BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGIES

A
SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted to the faculty of Engineering

Tilak Maharashtra University, Pune.
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Computer Engineering

Submitted By
MR. RUPESH R. PADALKAR

Roll No. 05

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Tilak Maharashtra University, Pune
2008-09

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGIES” has been
carried out by MR. RUPESH R. PADALAKR under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineering of Tilak
Maharashtra University, Pune during the academic year 2008-09.

Guide Examinar Head Of The Department

Mrs. Mita Latike

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 ABSTRACT
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that allows computers, phones and other devices to
talk to each other over short distances (up to 100 meters). Bluetooth uses radio waves (in the 2.4
Gigahertz range), and is designed to be a secure and inexpensive way of connecting and
exchanging information between devices without wires.

You'll find Bluetooth in many of the newer mobile phones, handheld computers,
laptops, printers, handheld organisers, as well as in all sorts of products.

Uses of Bluetooth include: sending photos from your mobile, exchanging business
cards, sending voice from a headset to a mobile phone, and real-time satellite navigation using
GPS.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

No. TITLE Page No.

01 History Of Bluetooth 05
02 What is Bluetooth Technology ? 06
03 Introduction To Bluetooth GPS Receivers 10
04 Internal Structure Of Bluetooth 11
05 Technical Information About Bluetooth 22
06 Bluetooth Versions 31
07 How Bluetooth Works 32
08 Discussions And Conclusions 36
09 Acknowledgement 39

Chapter 1
History Of Bluetooth
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Why is It Called Bluetooth?

 The developers of this wireless technology first used the name "Bluetooth" as a
code name, but as time past, the name stuck.

The word "Bluetooth" is taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald
Bluetooth. King Bluetooth had been influential in uniting Scandinavian Europe during an
era when the region was torn apart by wars and feuding clans.

The founders of the Bluetooth SIG felt the name was fitting because:

1) Bluetooth technology was first developed in Scandinavia, and

2) Bluetooth technology is able to unite differing industries such as the cell phone,
computing, and automotive markets. Bluetooth wireless technology simplifies and
combines multiple forms of wireless communication into a single, secure, low-power,
low-cost, globally available radio frequency.

Where Did the Logo Come From?

A Scandinavian firm originally designed the logo at the time the SIG was
formally introduced to the public. Keeping to the same origin as the Bluetooth name, the
logo unites the Runic alphabetic characters "H", which looks similar to an asterisk, and a
"B", which are the initials for Harald Bluetooth. If you look close enough you can see
both embodied in the logo.

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Chapter 02
What Is Bluetooth Technology?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solving Problems

Problem: Today, electronics that connect to one another are found everywhere--in the
office, home, Car, etc. Keyboards connect to computers, MP3 players to headphones and so on.
So, how do these devices connect to each other? Usually the answer is: with wires and cables.
But, as you know, wires and cables always result in a tangled mess.

Solution: Bluetooth wireless technology eliminates many of the wires that clutter
our offices, homes, etc., while allowing our electronic devices of today and tomorrow to
communicate with one another.

You Hear About it Everywhere

Bluetooth technology has been around for years, however for many people it is just
another “tech” term.

Most people have little or no understanding of the technology and have very little
knowledge of its applications. However, you hear and read about it everywhere--in ads for
computers, Cell Phones, PDAs and all types of different devices enabled with Bluetooth
technology. So, what is Bluetooth technology?

Look Mom: No Wires!

What is Bluetooth technology? Put simply, Bluetooth technology is a short-range

wireless radio technology that allows electronic devices to connect to one another. Generally,
Bluetooth has a range of up to 30 ft. or greater, depending on the Bluetooth Core Specification
Version. Newer devices, using newer versions of Bluetooth, have ranges over 100 ft.

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Bluetooth wireless technology makes connections just like cables connect a computer to a
keyboard, mouse, or printer, or how a wire connects an MP3 player to headphones.

Bluetooth technology makes these same connections, except it does it without the cables
and wires. With Bluetooth there is no more worrying about which cable goes where, while
getting tangled in the mess.

Setting the Standard

 Bluetooth technology is actually derived from a combination of wireless technologies.
The Bluetooth specification unites these technologies under the title: "Bluetooth technology".

Bluetooth technology was first developed by Ericsson and then formalized by a group of
electronics manufacturers (Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba) who joined forces to form
a private trade association known as the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).

When they formally introduced the Bluetooth specification to the public, they established
a global standard, thus creating a universal way for mobile computers, cell phones, and various
other devices to wirelessly connect with one another.

Due to the fact that Bluetooth technology is a standardized wireless technology, you can
rest assure it will be around for many years to come.

So, now that we've answered the question: "What is Bluetooth technology?" You
probably want to know why this wireless technology was given such a funny name: "Bluetooth".

Why is It Called Bluetooth?

The developers of this wireless technology first used the name "Bluetooth" as a code
name, but as time past, the name stuck.

The word "Bluetooth" is taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Bluetooth.
King Bluetooth had been influential in uniting Scandinavian Europe during an era when the
region was torn apart by wars and feuding clans.

