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Estimating and design cost analysis 14

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Estimating and design cost analysis

Robert P. Charette
Brian Bowen

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14 Estimating and design cost analysis

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EstimatingEstimating
and design costcost
and design analysis
analysis 14
14

Summary: UNIFORMAT II provides a classification and


systematic approach for estimating and design cost analy-
sis. The classification is outlined, including a comparison
of design vs. construction estimate objectives, building and
sitework elements, sources of cost data, and a worked ex-
ample of design cost analysis.

Key words: assemblies, building elements classification, cost


estimates, preliminary design, systems, UNIFORMAT II.

1 Introduction
Need for a classification of building elements of an elemental project description (specification) based on
The building industry needs a format or classification framework to UNIFORMAT at the schematic design phase. The objective of the
serve as a consistent reference for the description, analysis, evalua- classification format was to improve communications and coordina-
tion, monitoring, and management of facilities during their life cycle, tion among all parties involved in a project, particularly between the
from the planning, feasibility and design stages through to design team and the client. The ASTM standard was approved in 1993
construction, occupancy and disposal. A classification of building el- and designated E 1557-93 “Standard Classification for Building Ele-
ements such as UNIFORMAT II provides an approach to meeting ments and Related Sitework - UNIFORMAT II.“ In 1996, revisions
these objectives. were made (ASTM 1996), providing a distinctive alpha-numeric des-
ignation for the elements similar to that incorporated by CSI (1992).
Building elements are traditionally defined as major components, Designated as E-1557-96, the newly revised ASTM classification of
common to most buildings, that perform a given function, regardless elements is listed in Table 1.
of the design specification, construction method, or materials used.
In practice, an element may be any part of a logical work break- The objective for establishing UNIFORMAT as a national and inter-
down structure whose purpose is to control project scope, cost, time national standard was to provide a degree of consistency in cost plan-
and quality. ning, cost control, and estimating during the programming and de-
sign phases of a project. The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
The development of the first elemental classification is attributed to recommends UNIFORMAT II for schematic phase preliminary project
the British Ministry of Education following the post World War II descriptions. Numerous applications demonstrate that the classifica-
school-expansion program. The methodology was adapted to construc- tion system can provide a link between all phases of facilities pro-
tion programs in other British Commonwealth countries, such as gramming and design and for all phases of the life cycle of a project,
Canada, and then to the United States in the early 1970s. In 1973, the including construction and operations.
American Institute of Architects undertook to develop an elemental
estimating format called MASTERCOST. In conjunction with the Element selection criteria
General Services Administration, a consensus format named The following criteria are the basis for deciding what items to include
UNIFORMAT was produced. Though not an official national stan- as elements in the classification and in which parts of the classifica-
dard, it has since formed the basis for any elemental format called for tion to assign or list them.
in the United States. In 1989, the American Society of Testing • The UNIFORMAT II classification is applicable to any building
Materials (ASTM) Sub-Committee E06.81 on Building Economics type, while allowing for details appropriate for specialized build-
appointed a task group to develop a UNIFORMAT standard. In 1992, ings or cases. The classification of building elements is separate
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issued a from the classification of building-related sitework. The classifi-
special publication (Bowen, Charette, and Marshall 1992), in which cation is hierarchical to allow different levels of cost analysis,
the name UNIFORMAT II was selected to emphasize that it is aggregation and summarization. It is easily related and/or refer-
an elemental classification similar to the original UNIFORMAT. enced to other elemental classifications such as the original
Improvements based on experience since its first inception made it UNIFORMAT and the classification of the Canadian Institute of
more comprehensive, particularly with respect to mechanical systems Quantity Surveyors (CIQS).
and sitework.
• Items to be included in the classification are determined as any
In 1992, the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) issued an in- element that has bearing on project cost, significant either in mag-
terim edition of UNIFORMAT based on the work in progress of ASTM. nitude or quantity and which help in understanding constructability
CSI also published a practice entitled “FF/180 - Preliminary Project and cost. Elemental categories provide a framework for cost con-
Descriptions and Outline Specifications“ which recommended the use trol and other applications such as early design specifications. The

Authors: Robert P. Charette, P. E., CVS and Brian Bowen, FRICS


Credits: Roger J. Grant of R. S. Means Company provided the office building data for the worked example estimates in this article.
References: ASTM 1996. Standard Classification for Building Elements and Related Sitework - UNIFORMAT II. ASTM Designation E1557-
96. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
Additional references appear at the end of this article.

