turn down ..............................decrease the volume

turn off ..................................stop a machine or a light

turn on ...................................start a machine or a light

turn up ...................................increase the volume
W wake up .................................stop sleeping

*watch out (for).....................be careful

write down ............................write a note on a piece pf paper

32

Basic English Grammar

Subordinating Conjunctions (kalimatnya bertingkat). After, because, though, befo

re,
since, that, even, although, when, until, as soon as, in order that.
Ex. He said that he did t understand the lesson.

5. ADVERBS (kata keterangan)

Macam-macam adverbs
Adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Here, there, in the classroom
Adverb of time (keterangan waktu). Now, tomorrow, yesterday
Adverb of manner (keterangan cara). Seriously, well, by car
Adverb of directions (keterangan arah). Heither, yonder, hence,
Adverb of degree (keterangan tingkat). Very, soo, too, entirely
Distinguishing adv. (menekan). Especially, only
Sentence adverb (penjelas kata). Actually, evidently
Conjunctive adverb (keterangan hubungan). Therefore, nevertheless
Explanatory (penggambaran).namely, for example
Interoggative adverb (penanya). Where, when, how
Relative Adverb (penghubung). When, where
Ex. He came here by car yesterday. He studied seriously.
Actually he loves me very much but he must study hard.

6. VERBS (kata kerja)

Macam-macam Verbs
Infi nitive (V-1) : call, speak, write, put
Preterite (V-2) : called, spoke, wrote, put
Past Participle (V-3) : called, spoken, written, put
Present Participle (V-ing) : calling, speaking, writing, putting
Special Verbs (V-1(s/es)) : calls, studies, writes, puts
Transitive Verb (memerlukan object). Call, read, eat, drink
Intransitive Verbs (tidak memerlukan Object). Run, go, cry, fl y, sleep
Gay Verb (trans/intrans..) : study, fl y
Ordinary Verb (kata kerja biasa) : eat, sit, go, read, keep
Auxilary Verb (kt. Kerja Bantu) : do, does, did, have, has, had
Linking Verb (kata kerja yang menunjukkan aktifi tas). Is, feel
Regular Verb (kt. kerja beraturan) : hate hated hated
Irregular Verb (kt. kerja tak beraturan), : speak spoke spoken (baca di
kamus)
7. INTERJECTIONS (kata seru)
Interjection adalah kata seru, yakni suatu ungkapan yang biasanya keluar secara
spontan yang dimaksudkan untuk menyatakan suatu perasaan/pikiran yang tiba-tiba
terasa/muncul; seperti perasaan terkejut, kesakitan, heran dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
Oh! : Oh! Help! : Tolong
Darn it! : Sialan! Hurray! : Hore!
What a pity! : Kasihan! Oh God! : Astaga!

3
Basic English Grammar

8.
PREPOSITIONS (kata depan)
Macam-macam prepositions
Free preposition (bebas) : on, in, at
Bound preposition (terikat) : turn on, go on, look at, get in, interested in, sm
ile at.
Dan beberapa kata depan yang lain: after, before, for, of, to, without, under, a
bove,
since, by, with, in spite of, beneath
***
SENTENCE

(kalimat)

Kalimat adalah kumpulan kata yang terdiri dari minimal Subject + verb. Contoh: H
e
Smiles. They buy a book once a month.
Pembagian kalimat
1.
Kalimat Verbal
Adalah kalimat yang predicatenya kata kerja. Contoh Kamu Menangis (You Cry)
2.
Kalimat Nominal
Adalah kalimat yang predicatnya selain kata kerja. Sedangkan dalam bahasa inggri
s
verbnya adalah to be. Contoh: dia sangat bahagia karena saudaranya datang. (He i
s
very happy because his brother comes)
TENSES

(bentuk waktu)
Tenses adalah kata kerja (Verb) yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan waktu dan sifat
kejadian.
Bentuk-bentuk tenses
Sifat
Waktu
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect. Cont.
Present Do/does/
V-1(s/es)
Is/am/are +
V-ing
Have/has
+ V-3
Have/has+been
+ V-ing
Past Did/V-2 Was/were
+ V-ing Had +V-3 Had + been
+ V-ing
Future Will/shall +
V-1
Will/shall + be
+ V-ing
Will + have
+ V-3
Will + have +
been + V-ing
P a s t .
Future
Would/should
+ V-1
Would/should +
be + V-ing
Would/Should +
have + V-3
Would/should
+ have + been
+ V-ing
4
Basic English Grammar

Frasa
V

erba

This list contains only those phrasal verbs used in the exercises in the text. T
he verb with
an asterisk (*) are nonseparable. The others are separable.
A ask out ...................................ask someone to go on a date
C call back ................................return a telephone call
call off ...................................cancel
*call on..................................ask to speak in class
call up....................................make a telephone cal
cross out ................................draw a line through
D do over ..................................do again
*drop in .................................visit without calling (without invitat
ion)
*drop out ...............................stop attending school
F fi g ure out ...............................fi n d the solution to a problem
fi l l in......................................complete a sentence by writing in
a blank
fi l l out....................................write information in a form
fi l l up .....................................fi l l completely with gas, water
, coffee, etc.
fi n d out ..................................discover information
*fool around..........................have fun while wasting time
G *get along (with)...................have a good relationship with
*get back (from)....................return from a trip
*get in....................................enter
*get off ..................................leave
*get on...................................enter
*get out (of)...........................leave
*get over................................recover from an illness
*get through (with) ...............fi n ish
give back ...............................return something to someone
give up...................................quit doing somthing or quit trying
*grow up (in).........................become an adult
H hand in...................................give homework, test paper, etc., to
the teacher
hand out.................................give something to this person, than tha
t person,
than another persons, etc.
hang up..................................(1) hang on a hanger or a hook; (2) end
a
telephone call
K *keep on................................continuou
L leave out................................omit
*look out (for).......................be careful
look up ..................................look for information in a reference bo
ok
M make up.................................invent

31
Basic English Grammar

Contoh:
à Having lost all my money, I went home
à Rejected by all his friends, he decided to be a monk
-
Digunakan setelah Verb sebagai berikut yang mempunyai arti pasif yaitu :
have, get, wish, see, prefer, fi nd, feel, make etc.
Contoh:
à I found the car covered with dust
à He saw my friend bitten by a dog
à She gets the car repaired
Note:

(1)
Ada beberapa Past Participle yang kata dasarnya adalah kata kerja intransitif
tidak mempunyai arti pasif, dan hanya menyatakan suatu tindakan (peristiwa)
yang telah terjadi.
Contoh:
Fallen leaves : Daun-daun yang telah berguguran
Faded fl ower : Bunga yang telah layu
Boiled : Air yang telah mendidih
(2)
Untuk membentuk Negative Participle
Not
Not having + Participle
Contoh:
à Not knowing anyone in new town, she felt very lonesome.
à Not having seen you before, she won t recognize you
Basic English Grammar

