LIBRARY RESEARCH

1. Ramsay, Alan. 1990. Semantics. London: Pitman

The book describes about several more particular senses of semantics that can be
identified: in linguistics, mathematics and computer science, and in logic.In linguistics,
semantics is a sub field of linguistics that is traditionally defined as the study of meaning of
(parts of) words, phrases, sentences, and texts. In mathematics and computer science,
semantics also used as a term. Last, in logic, semantics most influentially being Alfred
Tarski's ideas in model theory and his semantic theory of truth. Also, inferential role
semantics has its roots in the work of Gerhard Gentzen on proof theory and proof-theoretic
semantics. One of the most popular alternatives to the standard model theoretic semantics
is truth-value semantics.

2. Aminuddin, Drs, M.Pd. (2003). Semantik Pengantar Studi Tentang Makna.

Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo.

The book tells about the study of language which emphasizes meaning aspect. There
is the propinquity of relationship between language and meaning, so every feature and
every type of language behavior could influence the semantics feature. This book also
examines various meaning studies that are appropriate with a variety of meaning
existence level, the problem about a variety a meaning in application; the relationship
between language and mind; language as a formal structure of reality; and the problems of
language logic.

3. Sense and Reference

The book elaborates that according to Frege, sense and reference are two aspects of
the meaning of a linguistic expression. The reference of an expression is simply the object
that the expression refers to. The sense of an expression, more controversially, is what
provides the cognitive significance of the expression. The reference (or referent) of a
proper name is the object it means or indicates. The sense of a proper name is whatever
meaning it has, when there is no object to be indicated. Frege justifies the distinction in a
number of ways.

1. Sense is something possessed by a name, whether or not it has a reference.

 2. Sense is wholly semantic. Reference by contrast, though semantic, is intimately
(and puzzlingly) connected with the named object
3. The sense of different names is different, even when their reference is the same

4. Garfield, Jay I and Murray Kiteley. (1990). Meaning and Truth Essential Reading
in Modern Semantic. New York: Paragon Press.
The truth of utterance depends just upon their meaning and the fit of those meaning
to the world are the big issue discussed o this book. Meaning and truth are the great of
semantic ideas saying something is to convey meaning. In another side, utterance at least
assertion have principal function of the expression of belief which must be seen as another
central concept of semantic.

5. Hipkiss, Robert A. (1995). Semantic Defining The Disipline. Hillsdale: Lawrence

Erlbaum of Associates.
The book explorers about the definition of semantic is put he beginning page of this
book. According to this book, semantic is derived from the Greek word “semaine” means to
signify. Semantic is part of the larger study of signs, semiotics. Word is symbol of
representing the object, action, qualities and relationship among those entities.

6. Tom, Mc Arthur. 1986. Worlds of Reference. USA: Cambridge University Press.

This book describes about semantics fields and an conceptual universes.
Semantics today is an enormously varied subject that can be approached from the
historical point of views. As philosophy, psychotherapy, sociology, and anthropology. The
result can be conflicting depend on the meaning has to be examined

7. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1995. Semantics, Culture, and Cognition. Australia: Howard

University.
Investigating cultures from a universal, language-independent perspective, this
book rejects analytical tools derived from the English language and Anglo culture and
proposes instead a "natural semantic metalanguage" formulated in English words but
based on lexical universals. The outcome of two and a half decades of research, the
metalanguage is made up of universal semantic primitives in terms of which all meanings--
including the most culture-specific ones--can be described and compared in a precise and
illuminating way. Integrating insights from linguistics, cultural anthropology, and cognitive
psychology, and written in simple, non-technical language, Semantics, Culture, and
Cognition is accessible not only to scholars and students, but also to the general reader
interested in semantics and the relationship between language and culture.

8. Kempson, Ruth M. (1977). Semantic Theory. Melbourne: Cambridge University

Press.
The book elaborates an ambiguity and vagueness of semantic a part of this
explanation. In chapter 8, while in chapter 10 deep standard of structure and semantic
representation is broadly described here. This book put the brief definition that deep
structure, as semantic representation of a sentence is hierarchical structure of complex
semantic component.

9. Saeed, John I. (1997). Semantic. Oxford: Blackwell.

The book explores more comprehensive the definition and differentiation of
semantic and semiotic in page 5. in the next page the three challenges of doing semantic
is explained clearly. They are; circularity (how can we state the meaning of the word,
except in other words, either in the same or a different language. Further explanation of
semantic will be easy to look up in page 106 up to 165 and 268 up to 331.

10. Pulman. Stephen G, (1996), Semantics, SRI International, Cambridge, UK.

The book give us about a semantic description of a language , a semantic theory will
characterize complex and novel sentences on the basis of their constituent like meanings
and manner. The basic constituents will ultimately be the meanings of words and
morphemes.