Fluid Mechanics 1

Simon Tait
P f
Professor off Civil
Ci il Engineering
E i i
University of Bradford
s.tait@bradford.ac.uk
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Aim:

(1) To
T understand
d t d th the b
basic
i concepts t th
thatt d
describe
ib
the mechanical behavior of fluids.

Learning Teaching & Assessment Strategy:

((1)) Lectures to introduce and developp fundamental
theories and describe application;
(2) Example classes to provide explanation of
supplied
li d ttutorial
t i l questions;
ti
(3) Laboratory classes to develop basic skills.
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Expected workload:

Study
St d Hours:
H
Lectures: 22.00
Example Classes: 4 00
4.00
Formal Exams: 2.00
Laboratory/Practical:
y 3.00

I d
Independent
d t Study:
St d 59 00 (5h
59.00 (5hrs// week)
k)

Total: 100 00
100.00
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Assessment:

Module
M d l Assessment:
A t
Examination - closed book at end of semester, 100%
module grade

Duration - 2.0 hours

Description
E
Exam with
ith 4 compulsory
l questions,
ti one b
based
d on
laboratory activities
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Syllabus

1.
1 Units
U it and d di
dimensions
i
2. Properties of fluids
3. Hydrostatics – forces on immersed surfaces
4. Buoyancy forces
5. Stability of floating bodies
6. Pressure Measurement
7. Fluids in motion – laminar and turbulent flows
8. Principle 1 - Mass continuity
9. Principle 2 – Energy Conservation – Bernoulli
Bernoulli’ss equation
10. Principle 3 – Momentum Conservation

Laboratory – Use of energy principles to measure flow rate

 Fluid Mechanics 1
Lectures and example classes:
Week 1-6: Monday 1600-19:00 – Weeks 7-12 Monday 1400-
1700 – Note no classes in week 8

You will gain most benefit from the Example Classes if you have
completed the tutorial sheets beforehand.

Laboratory experiment schedules:

Details will be released in week 4. One exam question will be
based on the work of the laboratory session.

Points to be noted:
(1) Class registration is required for the lectures, example
classes and laboratory experiments to comply with the
School policy on retention
retention.
(2). Location: Chesham B1.07. E-mail: s.tait@bradford.ac.uk –
email first!.
Week Activity Content of Activity Expected Student
Progress

1 Lecture Introduction to module;

consideration of units and
dimensions, properties of fluids
(2 hours)
Tutorial
Sheet 1
Handed out

2 Lecture Hydrostatics forces on

immersed bodies (2 hours)
Tutorial
Sheet 2
Handed out

3 Lecture
Buoyancy forces and stability
of immersed bodies (2 hours)

Example Complete
Class Example Class 1 – Tutorial Tutorial Sheets
Sheets 1 and 2 (1 hour) 1 and 2 before
Example Class
Week Activity Content of Activity Expected
Student
Progress

4 Lecture
Pressure Measurement
(1 hour)

Formative
Assessment E
Exam style
t l question
ti
Session
Tutorial Sheet 3
Handed out
5 Lecture Pressure Measurement
continued. Fluids in
motion.
ti L i
Laminar andd
turbulent flows. (2 hours)
6 Lecture
Principle of mass
continuity

Tutorial Sheet 4
Handed out
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Dimensions and Units

3 fundamental dimensions:
Length (L), mass (M), time (T)

Fundamental units - metres ((m),

), kilograms
g ((kg),
g), seconds ((s))
Always use these units

Other units are based on these three fundamental units

e g force – Newtons (1N = kgm/s2)
e.g.
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Dimensional Homogeneity
For dimensional homogeneity both sides of an equation must
have the same units.
All terms of an equation must have the same units.
Careful consideration of units can confirm that an equation is
correct.
F example;
For l d it ((ρ)) - kg/m
density k / 3

mass m
ρ= =
volume V
Always use units in every calculation
calculation. Only use the 3
fundamental units (kg, m and s).
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Fluid mechanics is a sub set of Mechanics concerned with the

statics and dynamics of liquids and gasses.
It is governed by the three principles used in general mechanics

1. Conservation of mass flow (mass continuity).

2. Conservation of energy
gy
3. Conservation of momentum

Generally the difficult part of fluid mechanics is deciding which of

the above principles is applicable to a particular engineering
g g
problem.
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Difference between solids and fluids:

1. Within the elastic limit for a solid, the strain is proportional to

the applied stress, whereas for a fluid the rate of strain is
proportional to the stress.
2. For a solid the strain is independent of the time of
application
li ti off th
the fforce.
3. For a solid, within the elastic limit, deformation is reversible.
With a fluid however it continues to flow as long as the
stress is applied. It does not recover its original shape when
the stress is removed.
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Fluids can be liquids or gasses

Fluids cannot offer a permanent resistance to any force causing
a change in shape, but will flow under their own weight and
take up the shape of the container.
This change in shape is the result of shearing forces and
therefore shearing forces occur in moving fluids.
If a fl
fluid
id is
i att restt – then
th ththere are no shearing
h i fforces.
This splits fluid mechanics into two:
1. Fluids at rest - “hydrostatics”
2. Fluids in motion
 Fluid Mechanics 1

Fluids can be liquids or gasses:

What is the difference between a liquid and a gas?