1.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Rumus
(+) : S + V-1 (s/es) + O : He Speaks English
(-) : S + do/does + not + V-1 + O : He Does not speak English
(?) : Do/does + S + V-1 + O : Does He Speak English?
Kegunaan:
-Untuk menyakatakan kebiasaan (habitual action)
Ex. We eat rice everyday (kami makan nasi setiap hari)
She usually cries (dia biasanya menangis)

-
Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum
Ex.
The Sun rises in the east
A year has 12 months

Time Signal
- Everyday (Setiap hari) - Never (Tidak pernah) - generally (umumnya)
- Always (Selalu) - sometimes (kadang-kadang) - occasionally (kadangkadang)
-Often (Sering) - on and off (kadang-kadang) - usually (biasanya)
-Seldom (Jarang) - steadily(terus menerus) -once a week (sekali
seminggu
-every .. (setiap .)
Question Word
- Who (siapa) untuk menanyakan subject : Who speaks english?
- What (apa) untuk menanyakan Object : What do they eat?
Notes:
-Do/does selain menjadi kata Bantu dalam simple present tense juga menjadi
adalah kata kerja murni yang berarti Mengerjakan
.
Ex. I do my job seriously.
Do / does + not jika disingkat menjadi don t/doesn t

-
Penempatan s/es
Subject Verb
I
You
They
We
Speak
He
She
It
JokoSpeaks
V-1(s/es)
30 5
Basic English Grammar

-
Cara menambahkan s/es pada V-1
a.
Kata yang berakhiran (ss, sh, ch, x, o) ditambah es :
-Kiss (kisses) - Catch (Catches) - Go (goes)
- Wash (washes) - Fix (fi xes) - Do does)
b.
Kata yang berakhiran y yang didahului konsonan diubah I kemudian
ditambah es
-Study (studies) - try (tries) - cry (cries)
-Fry (fries) - dry (dries) - fl y (fl ies)
c. Kata yang berakhiran y yang didahului huruf vocal maka ditambah s
-Play (plays) - Say (says) - Buy (buys)
d. Selain kata-kata tersebut diatas maka tinggal menambahkan s
2.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus:
(+) : S + (is/am/are) + V-ing + O He is Speaking English
(-) : S + (is/am/are) + not + V-ing + O He is not Speaking English
(?) : (is/am/are) + S + V-ing + O Is he Speaking English?

Kegunaan:
-Untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung
Contoh: Ani is Sweeping the fl oor (Ani sedang menyapu lantai)
-Menyatakan aktivitas yang sementara
Contoh: Jack is looking for a job (Jack sedang mencari pekerjaan)

Time Signal
-Now (sekarang) - right now (sekarang juga) - this morning (pagi ini)
-at present (saat ini) - nowadays (sekarang ini)
Question Word
-Who is sweeping the the fl oor?
-What is Ani Sweeping?
-How is Jack Looking for a job? How digunakan untuk menanyakan

cara
6
Basic English Grammar

Contoh:
1.
Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police.
.. (Because I didn t know what to do...)
2.
Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the window and looked
out.
.. (After I had put the newspaper ... )
3. Fearing that the police recognize him, he neverwent out in day light.
.. (As/Because he feared ......)
2)
Past Participle
-Digunakan sebagai Adjective (kata sifat) yang diletakkan di depan atau di
belakang noun.
a) Diletakkan didepan kata benda yang diterangkan sifatnya apabila
participle itu menyatakan keadaan.
Contoh:

.. Rice must be grown on fl o aded fi eld.

.. Nothing was to be seen but deserted village
b)
Diletakkan dibelakang kata benda yang diterangkan sifatnya apabila
participle itu menyakan perbuatan.
Contoh:
.. Can you tell me the number of men killed?
.. I asked for a receipt for the sum paid.
-
Digunakan sebagai Adjective (kata sifat) dalam sebuah predikat yang
memakai to be
Contoh:
.. I am excited about the possible of going to Europe
.. I am annoyed with you
.. The children was frightened by a mouse that ran into the room
-
Digunakan sebagai adverb yang menerangkan bagaimana atau mengapa
sesuatu terjadi.
29
Basic English Grammar

Contoh:
.
The Chinese people is the largest community in the world prossessing
a common written language.
.
At least we come at a small village lying to the north of the river
Brantas.
-
Bila ada 2 peristiwa yang mempunyai subyek yang sama dan terjadi pada
waktu yang bersamaan (hampir), hal itu biasanya salah satu dari keduanya
dapat dinyatakan (diungkapkan) dengan Present Participle.
Contoh:
1.
He rode away. He whistled as he went.
.. He rode away whistling
2.
When I was walking to school. I saw him there
.. Walking to school, I saw him there.
3.
They were happy, They were travelling in Bali
.. They were happy travelling in Bali
-
Bila ada suatu peristiwa yang diikuti oleh peristiwa lainnya, dan hal itu
dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama, maka peristiwa yang pertama seringkali
diungkapkan dengan menggunakan Present Participle.
Contoh:
He opened the drawer and took out revolver
.. Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver
-
Bila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian dari peristiwa yang pertama
atau merupakan hasil dari peristiwa yang sebelumnya, maka kita dapat
mengungkapkan peristiwa yang kedua itu dengan Present Participle.
Contoh:
.. He tried wonding one the bandits.
.. I fell, striking my head against the door and cutting it.
-Present Participle dapat juga menggantikan :
as / since / because + Subject + Verb .
28