The founders of the Bluetooth SIG felt the name was fitting because:

1) Bluetooth technology was first developed in Scandinavia, and

2) Bluetooth technology is able to unite differing industries such as the cell phone, computing,
and automotive markets. Bluetooth wireless technology simplifies and combines multiple forms
of wireless communication into a single, secure, low-power, low-cost, globally available radio
frequency.

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Where Did the Logo Come From?

A Scandinavian firm originally designed the logo at the time the SIG was formally
introduced to the public. Keeping to the same origin as the Bluetooth name, the logo unites the
Runic alphabetic characters "H", which looks similar to an asterisk, and a "B", which are the
initials for Harald Bluetooth. If you look close enough you can see both embodied in the logo.
 (09)

Chapter 03
Introduction to Bluetooth GPS Receivers
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Do you do a lot of traveling in your car? If so, do you find yourself getting lost quite
often? Are you horrible with directions? Is your car not equipped with a navigation
 system? Well, now all you need is a PDA and a Bluetooth global positioning system (GPS)
receiver to find your destination.

Although the concept of turning your PDA into a GPS navigator is not new, it would
require a CompactFlash slot or some kind of cable to connect the receiver to the PDA. Most GPS
units are bulky and unattractive, so the weight added to your PDA is not worth it.

Now with Bluetooth GPS receivers, your PDA can be turned into a fully functional
navigation system without the bulk and wires. Bluetooth technology is especially useful for this
type of device. You can place the GPS receiver in the most appropriate spot in your car. Your
PDA can now be mounted or held where you get the most screen visibility.

If you don't have a Bluetooth enabled PDA already, there are Bluetooth Adapters you
can buy that give you the wireless connectivity. The Bluetooth GPS receiver is a must have for
the everyday traveler!

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Chapter 04
Internal Structure Of Bluetooth
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from
fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as
a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems
of synchronization.
Implementation

Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which

chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies. In its basic
mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK). It can achieve a gross data
rate of 1 Mb/s. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices
such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning
System (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure, globally
unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency
bandwidth. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of
telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.

Uses

Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power
consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based
on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth makes it possible for these devices
to communicate with each other when they are in range. Because the devices use a radio
(broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in line of sight of each other.

Maximum Permitted Power Range

Class
mW (dBm) (approximate)

Class 1 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters

Class 2 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters

Class 3 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter

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In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1
transceiver, compared to a pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity
and transmission power of Class 1 devices.
 Version Data Rate

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s

Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s

WiMedia Alliance
53 - 480 Mbit/s
(proposed)

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Computer requirements
 A typical Bluetooth USB dongle.

An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm).

A personal computer must have a Bluetooth adapter in order to communicate with other
Bluetooth devices (such as mobile phones, mice and keyboards). While some desktop computers
and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth adapter, others will require an external
one in the form of a dongle.

Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device,
Bluetooth allows multiple devices to communicate with a computer over a single adapter.

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Operating system support
For more details on this topic, see Bluetooth stack.

Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 which was released in 2002.

For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later releases have native
support for Bluetooth. Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own
drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft.Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles
(packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at
least Windows XP Service Pack 2.

Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and Affix. The BlueZ stack is included
with most Linux kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm. The Affix stack was
developed by Nokia. FreeBSD features Bluetooth support since its 5.0 release. NetBSD features
Bluetooth support since its 4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack has been ported to OpenBSD as well.

Mobile phone requirements

A mobile phone that is Bluetooth enabled is able to pair with many devices. To ensure
the broadest support of feature functionality together with legacy device support, the Open
Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) forum has recently published a recommendations paper,
entitled "Bluetooth Local Connectivity"; see external links below to download this paper.

This publication recommends two classes, Basic and Advanced, with requirements that
cover imaging, printing, stereo audio and in-car usage.

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Specifications and features

The Bluetooth specification was developed in 1994 by Jaap Haartsen and Sven
Mattisson, who were working for Ericsson Mobile Platforms in Lund, Sweden. The specification
is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology.

The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The
SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1998. Today it has a membership of over 11,000
companies worldwide. It was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, and Nokia, and later
joined by many other companies.

Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their
products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware
device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity
impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use
in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth 1.1

• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002.

• Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.
• Added support for non-encrypted channels.
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

Bluetooth 1.2

This version is backward compatible with 1.1 and the major enhancements include the following:

• Faster Connection and Discovery

• Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio
frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.
• Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, than in 1.1.
• Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by
allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to
provide better support for concurrent data transfer.
• Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for three-wire UART.
• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005.

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Bluetooth 2.0

This version of the Bluetooth specification was released on November 10, 2004. It is
backward compatible with the previous version 1.2. The main difference is the introduction of an
Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer. The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 megabits
per second, although the practical data transfer rate is 2.1 megabits per second. The additional
throughput is obtained by using a different radio technology for transmission of the data.
Standard, or Basic Rate, transmission uses Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
modulation of the radio signal with a gross air data rate of 1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of

GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and
8DPSK. These have gross air data rates of 2, and 3 Mbit/s respectively.

