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1 To study and perform different
2
types of Sampling process.
2 To study and perform the Pulse
2
Amplitude Modulation.
3 To study and perform Pulse
2
Position Modulation.
4 To study and perform Pulse
2
Width Modulation.
5 To study and perform Pulse Code
2
Modulation (PCM).
6 To study and perform the Delta
2
Modulation.
7 To study and perform the
2
Adaptive Delta Modulation
8 To study and perform Amplitude
3
Shift Keying (ASK).
9 To study and perform Phase Shift
3
Keying (PSK).
10 To study and perform Frequency
3
Shift Keying (FSK).

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  To study and perform different types of Sampling process.
"?Analog signal sampling/reconstruction trainer kit.

# $?
Many analogue communication systems are still in wide use today. These include AM, FM, and PM
systems. If analogue signals are to be transmitted digitally, they have to be converted to discrete
samples. The conversion of an analogue signal into a discrete-time sampled signal is accomplished by
sampling the analogue signal at regular time intervals î
î is called the  
 and  = 1/ î 
is known as the  
.

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Let (î ) be the sample values of () where is an integer. The   

 states that the
signal () can be reconstructed from (î ) with no distortion if 
  


 > 2. The minimum sampling rate 2is called the    
.

A signal () is called a  

  if
() = 0 for | | > Hz
where is the highest-frequency spectral component of ().

Since the bandwidth of () is , we see that the spectra do no overlap if  > 2 and the spectrum
associated with the signal () can be separated from others using a low-pass filter with a cutoff
frequency of . When  < 2 , the spectra overlap. Since the frequency content in these regions of
overlap adds, the signal is distorted. The distortion is called    and it is no longer possible to
recover () from its sample values by low-pass filtering. The process of reconstructing an analogue
signal () from its samples is known as 
. In order to recover the information back one
should have a reconstruction filter (low pass filter), which is restrict to max frequency of the signal m(t).

%?? % ?

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1.? Connect the various blocks I/O as per given in manual.
2.? Observe the input signal and output signal.
3.? Observe the spectrum of input and output signal.
4.? Compare the spectrum of flat top and natural sampled signal.

´ )? *?

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  To study and perform the Pulse Amplitude Modulation.
" PAM kit, CRO, Spectrum Analyzer.
?
# $?
Pulse Amplitude Modulation is the scheme in which rectangular pulse or impulse is multiplied to
incoming modulating stream, the resultant output is the rectangular pulse or impulse train with
amplitude information of modulating input signal. Output modulating stream spectra is the same of the
input modulating signal spectra but equally repeated at multiple of sampling frequency instants.

If sampling frequency is twice than the modulating frequency than, there is no overlap in modulated
output spectra; the sampling frequency is called Nyquest frequency.

Fs  2*F
Where, Fs is sampling frequency;
F is modulating signal frequency

´ )? *?

?
 ?+!,?´lock diagram of PAM system?
?
?
 "?
1.? Connect the modulating signal to PAM Modulator block.
2.? Observe the input and output signal frequency in CRO and Spectrum Analyzer.
3.? Very the input modulating signal frequency and observe the effect of it in frequency domain.
4.? Very the pulse width of sampling frequency and observe the effect of it in frequency domain.

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  To study and perform the Pulse Position Modulation.
" PPM kit, CRO, Spectrum Analyzer.
?
# $?

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Pulse Position Modulation is the modulation scheme in which sampling rectangular pulse and
modulating signal is applied to modulator; and the modulator output is sampling pulse train with
varying in position.

As the modulating signal pulse raises the pulse position changes from its normal position to left, when
modulating signal decays the pulse position changes from normal position to right.

´ )? *?
?
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?
 "?
1.? Connect the modulating signal to PPM Modulator block.
2.? Observe the input and output signal frequency in CRO and Spectrum Analyzer.
3.? Very the input modulating signal frequency and observe the effect of it in frequency
domain.

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  To study and perform Pulse Width Modulation.
" PWM kit, CRO, Spectrum Analyzer.
?
# $?
Pulse Width Modulation is the modulation scheme in which sampling rectangular pulse and modulating
signal is applied to modulator; and the modulator output is sampling pulse train with varying in pulse
width.