Basic English Grammar

Note
-
Penempatan to be (is/am/are)
Subject to be
I
You
They
We
He
She
It
Merta
am
are

is

-Am + not tidak bisa disingkat

Are + not disingkat menjadi aren t
Is + not disingkat menjadi Isn t
-
Kata kerja (verb) yang tidak lazim dipakai dalam continuous tense
a.
Mental State. (Know, believe, imagine, realize, want, feel, doubt, need,
understand, suppose, remember, prefer, recognize, think, forget, mean).
b.
Emotional State. (Love, hate, fear, mind, appreciate, like, dislike, envy,
care).
c.
Possession. (posses, have, own, belong).
d.
Sense perception. (taste, hear, see, smell, feel).
e.
Other existing. (seem, cost, be, consist of, contain, look, owe, exist, appear,
weigh, include).
-Ketentuan pembentukan V-ing
a.
Secara umum ditambah ing.
-Speak (Speaking) - Call (Calling)
- Test (Testing) - Train (Training)
b.
Kata yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan dibaca pendek diakhiri dengan
huruf mati, maka huruf terakhir digandakan.
-Bid (Bidding
- Sit (Sitting)
-Get (Getting)
- Set (Setting)
c.
Kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang diakhiri dengan huruf l maka
huruf l digandakan.
- Travel (Travelling) - Quarrel (Quarrelling)
Kecuali jika l didahuli dua huruf vocal maka tinggal menambah -ing.
-Deal (Dealing) - Sail (Sailing)
d.
Kata yang diakhiri dengan huruf e yang didahului oleh huruf konsonan,
maka huruf e langsung diganti dengan -ing.
- Write (Writing)
- Take (Taking)
7
Basic English Grammar

e.
Jika kata diakhiri ee maka tinggal menambah -ing.
-See (seeing) - Agree (Agreeing)
f.
Jika kata berakhiran ie maka diganti y kemudian ditambah -ing.
-Die (Dying) - Lie (Lying)
g.
Pada kata-kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih, dan suku kata
terakhir dibaca dengan tekanan dan diakhiri dengan satu huruf mati, maka
huruf mati terakhir digandakan.
- Admit (Admitting) - Prefer (Preferring)
3.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Rumus:
(+) : S + have/has + V-3 + O : Rina has made me happy
(-) : S + have/has + not + V-3 + O : Rina has not made me happy
(?) : Have/has + S + V-3 + O : Has Rina made me happy?
Kegunaan
Untuk mengapresiasikan kejadian yang telah terjadi diwaktu yang lampau dan
berakibat sampai saat ini.
Ex. I have taken a bath, I feel fresh now.

I have studied English for six months, and I wish to speak with native now.
Time Signal
-already (sudah) -have just (baru saja)
- yet (belum) -For (selama)
-Since (sejak)
Question Word
-How has your Teacher Thought You English?
-When have you bought your clothe?
-Where has he studied English?
Note

-Have/has selain menjadi kata Bantu dalam Present Perfect Tense juga menjadi
kata kerja murni yang berarti mempunyai .
Ex. My brother has a small house in the centre of the city.
8

Basic English Grammar

PARTICIPLE

Participle adalah kata kerja yang berposisi sebagai kata sifat (adjective) yang
memberi
atau keterangan pada kata benda (noun)
.
Participle dapat berbentuk continuous tense atau perfect, dan dalam bentuk kedua
(perfect
tense) participle tetap berfungsi sebagai kata kerja.

1.
Jenis-jenis Participle
1)
Present participle adalah kata kerja yang berkhiran -ing
-Mengandung arti aktif
-Menunjukkan waktu sekarang
Contoh:
Suddenly she was surrounded by ten loughing little boy.

2)
Past Participle ialah kata kerja yang diberi akhiran -ed untuk kata kerja yang
beraturan sedangkan untuk kata yang tidak beraturan sesuai dengan daftar
Irreguler Verb (V-3)
-Mengandung arti pasif
-Menunjukkan waktu lampau
Contoh:
They have sung very well
2.
Penggunaan Participle
1)
Present Participle
-Present Participle digunakan sebagai adjective yang ditempatkan di depan
kata benda (noun) yang mendapatkan keterangan sifat itu; sebagaimana
kata sifat biasa. Dalam hal ini biasanya mempunyai arti aktif.
Contoh:
The Poor boy is swept by rushing water
-Present Participle digunakan sebagai adjective boleh juga ditempatkan
di belakang kata benda (noun) yang mendapatkan keterangan sifat itu,
apabila diiringi oleh kata-kata lain; dalam hal demikian maka participle
(bentuk -ing) dan kata yang mengiringinya itu serupa dengan anak kalimat
keterangan sifat.
27
Basic English Grammar

5. PENEMPATAN GERUND + INVINITIVE DALAM KALIMAT

Gerund sebagai subject
Contoh:
a) Riding horses is fun

b) It is fun to ride a horses

Contoh (a) dan (b) memiliki arti yang sama. Pada kalimat (a) gerung (riding) ber
posisi
sebagai subject. Sedangkan pada kalimat (b) It menjadi subject dari kalimat itu
yang
mempunyai to ride pada invinitive phrase di akhir kalimat.
c) Coming to class on time is important.
d) It is important to come to class on time.
e) To ride horses is fun (kalimat ini juga benar namun jarang sekali digunakan)

6. GO + V-ing
Go dikuti oleh Gerund sebagai idiom dari sebuah aktifi tas.
Dibawah ini beberapa ekspresi dengan Go + Gerund.

Go boating go hiking go sightseeing

Go bowling go jogging go skating
Go camping go running go (water) skiing
Go dancing go sailing go skydiving
Go fi shing go (window) shopping go swiming

7. INFINITIF TAK LENGKAP

a. I have never met Rita, but I d like to.
b. I don t want to leave, but I have to
Kalimat I d like to dan I have to adalah infi nitive tak lengkap.
Sedangkan I d like to meet Rita dan I have to leave adalah invinitive yang
lengkap.
26

Basic English Grammar

-Penempatan to be (is/am/are)
Subject to be
I Have
You

They

We
Brought my book.

He
She
Has
It

Merta

Have/has +not disingkat menjadi haven t / hasn t

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus:
(+) : S + have/has + been + V-ing + O : Ali has been studying English at BIL
(-) : S + have/has + not + been + V-ing + O : Ali has not been studying English
at
BIL
(?) : Have/has + S + been + V-ing + O : Has Ali been studying English at BIL?
Kegunaan.
Untuk mengekspresikan kejadian yang telah sedang berlangsung hingga saat kalimat
ini diungkapkan.
Ex. We have been listening the music for an hour untuill now.