According to the 2.0 specification, EDR provides the following benefits:

• Three times faster transmission speed — up to 10 times (2.1 Mbit/s) in some cases.
• Reduced complexity of multiple simultaneous connections due to additional bandwidth.
• Lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) published the specification as "Bluetooth 2.0
+ EDR" which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, there are other minor
improvements to the 2.0 specification, and products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth 2.0"
without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device, the HTC TyTN Pocket
PC phone, states "Bluetooth 2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet.

Bluetooth 2.1

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 is fully backward compatible with 1.1, and was
adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on July 26, 2007. This specification includes the following
features:

• Extended inquiry response: provides more information during the inquiry procedure to
allow better filtering of devices before connection. This information includes the name of the
device, a list of services the device supports, plus other information like the time of day and
pairing information.
 (17)

• Sniff subrating: reduces the power consumption when devices are in the sniff low-power
mode, especially on links with asymmetric data flows. Human interface devices (HID) are
expected to benefit the most, with mouse and keyboard devices increasing their battery life
by a factor of 3 to 10. It lets devices decide how long they will wait before sending keepalive
messages to one another. Previous Bluetooth implementations featured keep alive message
frequencies of up to several times per second. In contrast, the 2.1 specification allows pairs of
devices to negotiate this value between them to as infrequently as once every 5 or 10
seconds.

• Encryption Pause Resume: enables an encryption key to be refreshed, enabling much

stronger encryption for connections that stay up for longer than 23.3 hours (one Bluetooth
day).

• Secure Simple Pairing: radically improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices,
while increasing the use and strength of security. It is expected that this feature will
significantly increase the use of Bluetooth.

• Near Field Communication (NFC) cooperation: automatic creation of secure Bluetooth

connections when NFC radio interface is also available. This functionality is part of the
Secure Simple Pairing where NFC is one way of exchanging pairing information. For
example, a headset should be paired with a Bluetooth 2.1 phone including NFC just by
bringing the two devices close to each other (a few centimeters). Another example is
automatic uploading of photos from a mobile phone or camera to a digital picture frame just
by bringing the phone or camera close to the frame.

Future

• Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information points. This will drive the adoption
of Bluetooth into mobile phones, and enable advertising models based around users
pulling information from the information points, and not based around the object push
model that is used in a limited way today.

• Topology Management: enables the automatic configuration of the piconet topologies

especially in scatternet situations that are becoming more common today. This should all
be invisible to the users of the technology, while also making the technology just work.

• Alternate MAC PHY: enables the use of alternative MAC and PHY's for transporting
Bluetooth profile data. The Bluetooth Radio will still be used for device discovery, initial
connection and profile configuration, however when lots of data needs to be sent, the
high speed alternate MAC PHY's will be used to transport the data. This means that the
proven low power connection models of Bluetooth are used when the system is idle, and
the low power per bit radios are used when lots of data needs to be sent.

• QoS improvements: enable audio and video data to be transmitted at a higher quality,
especially when best effort traffic is being transmitted in the same piconet.
 (18)

Bluetooth low energy

Main article: Bluetooth low energy

On June 12, 2007, Nokia and Bluetooth SIG announced that Wibree will be a part of the
Bluetooth specification, as an ultra-low power Bluetooth technology. Expected use cases include
watches displaying Caller ID information, sports sensors monitoring your heart rate during
exercise, and medical devices. The Medical Devices Working Group is also creating a medical
devices profile and associated protocols to enable this market. Bluetooth low energy technology
is designed for devices to have a battery life of up to one year.

Bluetooth high speed

On March 28, 2006, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group announced its selection of the
WiMedia Alliance Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM)
version of UWB for integration with current Bluetooth wireless technology.

UWB integration will create a version of Bluetooth wireless technology with a high-
speed/high-data-rate option. This new version of Bluetooth technology will meet the high-speed
demands of synchronizing and transferring large amounts of data, as well as enabling high-
quality video and audio applications for portable devices, multi-media projectors and television
sets, and wireless VOIP.

At the same time, Bluetooth technology will continue catering to the needs of very low
power applications such as mouse, keyboards, and mono headsets, enabling devices to select the
most appropriate physical radio for the application requirements, thereby offering the best of
both worlds.

Bluetooth SIG is also developing a method of radio substitution to use an alternate

MAC/PHY (such as IEEE 802.11) for application requiring more speed. It will allow Bluetooth
protocols, profiles, security and pairing to be used in consumer devices on top of the
already present 802.11 radio, when necessary.

On March 16, 2009, the WiMedia Alliance announced it is entering into technology
transfer agreements for the WiMedia Ultra-wideband (UWB) specifications. WiMedia will
transfer all current and future specifications, including work on future high speed and power
optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Wireless USB
Promoter Group and the USB Implementers Forum. After the successful completion of the
technology transfer, marketing and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance will cease
operations.
 (19)

Bluetooth 3.0 (Seattle)

The next version of Bluetooth after v2.1, code-named Seattle (the version number of
which is TBD, but is expected to be 3.0) has many of the same features, but is most notable for
plans to adopt ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology. This will allow Bluetooth use over
UWB radio, enabling very fast data transfers of up to 480 Mbit/s, while building on the very
low-power idle modes of Bluetooth.