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14 Estimating and design cost analysis

Table 1. UNIFORMAT II Classification

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Estimating and design cost analysis 14

decision as to where, to include specific items among various cat- Description of UNIFORMAT II elements
egories or classification elements is based on professional judg- Tables B-1 and B-2 (See Appendix B-10) present the UNIFORMAT
ment. If it is not obvious based on where a particular item may II classification, as building and building-related sitework, respec-
logically be placed in the building system, a simple guideline is tively and given as three hierarchical levels:
to choose that classification category or element where design
- Level 1 for major group elements.
and building professionals in current practice normally look for
such items. - Level 2 for group elements.
- Level 3 for individual elements.
• UNIFORMAT II is not intended to classify elements of major civil
works other than buildings. It is obviously based upon the defini- A full description or index of specific items included and excluded at
tion of elements in the construction of buildings. The Level 3 is provided in ASTM (1996). Listings of inclusions and ex-
UNIFORMAT II classification of building-related sitework has clusions are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, they provide a gen-
been developed to provide a compatible system for guidance so eral outline of what to expect in that element consistent with the se-
that planners of the larger infrastructure related to buildings lection criteria outlined above. Exclusions are listed to help readers
do not have to resort to multiple elemental classifications for find items quickly. An example of inclusions and exclusions presented
one project. in the standard is shown in Table 2 for A10 Foundations.

Table 2. Description of UNIFORMAT II


Elements for A10 - Foundations (after ASTM Standard E1557-96).

A 1010 - Standard Foundations


Includes Excludes
° wall and column foundations ° general excavation to reduce
° foundation walls up to level of levels (see G1030 -Site
top of slab on grade Earthwork)
° anchor plates ° excavation for basements (see
° pile caps A2010-Basement Excavation)
° foundation excavation backfill and ° basement walls (see A2020 -
compaction Basement Walls)
° footings and bases ° under-slab drainage and
° perimeter insulation insulation (see A1030-Slab on
° perimeter drainage Grade)
A 1020 - Special Foundations
Includes Excludes
° piling ° pile caps (see A1010 - Standard
° caissons Foundations)
° underpinning ° rock excavation unless
° dewatering associated with Special
° raft foundations Foundations (see A1010-
° any other special foundation conditions Standard Foundations and
A2010 - Basement Excavation)
A 1030 - Slab on Grade
Includes Excludes
° structural ° standard applied floor finishes
° inclined slabs on grade (see C3020 - Floor Finishes)
° trenches and pits ° hardeners and sealers to the slab
° bases (see C3020 - Floor Finishes)
° under-slab drainage
° under-slab insulation

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14 Estimating and design cost analysis