Time Signal
-for . Until (selama ..hingga)
-since ...untill (sejak hingga)
9
Basic English Grammar Basic English GrammaBasic English Grammar

MACAM-MACAM QUESTION WORD *Kata stop selalu diikuti oleh gerund. Namun pada kasus
yang khusus, stop bisa

Q. Words
Examples
Explanation
Who (siapa)
Who is writing a letter
Menanyakan Subject (orang)
Whom (siapa)
Whom did you visit last night?
Menanyakan Object (orang)
What (apa)
What has eaten a mouse?
Menanyakan Subject (selain
orang)
What (apa)
What are you doing?
Menanyakan verb
What (apa)
What are you writing?
Menanyakan object
How (bagaimana)
How did you come?
Menanyakan cara
Where (dimana)
Where do you live?
Menanyakan tempat
When (kapan)
When did your sister arrive?
Menanyakan waktu`
Whose (milik siapa)
Whose book is this?
Menanyakan milik
Which (yang mana)
Which book do you want to read?
Menayakan pilihan
What + noun
What dictionaries do you need?
Kamus apa
What time
What time is it?
Jam berapa
What age
What age are you?
Umur berapa
How old
How old are you?
Berapa umurmu
How long
How long have you been here?
Seberapa lama
How far
How far is Ajung from Jember?
Seberapa jauh
How often
How often do you go abroad?
Seberapa sering
How many times
How many times have you
visited borobudur temple?
Berapa kali
How deep
How deep is the well?
Seberapa dalam
How wide
How wide is the street?
Seberapa lebar
Howhow tall
How tall is your body?
Berapa tinggi
How high
How high is the tree
Berapa tinggi
How much
How much is your book?
Berapa harga
How many + nouns
How many boys visit her?
Berapa banyak
What colour
What colour is your car?
Apa warna
Why
Why do you leave me?
Mengapa
How fast
How fast were you driving?
Berapa kecepatan

diikuti oleh invinitive dari sebuah tujuan. Contoh: While I was walking, I dropp
ed my
pen. I stopped to pink it up. = I stopped walking in order to pick it up.

3. KATA-KATA YANG DIIKUTI OLEH INVINITIVE

want I want to watch a ball game on TV after dinner tonight
need Our teacher need to know the result of our homework
would like Would you like to come to my party, please!
would love I would love to taste the cake you have made
hope they hope to go to my offi ce early
expect what time do expect to go to Jakarta?
plan we are planning to take a vacation this year
intend I intend to get eatlier everyday
mean I m sure she doesn t mean to do it to you
decide I decided to buy a new car
promise she had promise to make a phone call
offer my roommate offered to help me with my English
agree they agree to make my party interesting
refuse my friend refused to come to my party
seem you seem to be an artist in a good mood today
appear sussie pretended to look asleep
pretend he pretended to be a thief
forget my father has forgotten to buy me a book
learn (how) I learned how to be the best
try she tried to climb the wall
can t afford Pierre can t efford to buy a new car
can t wait I can t wait to see her, I really miss her
4. KATA-KATA YANG DIIKUTI OLEH INVINITIVE DAN GERUND
Begin it began raining / it began to rain
Start it started snowing around midnight / it started to snow around
midnight
Continue I would like to continue studying / I would like to continue to study
5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Rumus Like I like going to movies / I like to go to movies
(+) : S + V-2 + O : She Wrote a letter Love I love playing chess / I love to pla
y chess
(-) : S + did + not + V-1 + O : She did not write a letter
Hate she hate beng alone / she hate to be alone/
(?) : Did + S + V-1 + O : Did She write a letter?
Can t stand I can t stand waiting for you / I can t stand to wait for you
10 25
Basic English Grammar

GERUND (V-ing) DAN INVINITIVE

1. PENDAHULUAN
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat dibawah ini:
a)
b)
c)
Noun
I enjoy music
gerund
I enjoy listening to music
Gerund phrase
I enjoy listening to music
Object dari sebuah kata kerja biasanya adalah
kata benda seperti contoh (a)
Object dari kata kerja bisa juga berupa gerund.
Gerund adalah V-ing yang digunakan sebagai
kata benda.
Pada kalimat (c) listening adalah gerund yang
menjadi object dari enjoy.
d)
e)
f)
noun
I want a sandwich
infi nitif
I want to eat sandwich
Infi nitive phrase
I want to eat sandwich
Object dari sebuah kata kerja biasanya adalah
kata benda seperti contoh (a)
Object juga bisa berupa invinitive ( to + V-1)
to eat menjadi object dari want
2. KATA-KATA YANG DIIKUTI GERUND
enjoy I enjoy working in my garden
fi n ish bob fi nished studying at midnight
stop It stopped raining two minutes ago
quit david quit smoking
mind Would you mind opening the window?
postpone I postpobed doing my homework
put off I put off doing my homework
keep Keep working. Don t stop!
keep on Keep on working. Don t stop!
consider I am considering going to Hawaii
think about I am thinking about going to Jakarta
discuss They discussed getting a new car
talk about They talked about getting a new car
24
6.
Basic English Grammar
Kegunaan:
-Untuk menyatakan aktifi tas yang telah berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Ex. My aunt Lucy came to visit me two days ago.
-Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan-kebiasaan pada masa lampau.
Ex. I used to get so late last time.
Time signal
-Yesterday (kemarin)
-Last . (lalu)
-Two days ago (dua hari yang lalu)

Note
Did + not disingkat menjadi didn t
Semua subject menggunakan did untuk kalimat negative dan interrogative.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Rumus:
(+) : S + (was/were) + V-ing + O : He was Speaking English
(-) : S + (was/were) + not + V-ing + O : He was not Speaking English
(?) : (was/were) + S + V-ing + O : Was he Speaking English?
Kegunaan:
-Untuk menyakatan aktifi tas yang telah sedang dilakukan pada masa yang
lampau.
Ex. At 02.00 pm yesterday we were watching movie.
-Untuk menyatakan 2 aktifi tas yang terjadi diwaktu yang sama tapi salah satu
aktivitas tersebut terjadi terlebih dahulu.
Ex. I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
Time Signal
- . When (ketika) - at o clock yesterday (pada pukul .kemarin)
-while . (sementara) - all morning yesterday (sepanjang pagi kemarin)
Note
-Penempatan to be (was/were)
Subject to be
Was/were + not disingkat menjadi wasn t / weren t
11
I was
You were
They
We speaking english.
He
She was
It
Merta
Basic English Grammar

7.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Rumus:
(+) : S + had + V-3 + O : My parents had gone
(-) : S + had + not + V-3 + O : My parents had not gone
(?) : Had + S + V-3 + O : Had my parents gone

Kegunaan:
Untuk menyatakan sebuah peristiwa yang telah sempurna selesai sebelum kegiatan
yang lain selesai dimasa yang lampau.
Ex. Sam had already left when we got there.

My parents had already gone by the end of July.

Time signal
-After (setelah .) - .. when (ketika) - as soon as (segera)
- .before ( .sebelum) - .. by the of (menjelang) - until .(sampai)
Note
Had + not disingkat menjadi hadn t
Had digunakan untuk semua subject.

8.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus:
(+) : S + Had + been + V-ing + O : He had been studying in Senior High Scool
(-) : S + had + not + been + V-ing + O : He had not been studying in Senior High
Scool
(?) : Had + S + been + V-ing + O : Had He been studying in Senior High Scool?
Kegunaan:
Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah sedang berlangsung dimasa yang lampau
sebelum kejadian yang terjadi.
Ex. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they cough
t him.