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 In March 2006, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) announced that it was
planning to partner with WiMedia Alliance (an industry group composed of such computer
giants as Intel, Hewlet-Packard and Microsoft) to bring consumers the best of both worlds with
the creation of a new High Speed Bluetooth. Bluetooth is currently used to facilitate slow-
speed, short-range applications such as wireless headsets and keyboards. Yet, while its high
portability, low power requirements and unique hit-and-run frequency hopping has maintained a
lot of interest among critics and consumers, for those who live in the fast lane Bluetooth has been
lagging. Until now.

UWB, short for Ultra-Wideband technology, is the new kid on the block. Much simpler
to build and maintain than Wi-Fi, UWB can also support more users at a higher speed, and with
Bluetooth it will use only one ten-thousandth of the power that a normal cell phone requires.
However, perhaps the most promising trait of UWB technology is that it prefers not to follow the
crowd. This kid doesn’t carry a continuous signal, preferring instead to put out bursts of energy
over a wide area, rather like Bluetooth’s own mode of operation. UWB operates in the same
frequency as TV monitors, electric razors and fans, and can work in the currently unlicensed
radio spectrum that lies above 6 GHz. Little interference (and competition!) means less
troubleshooting for the techno-savvy-but-far-from-perfect public.

For those whose interests extend only to how fast this new friend can take them where
they want to go, UWB will work along with BlueCore4, the Enhanced Data Rate (or EDR)
standard that was ratified by the Bluetooth SIG at the end of 2004. Bluetooth EDR offers speeds
of up to 2.1Mbps, a good three times that of original Bluetooth capabilities. This partnership,
which will essentially lead to the creation of High Speed Bluetooth, translates to about an 8
second/MB faster data transfer speed. As a result, download speeds for iPods, digital cameras,
PCs, etc. will be dramatically improved.

Imagine being able to download an entire album of MP3 songs or hundreds of camera
phone images in under a second! How about streaming HD video from a camcorder or advanced
mobile phone to a TV. Furthermore, think about the possibility of connecting that same mobile
phone to friends' phones in order to play multi-player games. With High Speed Bluetooth, these
amazing concepts will eventually become a reality!

Motorola's vision of High Speed Bluetooth, takes these concepts even further. They
present a scenario where movies can be downloaded from High Speed Bluetooth enabled kiosks
located in malls or airports. Under this concept, you could quickly download movies to a mobile
phone, PDA, laptop or any other type of compatible device. Motorola goes on to paint a picture
of how you could walk up to a kiosk right before boarding a plane and wirelessly download a
movie. Then, once onboard, you could watch the movie directly from the device you
downloaded it to, or you could stream it to another device with a larger display (for example, a
mobile phone streaming to a laptop).

The functional process of High Speed Bluetooth (or the Bluetooth/UWB partnership) has
been likened to a hybrid car. Bluetooth capabilities remain a constant hum, where the UWB,
which requires more power, kicks on only when called upon to speed transfer rates or to
download large amounts of information or data. Whatever the method, Bluetooth and UWB will
both benefit by coming together; their complementary specifications—UWB’s high power
consumption versus low-cost and low-power needs for Bluetooth, and high speed capabilities for
UWB/low speed for Bluetooth—are sure to appeal to a technologically hungry consumer base.
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 Chapter 05
Technical Information About Bluetooth
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bluetooth protocol stack

Main articles: Bluetooth stack and Bluetooth protocols

“Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable

replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols”.

Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are: LMP, L2CAP and SDP

Additionally, these protocols are almost universally supported: HCI and RFCOMM

LMP (Link Management Protocol)

Used for control of the radio link between two devices. Implemented on the controller.

L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)

Used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different
higher level protocols. Provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets. In basic mode,
L2CAP provides reliable sequenced packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, with 672
bytes as the minimum mandatory supported size. In retransmission & flow control modes,
L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channel by configuring the
number of retransmissions and flush timeout.

The EL2CAP specification adds an additional "enhanced mode" to the core specification,
which is an improved version of retransmission & flow control modes.

SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)

Used to allow devices to discover what services each other support, and what parameters
to use to connect to them. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset,
SDP will be used to determine which Bluetooth profiles are supported by the headset (Headset
Profile, Hands Free Profile, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile etc) and the protocol
multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is identified by a
Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), with official services (Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short
form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128)

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HCI (Host/Controller Interface)

Standardised communication between the host stack (e.g. a PC or mobile phone OS) and
the controller (the Bluetooth I.C.) This standard allows the host stack or controller I.C. to be
swapped with minimal adaptation.

There are several HCI transport layer standards, each using a different hardware interface
to transfer the same command, event and data packets. The most commonly used are USB (in
PCs) and UART (in mobile phones and PDAs).

In Bluetooth devices with simple functionality, e.g. headsets, the host stack and controller
can be implemented on the same microprocessor. In this case the HCI is optional, although often
implemented as an internal software interface.

RFCOMM (Cable replacement protocol)

Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is the cable replacement protocol used to

create a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates
EIA-232 (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer.

RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used
directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a
transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.

Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support and
publicly available API on most operating systems. Additionally, applications that used a serial
port to communicate can be quickly ported to use RFCOMM.

BNEP (Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol)

BNEP is used to transfer another protocol stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main
purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP
performs a similar function to SNAP in Wireless LAN.

AVCTP (Audio/Visual Control Transport Protocol)

Used by the remote control profile to transfer AV/C commands over an L2CAP channel.
The music control buttons on a stereo headset use this protocol to control the music player.

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AVDTP (Audio/Visual Data Transport Protocol)

Used by the advanced audio distribution profile to stream music to stereo headsets over
an L2CAP channel. Intended to be used by video distribution profile.

Telephone control protocol

Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the
call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices.
Additionally, “TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of
Bluetooth TCS devices”

TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract
implementers. As such it is only of historical interest.

Adopted protocols

Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated

into Bluetooth’s protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The
adopted protocols include:

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) – Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams

over a point-to-point link

TCP/IP/UDP – Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite

Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX) – Session-layer protocol for the exchange of

objects, providing a model for object and operation representation

Wireless Application Environment / Wireless Application Protocol (WAE/WAP) –

WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to
provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.

Communication and connection

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with up to seven devices in a Wireless User
Group. This network group of up to eight devices is called a piconet.

A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network, using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow

one master device to interconnect with up to seven active devices. Up to 255 further devices can
be inactive, or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any time.

(24)
 At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device,
however, the devices can switch roles and the slave can become the master at any time. The
master switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. (Simultaneous
transmission from the master to multiple other devices is possible, but not used much.)

The Bluetooth specification allows connecting two or more piconets together to form a
scatternet, with some devices acting as a bridge by simultaneously playing the master role in one
piconet and the slave role in another.

Many USB Bluetooth adapters are available, some of which also include an IrDA
adapter. Older (pre-2003) Bluetooth adapters, however, have limited services, offering only the
Bluetooth Enumerator and a less-powerful Bluetooth Radio incarnation. Such devices can link
computers with Bluetooth, but they do not offer much in the way of services that modern
adapters do.

Baseband Error Correction

Three types of error correction are implemented in Bluetooth systems,

• 1/3 rate (Forward Error Correction) (FEC)

• 2/3 rate FEC
• Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

Setting up connections

Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following information on demand:

• Device name.
• Device class.
• List of services.
• Technical information, for example, device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification
used, clock offset.

Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device
can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows
the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the
information shown in the list above if requested. Use of a device's services may require pairing
or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until
it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting
to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they
disconnect from the other device.

Every device has a unique 48-bit address. However these addresses are generally not
shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user.
This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices.

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 Most phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer and model of the phone by
default. Most phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are
required to get additional information about remote devices. This can be confusing as, for
example, there could be several phones in range named T610 (see Bluejacking).

Pairing

Pairs of devices may establish a trusted relationship by learning (by user input) a shared
secret known as a passkey. A device that wants to communicate only with a trusted device can
cryptographically authenticate the identity of the other device. Trusted devices may also encrypt
the data that they exchange over the airwaves so that no one can listen in. The encryption can,
however, be turned off, and passkeys are stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth
chip itself. Since the Bluetooth address is permanent, a pairing is preserved, even if the Bluetooth
name is changed. Pairs can be deleted at any time by either device. Devices generally require
pairing or prompt the owner before they allow a remote device to use any or most of their
services. Some devices, such as mobile phones, usually accept OBEX electronic business cards
and notes without any pairing or prompts.

Certain printers and access points allow any device to use their services by default, much
like unsecured Wi-Fi networks. Pairing algorithms are sometimes manufacturer-specific for
transmitters and receivers used in applications such as music and entertainment.

Bluetooth 2.1 has an optional "touch-to-pair" feature based on Near Field

Communication (NFC). By simply bringing two devices into very close range (around
10 cm/4 in), pairing can securely take place without entering a passkey or manual configuration.

Air interface

The protocol operates in the license-free ISM band at 2.4-2.4835 GHz. To avoid
interfering with other protocols that use the 2.45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the
band into 79 channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second.
Implementations with versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1 kbit/s. Version 2.0
implementations feature Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) and reach 2.1 Mbit/s.
Technically, version 2.0 devices have a higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate
reduces the transmission times, effectively reducing power consumption to half that of 1.x
devices (assuming equal traffic load).

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 Security

Overview

Bluetooth implements confidentiality, authentication and key derivation with custom

algorithms based on the SAFER+ block cipher. In Bluetooth, key generation is generally based
on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified
if one of the devices has a fixed PIN, e.g. for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user
interface. During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22
algorithm.The E0 stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality and is
based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key.
Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the
Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices.

An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits has been published by Andreas Becker.

In September 2008, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published
a Guide to Bluetooth Security that will serve as reference to organization on the security
capabilities of Bluetooth and steps for securing Bluetooth technologies effectively. While
Bluetooth has its benefits, it is susceptible to denial of service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-
the-middle attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. Users/organizations
must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of
Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks, included in the NIST document are security checklists
with guidelines and recommendations for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth piconets,
headsets, and smart card readers.