As the modulating signal pulse rises the pulse width expands from its normal width, when modulating
signal decays the pulse width is also decaying.

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1.? Connect the modulating signal to PWM Modulator block.
2.? Observe the input and output signal frequency in CRO and Spectrum Analyzer.
3.? Very the input modulating signal frequency and observe the effect of it in frequency domain.

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?3?
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  To study and perform Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
" Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) trainer kit.

# $?We have seen that sampling a bandlimited signal at or above the Nyquist sampling rate does
not destroy any information content and fully characterizes the band limited signal. A system
transmitting these sampled values of the bandlimited signal is called a 
  or 

   
. In modern communication systems, these sampled signals are often quantised and
coded before transmission. We have 
 
  . An analogue message () is first
sampled at or above the Nyquist sampling rate. These sampled signals are then converted into a finite
number of discrete amplitude levels. The conversion process is called  . Quantisation
obviously reduces the degree of accuracy of representation of the sampled signal and introduces some
error in the reproduction of the signal at the receiver. Error introduced by the quantiser is called
 
or  
. To reduce the quantisation error, we simply increase the total
number of amplitude levels (decreasing the spacing between adjacent levels). In practical digital
telephone systems, 256 = 28 levels are used to keep the quantisation error to a tolerable level. 65,536=
216 levels are used for the CD digital system. If the quantised samples are transmitted directly over a
channel, we have a 
  
. If, instead, we code each quantised sample into a block of
digits for transmission, we have a   
. The decimal-to-binary conversion can be done in various
ways.
?
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?
 "
1.? Connect the various blocks I/O as per given in manual.
2.? Select the jumper sating for different output code.
3.? Observe the PCM coded output and spectrum of data.
4.? Connect the output of PCM signal to Decoder and Low pass filter blocks and compare output
with original signal.

 ?+(, Message and quantised signal.

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 ?+1, ´inary coding of samples.
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  To study and perform the Delta Modulation
" DM kit, CRO, Spectrum Analyzer etc.
?
# $?
Delta modulation (DM) is a DPCM scheme in which the difference signal ȴ(t) is encoded into just one
bit. The single bit, providing for just two possibilities, is used to increase or decrease the estimate m^(t).
There is a two major source of errors, one is slope overload, and second is granular noise.
When input signal changes very fast compared to estimate signal rate, then the excessive disparity
between m(t) and m^(t) is described ad slope overload error. To avoid slope overload, product of
sampling rate and step size must be greater than or equals to maximum input changing rate.
?5?(6??
Where, S is step size, A is amplitude of input signal, f and fs is the input and sampling frequency
respectively. When input signal is constant (DC), than output swings between positive and negative
pulses, so called as granular noise.

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1.? Connect the various blocks of DM kit as per given in manual
2.? Observe the waveforms of input and output signal.
3.? Observe the output signal in frequency domain.
4.? Change the input frequency and observe the different errors in DM output.

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?7?
?
  To study and perform the Adaptive Delta Modulation
" ADM kit, CRO, Spectrum Analyzer etc.
?
# $?
Adaptive Delta modulation (ADM) is a modified version of Delta Modulation (DM), the term adaptive
means here step size is not kept fixed. Rather, when slope overload occurs the step size becomes
progressively larger, thereby allowing m^(t) to catch up with m(t) more rapidly. One way to adapt the
step size based on error output at kth interval.

e(k)= +1 if m(t)>m^(t) immediately before the kth edge.

e(k)= -1 if m(t)<m^(t) immediately before the kth edge.

We can now specify the step size S(k) at sampling time k,

S(k)= S(k-1) e(k) + S0 e(k-1)
With the same SNR, the ADM can operate at 32kbps compare to PCM at 64kbps.

´ )? *?
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1.? Connect the various blocks of ADM kit as per given in manual
2.? Observe the waveforms of input and output signal.
3.? Observe the output signal in frequency domain.
4.? Change the input frequency and observe the different errors in ADM output and compare it
with DM output.
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?8?
?
  To study and perform Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
" Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) trainer kit.