She had studying English for six month last year.

Time Signal
-for ..when (selama .. ketika)
-by last . (menjelang .. yang lalu)
- . by yesterday ( menjelang kemarin)
9.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Rumus
(+) : S + will/shall + V-1 + O : We will visit our teacher tomorow
(-) : S + will/shall + not + V-1 + O : We will not visit our teacher tomorow
(?) : Will/shall + S + V-1 + O : Will we visit our teacher tomorrow?
Kegunaan:
-Untuk menyatakan aktifi tas / suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi dimasa yang aka
n
dating. (Expresi sebuah planning)
Ex. I will go to USA.
-Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa / kegiatan yang lebih pasti dimasa yang akan
dating kita biasa menggunakan be going to
Ex. I am going to visit you tomorrow.
12
Basic English Grammar

7.
EXCLAMATION SENTENCE
Exclamation untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu. Kata penghubungnya dalam kalimat
disesuaikan dengan kalimat yang dilaporkan.
Contoh:
D : He said to me, Thank You .
I : He thanked me.
D : Rafa said to me, Hello! How are you? .
I : Rafa greeted me and ask how I was.
D : He said, Happy birthday to you .
I : He wished me a happy birthday.
8.
PERUBAHAN KETERANGAN WAKTU DAN KETERANGAN TEMPAT
Now : then Tomorrow : the following day
Today : that day Yesterday : the day before
Tonight : that night Next week : the following week
A year ago : a year before Last night : the night before
This : that
23
Basic English Grammar

Contoh:
D:
Joe said, Please come to my party
Joe said, Can you come to my party?
Joe said, Would you come to my party?
I: Joe invited me to come to his party.
Dibawah ini beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti oleh (pro) noun + invinitivr.
allow convince instruct
beg direct persuade
challenge expect urge

contoh:
D : My teacher said, I think you should take another English course .
I : My teacher advised me to take another English course.
D : Mr. Jacobson said, Make an appointment with the dentist .
I : Mr. Jacobson reminded me to make an appointment with the dentist.
5.
MENGGUNAKAN QUESTION WORD UNTUK INDIRECT SPEECH
Jika pertanyaan menggunakan question word maka question word digunakan sebagai
kata penghubung dalam reported speech, dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan menjadi
kalimat berita.
Contoh:

D : My mother asked Ana, What are you doing there?

I : My mother asked Ana what she was doing there.
6.
INDIRECT SPEECH PADA KALIMAT PERINTAH (COMMAND)
Command/perintah dibagi menjadi dua yaitu verbal dan nominal yang masingmasing
dibagi menjadi positive/perintah dan negative/larangan .
a.
Verbal
Rumus :
(+) Perintah: to + V-
(-) Larangan: not + to + V-
Contoh:

D : My mother said to Bam, Close the door .

I : My mother said to Bam to close the door.
D : Tom asked to his sister, Don t cry .
I : Tom asked to his sister not to cry.
b.
Nominal
Rumus
(+) Perintah: to + be + comp.
(-) Larangan: not + to + be + comp.
Contoh:
D : Father asked me, Be careful please .
I : Father asked me to be careful.
D : Mother asked Ros, Don t be lazy .
I : Mother asked Ros not to be lazy.
Basic English Grammar

Tme signal:
-tomorrow (besok)
-next .. (yang akan dating)
-later (kemudian)
Note
Will/shall + not disingkat menjadi won t
Semua subject boleh menggunakan will, tetapi shall seringkali digunakan untuk I
dan we.

10.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus
(+) : S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O :Mymotherwillbearriving at 10 o clock tomorr
owmorning.
(-) : S + will/shall + not + be + V-ing + O :Mymotherwillnotbearriving at 10 o clo
ck tomorrow morning
(?) : Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + O : Willmymotherbearrivingat10 o clock tomorro
wmorning?
Kegunaan:
Untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi dimasa yang
akan datang
Time signal
-at the same time tomorrow (pada saat yang sama besok)
-at . O clock tonight (pada jam malam ini)
-at this time next month (pada saat yang sama bulan depan)
-at this time tomorrow (pada saat yang sama besok)
11.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Rumus
(+) : S + will/shall + have + V-3 +
O
(-) : S + will/shall + not + have + V-3 +
O
(?) : Will/shall + S + have + V-3 +
O

Contoh:
You will have graduated from PMDUA by next three years
You will not have graduated from PMDUA by next three years
Will You have graduated from PMDUA by next three years?

Kegunaan:
Untuk menyatakan yang telah sempurna selesai dimasa yang akan datang (sebelum
kejadian lain terjadi)
Ex. They will have fi nished their study by next year.

I will have fi nished my homework by the time I go out on date tonight.

Time signal
-by 7 o clock tomorrow (menjelang pukul 7 besok.
-by (menjelang
)

12.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus
(+) : S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing +
O
(-) : S + will/shall + not + have + been + V-ing +
O

22
13
Basic English Grammar

(?) : Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing +

O
Contoh:
Tom will have been living in Jakarta next year.
Tom will not have been living in Jakarta next year
Will Tom have been living in Jakarta next year?

Kegunaan:
Untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang telah sedang berlangsung dimasa yang akan datang
dan masih ada kemungkinan untuk dilanjutkan.
Ex. By the end of this month, I will be studying English at BIL for two months.

Time Signal
-by next week for (menjelang minggu depat selama .)
-by .o clock + for (menjelang jam selama)
-next year (tahun depan)
13.
SIMPLE PAST FUTURE TENSE
Rumus
(+
: S + would/should + V-1 + O : My father should come to me yesterday.
(-) : S + would/should + not + V-1 + O : My father should not come to me yesterd
ay.
(?) : Would/should + S + V-1 + O
: should my father come to me yesterday?
Kegunaan:
Untuk mengekspresikan suatu aktifi tas yang akan dilakukan dimasa yang lampau
(ekspresi untuk rencana yang gagal)
Ex. I would join the examination last week
Time signal
- yesterday (kemarin) - two days ago (dua hari yang lalu)
- last . (lalu ) - just now (baru saja)
Note
Would/should + not disingkat menjadi wouldn t / shouldn t
Semua subject bisa menggunakan would/should.
14.
PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Rumus
(+
: S + would/should + be + V-ing + O
(-
: S + would/should + not + be + V-ing + O
(?
: Would/should + S + be + V-ing + O
Contoh:
He would be reading a book by this time yesterday
He would not be reading a book by this time yesterday
Would He be reading a book by this time yesterday?
Basic English Grammar

D : He said, I got up so late .