Bluejacking

Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an

unsuspecting user through Bluetooth wireless technology. Common applications are short
messages (e.g. "You’ve just been bluejacked!"), advertisements (e.g. "Eat at Joe’s"), and
business information. Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from
the device.

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 History of security concerns

2001

In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from Bell Laboratories discovered flaws in the pairing
protocol of Bluetooth, and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme.

2003

In November 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious
flaws in Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data. It should be noted, however,
that the reported security problems concerned some poor implementations of Bluetooth, rather
than the protocol itself.

In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-
trial at the CeBIT fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world. A new attack
called BlueBug was used for this experiment.This is one of a number of concerns that have been
raised over the security of Bluetooth communications.

2004

In 2004 the first purported virus using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones
appeared on the Symbian OS. The virus was first described by Kaspersky Lab and requires users
to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. The virus was written as
a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as "29A" and sent to anti-virus groups.
Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth or Symbian
OS since the virus has never spread in the wild.

In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also Bluetooth sniping) showed

that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to 1.78 km (1.08 mile) with
directional antennas and signal amplifiers. This poses a potential security threat because it
enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth-devices from a distance beyond expectation.
The attacker must also be able to receive information from the victim to set up a connection. No
attack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the attacker knows its Bluetooth address
and which channels to transmit on.

2005

In January 2005, a mobile malware worm known as Lasco.A began targeting mobile
phones using Symbian OS (Series 60 platform) using Bluetooth-enabled devices to replicate
itself and spread to other devices. The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user
approves the transfer of the file (velasco.sis ) from another device. Once installed, the worm
begins looking for other Bluetooth-enabled devices to infect. Additionally, the worm infects
other .SIS files on the device, allowing replication to another device through use of removable
media (Secure Digital, Compact Flash, etc.). The worm can render the mobile device unstable.

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 In April 2005, Cambridge University security researchers published results of their actual
implementation of passive attacks against the PIN-based pairing between commercial Bluetooth
devices, confirming the attacks to be practicably fast and the Bluetooth symmetric key
establishment method to be vulnerable. To rectify this vulnerability, they carried out an
implementation which showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for certain
classes of devices, such as mobile phones.

In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked and Avishai Wool published a paper describing both passive
and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive attack allows a
suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on communications and spoof, if the attacker was
present at the time of initial pairing. The active method makes use of a specially constructed
message that must be inserted at a specific point in the protocol, to make the master and slave
repeat the pairing process. After that, the first method can be used to crack the PIN. This attack's
major weakness is that it requires the user of the devices under attack to re-enter the PIN during
the attack when the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probably requires custom
hardware, since most commercially available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing
necessary.

In August 2005, police in Cambridgeshire, England, issued warnings about thieves using
Bluetooth-enabled phones to track other devices left in cars. Police are advising users to ensure
that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in
this way.

2006

In April 2006, researchers from Secure Network and F-Secure published a report that
warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of
various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm.

2007

In October 2007, at the Luxemburgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and
Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9
and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based
on the research of Wool and Shaked.

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 Health concerns

Main article: Wireless electronic devices and health

Bluetooth uses the microwave radio frequency spectrum in the 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz
range. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100 mW, 2.5 mW, and 1 mW for Class
1, Class 2, and Class 3 devices respectively, which puts Class 1 at roughly the same level as
mobile phones, and the other two classes much lower. Accordingly, Class 2 and Class 3
Bluetooth devices are considered less of a potential hazard than mobile phones, and Class 1 may
be comparable to that of mobile phones.
 (30)
Chapter 06
Bluetooth Versions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bluetooth Core Specification Versions

• Bluetooth Specification Version 1.1 and Earlier

Several Bluetooth specification versions have been released since Bluetooth

technology was introduced in 1998.

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had too many problems and restraints for manufacturers to
successfully develop Bluetooth devices. The main issue was the lack of interoperability
among devices.

The Bluetooth Core Specification version 1.1 is the first truly successful operating
version of Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth 1.1 corrected many of the problems found in the
earlier versions. As a result: Devices using Bluetooth 1.1 have much greater interoperability.

• Bluetooth Version 1.2

Many new Bluetooth devices, like the latest cell phones, are being sold with the newer
Bluetooth specification version 1.2. So, what new features/benefits does Bluetooth 1.2 offer?

* Backward compatible with Bluetooth 1.1

* Adaptive Frequency Hopping - helps reduce radio interference by eliminating the use of
crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence
* Faster transmission speeds (1 Mbps)
* Extended Synchronous Connections Oriented links - improves voice quality of audio
connections by enabling retransmissions of corrupted data.
* Received Signal Strength Indicator
* Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART
* HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth applications

• Bluetooth Version 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)

There may be multiple communication technologies, but they all share one thing in

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 Chapter 07
How Bluetooth Works
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Connecting Devices

In order to understand how Bluetooth technology works, we must first take a look at how
electronic devices (Bluetooth or not) connect and communicate with one another.

There are several questions that need to be addressed before any two devices can
communicate with one another.