2 Design versus construction estimates


• Reutilizing, verifying and updating cost data from previous projects
Overview to develop data base of accurate, realistic, elemental budgets for
Building design and construction estimates in North America are based future projects (cf. Parker and Dell’Isola 1991).
either on a product classification, in which case costs are listed by
materials quantities independent of their place in the construction as- Element cost data sources
sembly or an elemental classification (also referred to as an “assem- Element costs are obtained from published cost manuals, historical
blies” or” systems” classification) in which case costs are directly cost data, or built up from assembly and component costs.
attributable to component and assembly quantities. • Published elemental cost data. The annual R. S. Means “Assem-
Construction estimates based on product classification most commonly blies Cost Data“ manual provides element and assemblies costs.
reference the CSI/CSC MASTERFORMAT Divisions 1-16, whose Although currently structured according to the original
primary application is for construction documents-phase specifica- UNIFORMAT, the data can readily be used for UNIFORMAT II
tions. This classification system, widely adopted in the building trades, estimates as in the example presented below.
derives from contractor practices for convenience of price quotations • The annual R. S. Means “Square Foot Cost Data“ manual also
from traditional construction materials/product sources, that is the includes an assemblies section based on the original UNIFORMAT,
specifications are used as the key reference in contractor estimates as do other annual cost manuals, including R. S. Means Mechani-
and bid proposals. Many trades incorporate products from more than cal and Electrical cost manuals. For example, Fig. 1 illustrates a
one CSI/CSC Division. Therefore, MASTERFORMAT is not to be brick face and concrete block insulated wall (Element B2010)
considered a non-redundant “trade classification.” MASTERFORMAT priced at $20.40 per square foot. Fig. 2 illustrates a slab-on-grade
may also be used for design estimates because specifications are based (Element A1010) priced at $2.73 per square foot. (Note that unit
on MASTERFORMAT. costs include all sub-contractor mark-ups, but not the General
Contractor percentage for general conditions, overhead and profit.)
Given the emphasis now being placed on limited project budgets de-
fined in design phases if not before, and the need for designers to • Historical elemental cost data. Historical costs from similar
clearly understand costs related to their early planning and design projects adjusted for inflation are a valuable source of data input
decisions, the UNIFORMAT classification is more suitable for de- for elemental estimates. Such data will be most easily used if struc-
sign cost analysis and budget control. UNIFORMAT II estimates tured in the same format as UNIFORMAT II. Percentages for al-
are structured to facilitate design cost analysis and monitoring from lowances, contingencies, escalation, and overhead and profit
the programming phase through to completion of working drawings. should be formatted in a consistent manner. Given the criticality
Costing based on components, assemblies and systems permit a of cost assumptions, unit costs assumptions might be reviewed
designer to understand costs based on design decisions directly at with experienced builders and construction managers and, in criti-
hand. Furthermore, early design specifications based on UNIFORMAT cal cases verified by site observation of total time and materials
II can be directly linked to the specification. A caution, however, utilization for similar elements and assemblies.
is that due to the differences noted, such estimates are not • Built-up elemental cost data. Elemental costs can be built up from
recommended for preparing trade estimates and are not a substitute component and assemblies costs. Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate how
for MASTERFORMAT. costs are built up from component costs for B2010 - Exterior Walls
Elemental estimate objectives and A1010 - Slab on Grade. In the case of B1020 - Floor Con-
Using UNIFORMAT II to structure elemental estimates during the struction, the element cost would be built-up from assembly costs
programming and design phases of a project will assist in: for the floor structure and the columns.

• Breaking down construction tasks into a simple, logical, hierar- 3 Elemental estimate example
chical Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of elements / systems / Office building example
assemblies, that follows the construction sequence. Having a suit- A simple office building described in Fig. 3 illustrates the application
able WBS established early and consistently developed through- of the UNIFORMAT II classification for estimating, The building
out the project is one of the basic principles of effective project has eight floor levels above ground level, one basement parking level,
management. and a total gross floor area of 54,000 sq. ft. A brief description or
• Preparing relatively simple but overall accurate estimates during outline specification based on the UNIFORMAT II classification
programming and early design, which find their validity in the is presented in the caption, which links the estimate directly to the
accuracy and currency of the element cost figures. Readily as- specification, thereby improving project team communications
sessing the costs of major changes at any phase of programming and coordination.
and design, evidenced by the record of design drawings.
The estimate summaries are presented in four distinct tables to facili-
• Indicating the anticipated quality level of a building and its ele- tate design cost analysis.
ments, by reference to both design specification and cost impact
reflected in the element unit rates and providing effective design • Table 3 illustrates an example element cost calculation for floor
cost analysis based on the parameters and ratios generated in the finishes, with rates based on U. S. averages costs.
system summaries. • Table 4 is an example building elemental cost summary. This is a
• Setting Design-to-Cost (DTC) targets for each discipline based stand alone estimate that provides the total estimated cost of the
on the facilities program estimate and establishing effective moni- building (including all contingencies, escalation, overhead and
toring of costs element by element from the facilities program- profit) as well as analytic parameters and ratios for design cost
ming phase through completion of final design (the audit trail). analysis, i.e., the total estimated cost for the building only is readily
identified, i.e., $4,781,072 ($88.54 per sq. ft. of gross ft. area.
• Identifying cost overruns and clarifying design and specification
alternatives at the earliest possible so that corrective action may • Table 5 indicates an example sitework elemental cost summary.
be initiated without delay. This is also a stand alone estimate that allows total estimated

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Estimating and design cost analysis 14

sitework costs to be treated as a distinct separate entity from the


building costs, i.e., $208,012.
• Table 6 is an example total construction cost summary., with a
breakdown of costs and percentages to analyze the total construc-
tion cost of $4,989,084.
With design estimates formatted in a consistent manner from pro-
gramming phase through to final design and from project to project,
communications and coordination among team members is improved.
The elemental cost summaries shown in the example tabulations in-
corporate the features that facilitate this result, e.g.:
- Element units of measurement are consistent, allowing unit costs
to be readily analyzed.
- Client and owner representatives can submit comments earlier be-
cause their quality expectations are described in the outline
specifications and are reflected in the element unit rates presented
to them.
- Numerous parameters and ratios are generated to allow effective
design cost analysis.
Element units of measurement
For most elements, appropriate units of measurement can be selected
to allow elemental unit rates to be developed for cost analysis.
For example:

A1010 - Standard Foundations are measured in terms of footprint


area (FPA). The cost of A1010 in the example is $30,433 and based
on an element quantity of 6,000 SF FPA. The unit rate is $5.07 / SF
per unit FPA, a meaningful number for cost analysis.
B3010 - Roof Coverings are measured in terms of roof area (SF). The
cost in the example is $17,506 and based on an element quantity of
6,000 SF of roof area the unit rate is $2.92 / SF roof area.
C1010 - Partitions are measured in terms of the area of partitions
(SF). The cost in the example is $160,846 and based on an element
quantity of 28,979 SF. The unit rate is $5.55 per SF (note that in the
summary, the rate is the average unit cost of partitions).
D3030 - Cooling Generation is measured in terms of tons refrigera-
tion (TR). The cost in the example is $137,200, and based on a 150-
ton chiller plant. The unit rate is $915 per TR.

Table 3. Element Costs for C3020 - Floor Finishes.

Code [1] Description Qty (SF) Rate ($) Cost ($)

C3020 Floor Finishes 37,350 3.74 [2] 139,791.00

6.6-100-0060 Office Carpeting 33,075 3.31 109,478.25

6.6-100-1100 Terrazzo for lobby,


corridor and toilet rooms 2,175 7.41 16,116.75

6.6-100-1720 Ceramic tiles for washrooms 2,100 6.76 14,196.00

Notes:
[1] The Code designations for line items are from 1997 R. S. Means “Assemblies Cost Data“ manual.
[2] The resulting rate of $3.74 / SF of finished floor area shown for element C3020-Floor Finishes, is an average rate for the element based on the total quantity
and total cost of floor finishes.

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14 Estimating and design cost analysis

Fig. 1. Element B2010 - Exterior wall components


Source: Means (1997).

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Estimating and design cost analysis 14

Fig. 2. Element A1010 - Slab-on-grade components


Source: Means (1997).

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14 Estimating and design cost analysis

Fig. 3. Example - office building plans and elevation (source: R. S. Means 1997).

Example office building and sitework description.


GENERAL: Building size - 60' x 100', 8 floors, 12' floor-to-floor height, 4' high parapet, D20 PLUMBING - Wall hung lavatories and water closets; service sinks. Gas-fired do-
full basement with 11'-8" floor to floor, bay size 25' x 30', ceiling heights - 9' in office area mestic hot water heater and reservoir; copper distribution piping throughout. Cast iron
and 8' in core area. One acre site. sanitary waste piping; drains in each washroom floor and parking level. 4" CI roof drains
and PVC piping.
A10 FOUNDATIONS - Concrete spread and strip footings, 4" concrete slab on grade.
D30 HVAC - Fire tube gas-fired water boiler and 150 ton water-cooled chiller installed in
A20 BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION - 12' high, 12" thick waterproofed basement walls, penthouse. Perimeter hot water finned tube radiation with wall to wall enclosures. 48,000
normal soil conditions for excavation. CFM built-up air handling unit for office floors. Low velocity air supply and return air
B10 SUPERSTRUCTURE - Steel columns, wide flange; 3 hr. fire rated; floors, compos- distribution. 5500 CFM direct gas-fired parking garage air handling ventilation unit with
ite steel frame and deck with concrete slab; roof, steel beams, open web joists and deck. air supply distribution and exhaust system. Pneumatic control system with central control.
B20 EXTERIOR CLOSURE - Walls; North, East and West, brick and lightweight con- D40 FIRE PROTECTION - Standard sprinkler system in office area; dry sprinklers in
crete block with 2" cavity insulation, 25% window; South, 8" lightweight concrete block basement parking area; 4" standpipe, 9 hose cabinets.
insulated, 10% window. Doors, aluminum and glass at 1st floor level, insulated automatic D60 ELECTRICAL - Service, panel board and feeder, 2000 amps. Lighting, 1st thru 8th,
basement garage door. Windows, aluminum, 3'-0" x 5'-4" insulating glass. 15 fluorescent fixtures / 1000 SF, 3 watts/SF. Basement 10 fluorescent fixtures / 1000 SF,
B30 ROOFING - Tar and gravel, 4 ply, 2" rigid insulation, R12.5; one roof access hatch. 2 Watts/ SF. Receptacles 1st thru 8th, 16.5 / 1000 SF, 2 Watts/SF. Basement, 10 recep-
C10 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION - Core - 6" lightweight concrete block partitions, tacles / 1000 SF, 1.2 Watts/SF. Air conditioning, 4 Watts/SF; miscellaneous connections
full height. Corridors - 1st and 2nd floor - 3 5/8" steel studs with fire rated gypsum board, 1.2 Watts/SF; Elevator power, two 10-HP 230 volt motors; wall switches, 2/1000 SF. Fire
full height. Toilet partitions. Doors - hollow metal; Specialties - toilet accessories, direc- detection system, pull stations, signals, smoke and heat detectors. Emergency lighting
tory board. generator, 30 KW.