I : He said that he had got up so late.
c)
Jika sub clausenya general truth (kebenaran umum apapun bentuk tensesnya
dalam main clause tidak akan mempengaruhi perubahan tenses dalam indirect
speech.
Contoh:
D : Father said to Ani, The sun rises in the east every morning .
I : Father told Ani that the sun rises in the east every morning.
d)
Jika anak kalimat dalam direct speech berupa simple past untuk keterangan
waktu, maka tidak berubah dalam indirect speech tapi induk kalimatnya tetap
berubah.
Contoh:
D : Ani said, My sister was crying whwn I went home .
I : Ani told me that his sister had been crying when he went home.
3.
MENGGUNAKAN ASK IF
Ask, digunakan untuk melaporkan yes/no question.
Contoh:

D : Ari said, Are you hungry? .

I : Ari asked me if I was hungry.
If digunakan setelah ask untuk mengenalkan sub clause.
Sam asked me if I was hungry.
Sam asked me whether I was hungry

Whether mempunyai arti yang sama dengan if.

If juga bisa diletakkan pada posisi Object untuk mengganti object.
Contoh:
Sam asked if I was hungry.

Ask juga bisa diganti dengan want to know, wonder, dan inquire.
Contoh:
Sam wanted to know if I was hungry.
Sam wanted to know whether I was hungry
Sam wondered if I was hungry.
Sam wondered whether I was hungry
Sam inquired wether or not I was hungry.
4.
MENGGUNAKAN VERBA + INFINITIF UNTUK INDIRECT SPEECH
Beberapa kata kerja ada yang diikuti oleh (pro) noun object kemudia infi nitive.
Seperti kalimat-kalimat dibawah ini:
Reported Speech: Verb + (pro)noun Object + invinitive*
advise someone to invite someone to encourage someone to
ask someone to order someone to permit someone to
remind someone to tell someone to warn someone to

14
21
Basic English Grammar

REPORTED SPEECH

(direct & indirect)

Reported Speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung yang digunakan untuk melaporkan ke
mbali
ucapan-ucapan yang disampaikan pembicara dalam waktu yang berbeda. Reported spee
ch
disebut juga dengan Indirect Speech kebalikan dari Direct Speech yaitu kalimat y
ang
langsung diucapkan oleh pembicara.
Contoh : Direct : He said to her, I will visit You tomorrow .
Indirect : He said to her (that) he would visit her the following day.
1.
PERCAKAPAN LANGSUNG DAN PERCAKAPAN TAK LANGSUNG
Pada kalimat Direct Speech kita biasa menggunakan tanda petik ( ) untuk
menuliskan kalimat sesuai dengan yang disampaikan pembicara. Sedangkan
dalam Indirect Speech kata kerja mungkin berubah (tidak sesuai dengan apa yang
disampaikan pembicara), namun ide yang disampaikan tetap sesuai dengan apa ingin
disampaikan pembicara dengan menggunakan kata penghubung (Conjunction)
.
Contoh dalam Bahasa Indonesia
Direct : Jhoni berkata pada saya, Kamu harus pulang malam ini
.
Indirect : Jhoni berkata pada saya bahwa saya harus pulang malam ini.
a) Ana Said, I am hungry .. a) Ana said that he was hungry.
b) Tom Said, I need my pen .. b) Tom said that he needed his pen.

2.
PEMAKAIAN BENTUK VERBA DALAM PERCAKAPAN LANGSUNG
a)
Jika main clausenya present maka tense dari sub clause tidak berubah.
Contoh:
D : He says to her, I wor k hard
.
I : He says to her that he works hard.
D : He says, I got up so late
I : He says that he got up so late.
Terkadang, pada sebuah percakapan, verb pada sub clause tidak berubah jika
pembicaraan itu dilaporkan secara langsung (immadiatelly/soon after) ucapan
itu disampaikan.
Contoh:
Immadiatelly Report: A : What did Ana just say? I didn t hear her.
B :
She said (that) she is hungry
Later Reporting : A :What did Ana say when she got home last night?
B : She said (that) she
was hungry.
b)
Jika main clausenya past maka tense dari sub clause berubah.
Contoh:
D : He said to her, I wor k hard .
I : He said to her that he worked hard.
20

Basic English Grammar

QUESTION TAG

(Kalimat Tanya Berekor)

Question Tag adalah bentuk pertanyaan pendek yang ditambahkan pada kalimat
affi rmative yang berfungsi untuk meminta penegasa dari pengar tentang sesuatu y
ang
belum meyakinkan, atau untuk meminta persetujuan pendengar.
Penggunaan Question Tag
a. Jika Positif Statement maka menggunakan Tag negative
Contoh:
-You know Bob Wilson, don t You?
-Ahmad is from Banyuwangi, isn t he?
-Jerry can play Piano, can t he?
b. Jika negative statement maka menggunakan Tag positive
Contoh:
-You don t know me, do you?
-Ahmad isn t from Jember, is he?
-Jerry can t speak Arabic, can he?
-I am an English teacher, aren t I?
Note: khusus untuk Aren t I karena am + not tidak bisa disingkat.
c. Negative statemen belum tentu auxiliary + not, melainkan juga kalimat yang
mengandung artif negative juga disebut negative statement. Selama mempunyai
statement atau gagasan negative maka sudah disebut negative statement, maka kita
harus menggunakan positive tag.
Contoh:
-No one is perfect, are they?
-He does nothing at all, does he?
-He is absent, is he?
d. Semi negative atau depreciative word seperti kata little, few, hardly, scarce
ly, seldom,
rarely adalah dianggap negative dan kita harus menggunakan tag positive.
Contoh:
-You can hardly understand the lesson, can you?
-He has few friends, daes he?
-Little water is in the glass, is it?
e. Meskipun few dan little dianggap negative, namun a few dan a little dianggap
positive
dan kita harus menggunakan negative tag.
Contoh:
-He has a little time, doesn t he?
-She has a few friends, doesn t she?
f. Adverb Only boleh menggunakan Potitif Tag atau Negative Tag.
Contoh:
-there are only twenty students here, are there?
-there are only twenty students here, aren t there?
g. Kata kerja imperative merupakan golongan tersendiri, bilamana merupakan simpl
e
15
Basic English Grammar

request atau saran maka digunakan will you? Baik kata positive atau negative.
Contoh:
-
Please wait for me, will you?
-
Don t come here anymore, will you?
-
Let her sit beside me, will you?
Note
a.
Khusus perintah negative (larangan) question tagnya harus positive.
Contoh: Don t do it, will you / can you?
b.
Sedang untuk memberikan tekanan yang lebih bisa digunakan won t you? /
can you?
Contoh: go away, won t you? / can t you?
MODAL AUXILIARIES

(Verba Bantu Modal)

Modal adalah kata Bantu yang digunakan bersama-sama kata kerja yang memberikan
makna tambahan pada kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh:
Swim : berenang
Can swim : bisa berenang
Go : pergi
Must go : harus pergi
dll
1.
MACAM-MACAM MODAL AUXILIARIES
-Can : dapat
-Could : dapat
-Had better : seharusnya
-May : boleh, mungkin
-Might : boleh, mungkin
-Must : harus
-Ought to : seharusnya
-Shall : akan
-Should : seharusnya
-Will : akan
-Would : sudikah
-Need : perlu
-Dare : berani
-Have to : seharusnya
-Have got to : harus
2.
ATURAN PENGGUNAAN MODAL
-Modal tidak boleh diikuti oleh s/es, ing, d/ed
-Setelah modal harus diikuti oleh kata kerja (V-1) murni.
Basic English Grammar

SV
Rita will came to visit me
S
V
I slept well last night.