The devices communicate via wires or through the air:-

Obviously, if the devices are using Bluetooth technology, they will communicate without
wires. However, if the devices are not Bluetooth enabled, then they have the option of
communicating either with or without wires. Devices can take advantage of several wireless
technologies (Bluetooth included) by using various transmitters to send information over the
airwaves.

Messages or information be sent between the two devices:-

Information can be sent one bit at a time in a scheme called serial communications, or in
groups of bits (usually 8 or 16 at a time) in a scheme called parallel communications.

Devices in this “electronic conversation” know what the information (bits or groups of bits)
means. They know if they received the same message that was sent:-

Most of the time these questions are answered by the creation of what is known as a
protocol. A protocol is a standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and
data transfer between two electrical devices. Basically, a protocol is the "language" of devices.

With so many different types of electronics available, it is probably no surprise that there are
tons of established protocols. However, almost all protocols address one or more of the
following:

* Detecting the presence of other devices

* Establishing communications guidelines between two devices (AKA: Handshaking)
* Determining the various connection characteristics
* How to format a message
* How to start and end a message
* What to do with corrupted or incorrectly formatted messages
* How to recognize unexpected connection loss, and what to do next
* Ending the connection or “conversation”

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 Some types of products have a standard protocol used by almost all companies. As a
result, the commands for one product will have the same effect on another. However, there are
other devices that use their own specific protocol, which means that commands intended for one
specific device will seem foreign if received by another.

The goal of Bluetooth is to establish a worldwide, universal "language" for devices.

Bluetooth uses a standardized wireless protocol for devices to communicate. It forces devices to
agree on when bits are sent, how many will be sent at a time, and how the devices in a
conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message sent. So, you can
be positive that any two devices using compatible Bluetooth will definitely be able to
communicate with one another.

• Bluetooth: Low Power and Low Cost!

Bluetooth wireless technology operates on an open frequency within the 2.4 gigahertz
band, which is the same as WiFi, cordless phones and various other wireless devices.
Bluetooth is able to share the same frequency band without experiencing any interference
because it utilizes various key technologies.
One of the ways Bluetooth avoids interference is through the use of low
power signals (around one milliwatt). Devices using the Bluetooth Core Specification Version
1.1 or later (To learn about the different Bluetooth versions, click: Bluetooth Core Specification
Versions) are able to avoid interference with other wireless devices because their signal is so
weak.

Take into consideration that powerful cell phones use a signal of around three watts.
Even though the signal is weaker, Bluetooth still offers a range of up to 30 feet (Newer versions
can have a range over 100 feet).

The signal is also capable of passing through the walls in your home, making it useful for
controlling several devices in different rooms. Data can be transferred at a rate of up to one
Megabyte per second (Mbps).

Also, because Bluetooth transmitters require minimal amounts of power, they are
relatively inexpensive to manufacture. Simply put, Bluetooth uses low-power radio waves to
reliably communicate in an inexpensive way.

• “Hopping” = No Interference

Another way Bluetooth devices are able to avoid interference is through a technique
known as spread-spectrum frequency hopping. By using the “hopping” method, a device will use
one of 79 different, randomly chosen frequencies within an assigned range, and will frequently
change frequencies from one to another.

Bluetooth enabled devices, which all use the “hopping” method, change frequencies
1,600 times per second. As a result, more devices can use a portion of the radio spectrum.
 The risk of a device like a cell phone or baby monitor interfering with Bluetooth devices
is minimized, since any interference on a specific frequency will last for only a fraction of a
second.

Bluetooth version 2.0 + EDR, the very latest of the Bluetooth specification versions, uses
an enhanced technology called: Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH).

AFH allows Bluetooth devices to measure the quality of the wireless signal and then
determine if there are bad channels present on specific frequencies due to interference from other
wireless devices.

If bad channels are present on a specific frequency, the Bluetooth device will adjust its
hopping sequence to avoid them. As a result, the Bluetooth connection is stronger, faster, and
more reliable.

• Bluetooth Profiles: How Bluetooth is Used

Bluetooth enabled devices must use and understand certain Bluetooth "profiles" in order
to use Bluetooth technology to connect to one another. These profiles define the possible
applications that a Bluetooth enabled device can support.

In order for one Bluetooth device to connect to another, both devices must share at least
one of the same Bluetooth profiles.

• Personal-Area Network (PAN) or Piconet

When two or more Bluetooth devices, sharing the same profile(s), come in range of one
another, they establish a connection automatically. So, the user doesn’t have to press any buttons
or set anything up. Once the Bluetooth devices are all connected, a network is created.

Bluetooth devices create a Personal-area Network (PAN), or commonly

called a piconet (It is important that you know and remember what a piconet is, because
we refer to it a lot throughout the rest of this site).

Bluetooth piconets are designed to link up to eight different devices. A piconet can be as
small as a two foot connection between a keyboard and computer, or it can encompass
several devices over an entire room.

Furthermore, it is possible for multiple, distinct piconets to be operating in the same room
at any given moment. Devices that are apart of a specific piconet, based on their profiles, use
“Hopping” simultaneously so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that
may be operating in the same room.

In order to regulate communications one of the participating devices is assigned the role
of "master" of the piconet, while all other units become "slaves" (Talk about a harsh
name). Masters have the duty of directing and controlling communications, even between two
slave devices.