C20 STAIRCASES - Steel with concrete fill. E10 EQUIPMENT - Automatic parking garage access gate, dock leveler, waste handling
compactor.
C30 INTERIOR FINISHES - Wall Finishes - lobby, mahogany paneling on furring, re-
mainder plaster finish to ceiling height (partition and wall surfaces), paint. Floor Fin- E20 FURNISHINGS - Vertical venetian blinds for all exterior windows. Washroom vanities.
ishes - 1st floor lobby, corridors and toilet rooms, terrazzo, remainder, concrete, tenant G SITEWORK - The one acre site (43,560 SF) must be cleared and excavated in part to
developed 2nd thru 8th, toilet rooms, ceramic tiles, office and corridor, carpet. Ceiling obtain required elevations; paved parking stalls with barriers and painted lines; shrubs,
Finishes - 24" x 48" fiberglass board on Tee grid. trees and hydraulic seeding for landscaping; water supply, sanitary and storm sewers; gas
D10 CONVEYING SYSTEMS - Two 2500 lb capacity, 200 F.P.M., geared elevators, 9 service piping; underground electrical power and cabling in conduit, exterior lighting,
stops. duct bank for telephone cabling; lawn sprinkler system.

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Estimating and design cost analysis 14

Element rates and quality levels


Element rates are indicative of the their quality level; as a result, us- Q: For the Superstructure B10, what is the unit cost and percentage
ing cost modeling techniques, relatively accurate estimates can be of total building construction cost?
prepared at the programming and schematic phases without detailed A: The unit cost $11.49 / SF and the superstructure represents 16.4%
drawings. For example, based on a quality level scale of one to four of the total building construction costs.
developed by the General Services Administration (GSA), the costs
attributed to B2010 - Exterior Walls could be selected from Table 7. Q: What is the unit cost of quality level of exterior walls (B2010)?
A: The unit cost is $15.45 / SF, a commercial quality level (Level 3).
Analytic parameters and ratios
The following analytic parameters and ratios can be automatically Q: What is the ratio of partition area to GFA and how is the partition
generated in elemental estimate summaries: (C1010) unit elemental rate interpreted?
A: The ratio is 0.54, i.e. for every square foot of floor area, there is
• Cost of the element per unit gross floor area (Column “Cost Per 0.54 SF of partition; the average unit rate for partitions is $5.55 /
Unit GFA“) e.g., from the example for D4010 - Sprinkler Sys- SF, which indicates better quality than standard metal stud and
tems, $1.60 per SF GFA. gypsum partitions.
• The average rate for an element based on the quantity, e.g., from Q: What is the cost per ton of the chilled water plant (D3030 - Cool-
the example, for C3020 - Floor Finishes, the average cost / SF ing Generation Systems) and the area per ton of refrigeration?
based on the actual quantity of 37,350 SF is $3.74. A: The cost per ton is $915, what may be expected for a water-cooled
chiller system of this capacity; the area per ton is 320 SF, an aver-
• Quantity of the element per unit gross floor area (ratio “Qty/GFA“) age figure.
e.g., from the example for C1010 - Partitions, 0.54 SF per SF GFA.
Q: What is the total estimated building construction cost exclusive
• Percentage trade cost of Level 2 Group Elements (Column “% of taxes and unit rate per GFA?
Trade Cost“) e.g., from the example the cost of D50 - Electrical is A: The total building construction cost is $4,781,000 and the cost /
18.9% of the total building cost. SF $88.54, within the range of acceptable costs for this type
of building.
An understanding of parameters and ratios, that can be developed
from documentation and experience, will facilitate the preparation of Q: What is the parking lot surface percentage of total net site area?
elemental budget estimates and the rapid analysis of detailed elemen- A: The parking lot G2020 has 18,600 SF, which is 50% of the net site
tal estimate summaries. area of 36,750 SF (Ratio QTY/NSA).
Allowances, contingencies, overhead and profit Q: What amounts have been included in the total construction cost of
Allowances, contingencies and overhead and profit must be presented $4,989,000 for design and inflation allowances, and what percent-
in a consistent manner for all estimates. A standardized presentation age of the total do they represent?
format for these costs will facilitate the reconciliation of estimates A: From Table B3, $209,687 has been included for a design allow-
from different sources, a task that is usually most difficult and time ance and $145,313 for inflation; these numbers represent 4.2%
consuming because they are usually calculated in any number of ways. and 2.9% of total construction costs respectively, i.e. a total
These mark-ups could be formatted as shown in Tables B1 and B2; of 7.1%.
the format is based on a logic that facilitates cost analysis.
Q: Does the building design GFA conform to space program require-
Note that construction contingencies, though part of project costs, are ments?
not included in the estimate summaries when represent the antici- A: Table B1 parameters indicate that the current design at 54,000 SF
pated General Contractor’s bid. exceeds the program area of 52,000 SF by 2,000 SF or 3.7%; this is
one of the first items to address in reducing the cost of the building.
4 Design cost analysis
UNIFORMAT II elemental estimate cost summaries as shown in Tables As seen from the above, effective design cost analysis can be per-
4 to 6 provide analytic data that would be difficult if not impossible to formed rapidly if the data generated is suitably structured. Elements
extract from trade or MASTERFORMAT Divisions 1-16 estimates. whose cost exceeds the norm can be identified early on in a project,
Some of the questions that could be asked in analyzing the office and corrective action taken to contain costs within the allocated bud-
building estimate example, and the answers, follow: get, thus avoiding time consuming and costly redesigns at a later date.