3.
PENGGUNAAN PHRASE BY
Phrase By digunakan jika kita memerlukan untuk mengetahui pelaksana (pelaku)
Contoh: The sweater was made in Korea. (by someone)
Spanish is spoken in Colombia. (by people)

4.
BENTUK-BENTUK PASSIVE DARI PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS/V-ing)
-Menggunakan form sebagai berikut:
Am
Are + being + V-3 (untuk present Continuous)
Is
Contoh:
I am being surprised
by the news
Sam is being surprised
by the news
We are being surprised
by the news

Was
+ being + V-3 (untuk past continuous)
Were
Contoh:
I was being surprised by the news
Sam was being surprised by the news
We were surprised by the news

Will be + being + V-3 (untuk Future Continuous)

Contoh:
This class will be being tought by John
This class is going to be being tought by John

Have/has been + being + V-3 (untuk Perfect Continuous)

Contoh:
Tom has been being helped by the doctor

-Penggunaan being adalah untuk menggantikan bentuk dasar dari progressive

(Continuous/V-ing)
-Dan untuk bentuk passive dari verba Bantu modal adalah dengan menggunakan
rumus:
Modal + be + V-3 (past participle)
Contoh:
English can be spoken by me
Note:
Untuk contoh-contoh modal yang lain lihat pada bab Modal Auxilaries
16
19
Basic English Grammar

PASSIVE VOICE

(Kalimat Passive)
1. KALIMAT AKTIF DAN KALIMAT PASIF
Contoh:
a. (Active) : Bob mailed the package
b. (Passive) : The package was mailed by Bob
Note:
-Bentuk kalimat pasif adalah be + past participle (V-3)
-Bentuk dari be bisa berupa am, is, are, (present) - was, were, (past) - has/hav
e been,
(present perfect)-had been (past perfect) ect.
-Object dalam kalimat active menjadi subject dalam kalimat passive.
2. BENTUK-BENTUK TENSE
Perhatikan kata kerja (Verb) passive pada kalimat-kalimat berikut:
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
SIMPLE
PRESENT
The news surprises me
The news surprises Sam
The news surprises us
I am surprised
by the news
Sam is surprised
by the news
We are surprised
by the news
SIMPLE
PAST
The news surprised me
The news surprised Sam
The news surprised us
I was surprised by the news
Sam was surprised by the news
We were surprised by the news
PRESENT
PERFECT
My sister has sent the letter
My sister has sent the letters
The letter has been sent by my sister
The letters have been sent by my sister
FUTURE John will teach this class
John is going to teach this class
This class will be tought by John
This class is going to be tought by John
Note:
-Hanya kata kerja transitif (Transitive Verb) yang bisa digunakan dalam kalimat
passive.
-Kata Kerja Transitif (Transitive Verb) adalah kata kerja yang diikuti Object (k
ata
kerja yang membutuhkan object)
Contoh:
S
V O
Bob mailed the letter
S
V
O
The letter was mailed by Bob

-Kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan object disebut Kata Kerja Intransitif (Intrans
itive
Verb)
Contoh: S V
An accident happened
18
Basic English Grammar

-Jangan meletakkan to setelah modal.

-Bentuk negative, langsung tambahkan not setelah modal.
Examples:
-I can speak English
-He couldn t come to class
-It may rain tomorrow
-It might rain tomorrow
-Marry should study harder
-You must pay your course fee
-You ought to study hard if you want to be successful
-Wa shall go to Surabaya tomorrow morning
-I had better study tonight
-I will be in the class tomorrow
-Would you please close the door
-I need study hard
-A dare go home alone
Bentuk negative dari must.
Needn t
Do not have to
Does not have to
Contoh:
Kamu harus membayar SPP : you must pay school fee
Kamu tidak harus membayar SPP : you needn t pay school fee
You don t have to pay school fee
3. SIMILAR MODAL
Similar modal bisa berdiri atau digunakan bersama modal yang lainnya (dalam
sebuah kalimat tidak boleh menggunakan 2 modal utama/ modal yang pertama tetap
dan modal yang kedua diganti dengan dengan similiar modal).
Similar Modal:
Can be able to
Must have to, be to
Will be going to
Should be supposed to
Have to have got to
17
Basic English Grammar Basic English GrammaBasic English Grammar

Note: UBAIDILLAH FAQIH

M. AHSIN BIK
BASIC
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR

38
Basic English Grammar Basic English GrammaBasic English Grammar

Note:

Compiled by : Ubaidillah Faqih

Moh. Ahsin Bik
Cover and Layout : Moh. Ahsin Bik
Editor Team : Ubaidillah Faqih
All right reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
fotocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the publisher.
This book may not be resold, hired out or other whishes
dispossed of by way of trade in any form of binding
or cover other than that in which it is published,
without the prior consent of the publishers.

fi r st printing in 2007
ii 37
Basic English Grammar

reference

REFERENCES
1.
Azar, Betty Scrampfer, Understanding and Using English Grammar
Second edition, New Jersey : Prentice Hall Regents 1989
2.
Azar, Betty Scrampfer, Fundamental of English Grammar
Edisi Inggris - Indonesia
3.
Mas ud, Fuad, Essentials of English Usage
Edisi 2, Yogyakarta
4.
W.Y. Gumpol, Mastery of Sixteen Tenses, Kanisius 1995
Basic English Grammar