Liquids have a definite volume, they are very difficult to

compress
p and form a free surface between the liquid
q and the
air (gas) above it.

Gases are easily compressible and will easily expand to fill a

container without forming a free surface.
 Fluid Mechanics 1
I engineering
In i i ththe tterm “H
“Hydraulics”
d li ” iis sometimes
ti lloosely
l used d
to cover the whole field of fluid mechanics it can be spilt into
two main topics:
1. Hydrostatics
Is concerned with water at rest. It will readily give exact
solutions.
2. Hydrodynamics
Is concerned with the behaviour of water in motion. Its
study began towards the end of the 17th Century and during
18th and 19th Centuries mathematicians formulated
expressions for a viscous fluid. These theoretical
expressions need to be modified using empirically obtained
coefficients to obtain acceptable solutions
solutions.
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Density – 3 forms

1. Mass density (ρ)

Defined as the mass per unit volume (kg/m3)

mass m
ρ= =
volume V
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Density – 3 forms

2. Specific Weight (w)

Defined as the weight per unit volume (N/m3)

mg
w=
V
w = ρg
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Density – 3 forms

3. Specific gravity (or relative density) (s)

Defined as the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of

an equall volume
l off water
t att 4°C.
4°C

w for fluid ρ for fluid

s= =
w ffor water ρ ffor water
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids
Wh t is
What i the
th diff
difference between
b t mass (m)
( ) and
d weight
i ht ((w)) ?

It is important that you have a clear understanding between the

difference between mass and weight (force).

Mass represents the amount of matter in a body or volume of

liquid. This is a constant
Weight varies according to the local value of gravity (g). This is
potentially variable

w = mgg
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids
Wh t is
What i the
th diff
difference between
b t pressure (P) and
d weight
i ht ((w)) ?

The average pressure (P) is defined as the weight (w) applied

over an area (A).

w
P=
A
Pressure has units of Newtons per metre squared (N/m2)
Sometime these are called Pascals (Pa)
1Pa = 1N/m2
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids
Wh t is
What i Sh
Shear stress
t ((τ)) ?

Defined as the average force (F) applied by a moving fluid over

a surface area (A).

F
τ=
A
Shear stress has units of Newtons per metre squared (N/m2)
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids
Wh t is
What i Viscosity
Vi it ?

A fluid at rest cannot develop resisting shearing forces. In motion

shearing forces are set up between adjacent layers of fluid
moving at different velocities.

Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid that resists shear

forces and is related to the rate of deformation.

Shear is the movement of liquid in parallel adjacent layers.

The shear stress (τ) is the tangential force per unit area between
y
the layers
Shear stress has units of Newtons per metre squared (N/m2)
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids
Wh t is
What i Viscosity
Vi it ?

The shear stress (τ) is related to the velocity gradient between

adjacent fluid layers (du/dy).

du du
τ∝ τ =µ
dy dy

Where µ is the coefficient of absolute viscosity

µ has units of Ns/m2

τ has units of N/m2, du has units m/s,

m/s dy has units of m
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Two types of viscosity

Absolute viscosity (µ) – Ns/m2

Dynamic viscosity (ν)

µ Ns m 3 Nsm kgm sm m 2
ν= • = = 2 • =
ρ 2
m kg kg s kg s
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Values of viscosity – dependent

on temperature

y (µ) – Ns/m2
Absolute viscosity

Dynamic viscosity (ν) – m2/s

Ns
Water at 20°C
µ ≈ 1 × 10 −3

m2
m2
ν ≈ 1 × 10 − 6
s
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Bulk Modulus (K) – Measure of Compressibility

All materials whether solids, liquids or gasses are

compressible
Remember – liquids are difficult to compress but not
impossible!

Consider
C id a cube
b off flfluid
id – subject
bj to a change
h iin
pressure dp on all its surfaces.
If dp is high enough then the cube changes its volume
by dV
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Bulk Modulus (K) – Measure of Compressibility

Bulk modulus = Change in pressure/volumetric strain

dp
K=
− dV
V
dp
K = −V
dV
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Bulk Modulus (K) – Measure of Compressibility

dp
p
K=
− dV
V

Assumes that temperature and density ρ are constant

constant.
For water value of K doubles as pressure increases
from 1 to 3500 atmospheres
 Fluid Mechanics 1 – Properties of Fluids

Bulk Modulus (K) – Measure of Compressibility

dp
p
K=
− dV
V
Units – N/m2 - same as pressure
Typical values:
water 2.05×109 N/m2
oil 1 62×109 N/m2
1.62×10