# $ The source signals are generally referred to as 

 signals. The low-frequency signal is
often frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process is called
 . In the modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the     and the
high-frequency 
  is a sinusiodal waveform. There are three basic ways of modulating a sine
wave carrier. For binary digital modulation, they are called binary amplitude-shift keying (´ASK), binary
frequency-shift keying (´FSK) and binary phase shift keying (´PSK).
?
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?) ?+´),?
A 
 
 (´ASK) signal can be defined by

() = () cos(2  0 < < î  (1)

where is a constant, () = 1 or 0, is the carrier frequency, and îis the bit duration. It has a power 
=  /2, so that = ù 2
Thus equation (1) can be written as

() = ù 2cos(2  0 < < î

= ùîù!îcos(2  0 < < î
= ùEù!îcos(2  0 < < î
Where, "= îis the energy contained in a bit duration.
?
 "?
1.? Select the appropriate clock frequency for NRZ data generation.
2.? Select the RF Carrier frequency for ´alance Modulator.
3.? Connect the NRZ data out and RF carrier frequency output to input of ´alance modulator.
4.? Observe the output in time domain and frequency domain waveforms.
5.? Connect the output of balanced modulator to diode detector or product detector for async. Or
sync demodulation.
?
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 ?+ , RZ data in and output of ´alance Modulator.

 ?+1,?(a) Modulating signal, (b) spectrum of (a), and (c) spectrum of ´ASK signals.

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?9?
?
  To study and perform Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
"?Phase Shift Keying (PSK) trainer kit.

# $ The source signals are generally referred to as 

 signals. The low-frequency signal is
often frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process is called
 . In the modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the     and the
high-frequency 
  is a sinusiodal waveform. There are three basic ways of modulating a sine
wave carrier. For binary digital modulation, they are called binary amplitude-shift keying (´ASK), binary
frequency-shift keying (´FSK) and binary phase shift keying (´PSK).
?
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?) ?+´),
A 
 
 (´PSK) signal can be defined by

() = () cos(2  0 < < î (1)

Where, is a constant, () = 1 or -1, is the carrier frequency, and îis the bit duration. It has a power
=  /2, so that = ù 2
Thus equation (1) can be written as

() = aù 2cos(2  
= aùîù!îcos(2  
= aùEù!îcos(2  

Where, "= îis the energy contained in a bit duration.

?
 "?
1.? Connect the various blocks I/O as per given in manual.
2.? Observe the ´PSK signal.
3.? Observe the ´PSK signal spectrum.
4.? Apply the ´PSK signal to Demodulator and compare demodulated signal to original signal.
?
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 ?+!, RZ data in and output of ´alance Modulator.

 ?+(,?(a) Modulating signal, (b) spectrum of (a), and (c) spectrum of ´PSK signals.

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  To study and perform Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
" Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) trainer kit.
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# $? The source signals are generally referred to as 
 signals. The low-frequency signal is
often frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process is called
 . In the modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the     and the
high-frequency 
  is a sinusiodal waveform. There are three basic ways of modulating a sine
wave carrier. For binary digital modulation, they are called binary amplitude-shift keying (´ASK), binary
frequency-shift keying (´FSK) and binary phase shift keying (´PSK).

´  ?;'& 
?) ?+´),
A 

 
 (´FSK) signal can be defined by

s(t) =  î#? ? ? 0‘ t ‘ T

  î$  

%


Where, is a constant, 0 and 1 are the transmitted frequencies, and îis the bit duration.
The signal has a power =  /2, so that = ù 2. Thus equation

() = ù 2cos(2 # 0 < < î
= ù 2cos(2 $   

%


= ùîù!îcos(2 # 0 < < î
= ùîù!îcos(2 $

%

= ùEù!îcos(2 # 0 < < î
= ùEù!îcos(2 $

%


Where, "= îis the energy contained in a bit duration.
?
 "?
1.? Connect the various blocks I/O as per given in manual.
2.? Observe the ´FSK signal.
3.? Observe the ´FSK signal spectrum.
4.? Apply the ´FSK signal to Demodulator and compare demodulated signal to original signal.
?
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 ?+(,?(a) Modulating signal, (b) spectrum of (a), and (c) spectrum of ´ASK signals.
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