Preface

Alhamdulillah, buku ini dapat diselesaikan dengan

baik walaupun sederhana. buku ini dibuat sebagai upaya perwujudan
dedikasi saya terhadap bahasa Inggris yang saya sukai
sekaligus untuk menambah dan meningkatkan kemampuan
bahasa Inggris saya. buku ini dibuat untuk konsumsi sendiri,
namun saya tidak bisa menghalangi bagi teman-teman yang
berkeinginan untuk bersama-sama mendedikasikan hidupnya
dalam komunitas bahasa Inggris. Semoga bermanfaat. Amin.
Terima kasih.
Jember, 01 November 2007
Ubaidillah Faqih
36

iii
Basic English Grammar

our time will be running out, so don t ever let it go

This book is dedicated to : all of the members of MS XXIII and
all of the beginers of english learners
iv
Basic English Grammar
lay laid laid laying meletakkan
leave left left leaving meninggalkan
lend lent lent lending meminjamkan
let let let letting membiarkan
lose lost lost losing hilang
lie lay lain lying berbaring
make made made making membuat
mean meant meant meaning berarti
meet met met meeting bertemu
pay paid paid paying membayar
put put put putting meletakkan
read read read reading membaca
ride rode riden riding mengendarai
rise rose risen rising terbit
say said said saying berkata
see saw seen seeing melihat
seek sought sought seeking mencari
sell sold sold seeling menjual
send sent sent sending mengirim
shoot shot shot shooting menembak
shut shut shut shutting menutup
sing sang sung singing bernyanyi
sink sank sink singking tenggelam
sit sat sat sitting duduk
sleep slept slept sleeping tidur
spend spent spent spending menghabiskan
stand stood stood standing berdiri
steal stole stolen stealing mencuri
swear swore sworn swearing bersumpah
sweep swept swept sweeping menyapu
swim swam swum swimming berenang
take took taken taking mengambil
tear tore torn tearing menyobek
tell told told telling menceritakan
think thought thought thinking berpikir
understand understood understood understanding mengerti
wake up woke up woken up waking up terjaga/membangunkan
wear wore worn wearing memakai
weep wept wept weeping menangis
win won won winning menang
write wrote written writing menulis
35
Basic English Grammar

Kata Kerja Tidak Beraturan (Irregular Verb)

Yang Umum Digunakan
V1 V2 V3 V1-ing Arti
arise arose arisen arising timbul
beat beat beaten beating memukul
become became become becoming menjadi
begin began begun beginning mulai
bite bit bitten biting menigit
break broke broken breaking memecahkan
bring brought brought bringing membawa
build built built building membangun
buy bought bought buying membeli
catch caught caught catching menangkap
choose chose chosen choosing memilih
come came come coming datang
cost cost cost costing berharga
cut cut cut cutting memotong
dig dug dug ding menggali
draw drew drawn drawing menggambar
drink drank drunk drinking minum
drive drove driven driving mengendarai
eat ate eaten eating makan
fall fell fallen falling jatuh
feel felt felt feeling merasakan
fi g ht fought fought fi g hting berkelahi
fi n d found found fi n ding mendapat
fl y fl e w fl o wn fl y ing terbang
forget forgot forgotten/got forgetting melupakan
forgive forgave forgiven forgiving mengampuni
freeze froze frozen freezing membeku
get got gotten getting mendapat
give gave given giving memberikan
go went gone going bepergian/pergi
grow grew grown growing tumbuh
hang hung hung hanging menantungkan
have had had having mempunyai
hear heard heard hearing mendengar
hide hid hidden hiding menyembunyikan
hit hit hit hitting mernukul
hold held held holding memegang
hurt hurt hurt hurting melukai
keep kept kept keeping menyimpan
know knew known knowing mengetahui
Basic English Grammar

DAFTAR ISI

I. PART of SPEECH...............................................................
...........................
1
1. Pronoun (kata ganti) .............................................................
...
1

2. Adjective (kata sifat) ........... .............................................

................
1

3. Noun (kata benda) 2

4. Conjunction (kata penghubung) ... ........................................
2

5. Adverb (kata keterangan) ................................................

3

6. Verb (kata seru).............................................................

...........................
3

7. Interjection (kata seru).....................................................

........................
3

8. Preposition (kata depan).....................................................

.....................
4

II. SENTENCES...................................................................
.............................
4

1. Verbal Sentence..............................................................
.........................
4

2. Nominal Sentence.............................................................
......................
4

III. TENSES.....................................................................
....................................
4

1. Simple PresentTenses.........................................................
.....................
5
2. Present Continuous Tense.....................................................
...................
6

3. Present Perfect Tense........................................................

.......................
8

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.............................................

...............
9

5. Simple Past Tense............................................................

......................10

6. Past Continuous Tense........................................................

...................11

7. Past Perfect Tense...........................................................

.......................12

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense................................................

..............12

9. Simple Future Tense..........................................................

.....................12

10. Future Continuous Tense.....................................................

..................13

11. Future Perfect Tense........................................................

.......................13

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.............................................

..............13

13. Simple Past Future Tense....................................................

....................14

14. Past Future Continuous Tense................................................

.................14

15. Past Future Perfect Tense...................................................

.....................15
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous..............................................
.................15

IV. QUESTION TAG................................................................

..........................15

V. MODAL AUXILIARI..............................................................
....................16

VI. PSSIVE VOICE................................................................

...........................19

VII.REPORTER SPEECH.............................................................
.......................20

VII. GERUND dan INVINITIVE......................................................

...................24

1. Pendahuluan..................................................................
.......................24

2. Kata-kata yang diikuti Gerund................................................

................24

3. Kata-kata yang diikuti Invinitive............................................

................25

4. Kata-kata yang diikuti oleh Gerund dan Invinitive............................

......25

5. Go + Ving....................................................................
...........................26

6. Invinitive tak lengkap.......................................................

....................26
VIII.PARTICIPLE.................................................................
...............................27

1. Jenis-jenis Participle.......................................................
......................27

2. Penggunaan participle........................................................
...................27

IX. VERBAPHRASE.................................................................
........................31
Basic English Grammar

Basic English Grammar

open opened opening membuka

paint painted painting mengecat
peep peeped peeping mengintip
pick picked picking memetik/memungut
pinch pinched pinching mencubit
plan planned planning merencanakan
plant planted planting menanam
play played playing bermain
point pointed pointing menunjukkan
post posted posting mengeposkan
practice racticed practicing mempraktekkan
produce produced producing memproduksi
publish published publishing menerbitkan
purchase purchased purchasing membeli
prevent prevented preventing mencegah
protect protected protecting melindungi
punish punished punishing menghukum
quarrel quarreled quarrelling bertengkar
receive received receiving menerima
repair repaired repairing memperbaiki
repeat repeated repeating mengulangi
report reported reporting melaporkan
return returned returning mengembatikan
save saved saving menabung
smile smiled smiling tersenyum
smoke smoked smoking merokok
stay stayed staying tinggal
start started starting mulai
stop stopped stopping berhenti
suffer suffered suffering menderita
v