Table 7. Quality Levels and Costs for B2010 Exterior Walls.

Quality Level Element Description Cost ($/SF)

1. Monumental Granite $65.00

2. Federal Curtain Wall $38.00

3. Corporate Sandwich Wall $18.00

4. Commercial Metal Cladding $12.00

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14 Estimating and design cost analysis

Other applications
Additional applications have emerged since the publication@of
UNIFORMAT II as an ASTM standard in 1993. The range of applica-
tions extends from the planning phase of a facility to all phases of its
construction and life cycle maintenance and covers:
• Facilities planning and programming. For performance specifi-
cations and design criteria, space program requirements sched-
ules, budgeting and program estimates.
• Facilities design. For schematic and design development phase
specifications, design estimates and cost control, functional area
estimates, scheduling, risk analysis (Monte Carlo simulation), fil-
ing product literature, CAD layering, code conformity analysis,
and classifying construction graphic standards.
• Building construction. For progress reports, deficiency reports,
mortgage monitoring, commissioning.
• Facilities and assets management. For maintenance planning and
budgeting, building condition assessment, long term capital re-
placement budgeting, reserve funds, capital cost evaluation.
• Other applications include structuring element / assemblies cost
data manuals, maintenance and repair cost data manuals, life cycle
costing data, and directing value engineering sessions.
Additional references
Bowen, Brian, Robert Charette, and Harold Marshall. 1992.
UNIFORMAT II - A Recommended Classification for Building Ele-
ments and Related Sitework. NIST Special Publication 841.
Gaithersburg, VA: National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Bowen, Brian. 1994. “Construction Cost Management.” The
Architect’s Handbook of Professional Practice. American Institute of
Architects. David Haviland, editor. Washington D. C. AIA Press.
Charette, Robert and Anik Shooner. 1995. “Using UNIFORMAT II in
Preliminary Design and Planning.” Chapter 25. Means Square Foot
Estimating. Second Edition. Kingston, MA: R. S. Means Company.
R. S. Means. 1997. Means Assemblies Cost Data Manual. Kingston,
MA: R. S. Means Company.
Parker, Donald E. and Dell’Isola, Alphonse J. 1991. Project Budget-
ing for Buildings. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
CSI. 1992. “FF/180: Preliminary Project Descriptions and Outline
Specifications.” CSI Manual of Practice. Alexandria, VA: The Con-
struction Specifications Institute.

182 Time-Saver Standards: Part I, Architectural Fundamentals

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