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 Under the current Bluetooth specification, up to seven slaves and one master can actively
communicate. Furthermore, in order to extend these networks, several piconets can be joined
together in what is known as a scatternet.

In theory, anyone with a compatible Bluetooth device is supposed to have the ability to
hook up anywhere within that network and connect to another Bluetooth device.

o Extended Synchronous Connection Oriented Links

It is a long term, but here is what it means:

With the introduction of Bluetooth version 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate), the latest of
the Bluetooth Core Specification Versions, the ability to form larger more diverse piconets is
greatly improved.

One factor that contributes to more improved piconets is the addition of the extended
Synchronous Connection Oriented (eSCO) link type. The eSCO link type allows Bluetooth
devices to monitor and retransmit voice packets to improve the quality of the link. This is an
especially important advancement to wireless devices that transmit audio data, like stereo
headphones and headsets.
 (35)

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Main Reasons to Use a Bluetooth Device:

1. Bluetooth Devices are Wireless.

If you navigate through the rest of our site you will learn that
there are tons of advantages/benefits when using wireless devices. In addition to
improving safety as a result of eliminating the clutter of wires and associated
hazardous connections, wireless technology also offers many convenient
advantages. For example, when you are traveling with your laptop, PDA, MP3
player and other devices, you no longer have to worry about bringing along all of
your connecting cables.

For a more detailed list of the advantages associated with wireless

connectivity, click on: Wireless Advantages

2. Bluetooth Technology is Inexpensive.

Bluetooth technology is cheap for companies to implement, which results in

lower over-all manufacturing Costs. These savings are then passed on to you, the
consumer. The end result: Bluetooth devices are relatively inexpensive.

3. Bluetooth is Automatic.

Bluetooth doesn't require you to think about setting up a connection or to

push any buttons. When two or more Bluetooth devices enter a range (Up to 30
feet) of one another, they automatically begin to communicate without you having
to do anything. Once the communicating begins, Bluetooth devices will setup
Personal Area Networks or Piconets. The best part is: The devices take care of
the entire setup process, and you can go about your business.

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4. Standardized Protocol = Interoperability

Since Bluetooth is a standardized wireless specification, a high level of

compatibility among devices is guaranteed. The Bluetooth specification uses and
defines various profiles. Every Bluetooth profile is specific to a particular function.
For instance, when a Bluetooth enabled cell phone and a Bluetooth headset (Both
with the same profile) are communicating with one another, both will understand
each other without the user having to do anything, even if the devices are of
different models/makes.

5. Low Interference (If Any)

Bluetooth devices avoid interference with other wireless devices by:

a) Using a technique known as spread-spectrum frequency hopping, and

b) Using low power wireless signals.

6. Low Energy Consumption

As stated above, Bluetooth uses low power signals. As a result, the

technology requires little energy and will therefore use less battery or electrical
power. Obviously, this is a great benefit for mobile devices because Bluetooth
won't drain the life of your device's battery.

7. Share Voice and Data

The Bluetooth standard allows compatible devices to share both voice and
data communications. For example, it is probably no surprise that a Bluetooth
enabled cell phone is capable of sharing voice communications with a compatible
Bluetooth headset, however, the same cell phone may also be capable of
establishing a GPRS connection to the Internet. Then, using Bluetooth, the phone
can connect to a laptop. The result: The laptop is capable of surfing the web or
sending and receiving email.

8. Instant Personal Area Network (PAN)

Up to seven compatible Bluetooth devices can connect to one another within

a proximity of up to 30 feet, forming a PAN or piconet. Multiple piconets can be
automatically setup for a single room.

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9. Upgradeable

The Bluetooth standard is upgradeable. A development group at the

Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) has been given the task of working on the
new Bluetooth version 2, which offers several new advantages and is backward
compatible with the older versions.

10. The Technology is Here to Stay

Bluetooth is a universal, world-wide, wireless standard. Therefore, you can

count on it being around for years to come. As more devices begin to use
Bluetooth technology, electronics manufacturers will be increasingly eager to
make their products compatible, using Bluetooth. A chain reaction is inevitable, in
fact, it has already begun.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am glad to express my sentiments of gratitude to all who rendered their

valuable help for the successful completion of the seminar.
I am thankful to my guide “ Mrs. Mita ”, for his guidance and encouragement in

completing this seminar.

I am also thankful to the H.O.D. “Mr.”, for his guidance.

I also convey my sincere thanks to my family for their encouragement and
enthusiastic effort in keeping me on track.
And finally, I thankful to the “MIGHTY GOD”, who gives me courage,
confidence to face to not only this seminar but also to every bad and difficult
situation.

Mr. RUPESH R. PADALKAR

B.E.(Computer)

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 REFERENCES

1. ^ Monson, Heidi (1999-12-14). "Bluetooth Technology and Implications". SysOpt.com.

http://www.sysopt.com/features/network/article.php/3532506.

2. ^ "About the Bluetooth SIG". Bluetooth SIG. http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/SIG/.

3. ^ Kardach, Jim (2008-05-03). "How Bluetooth got its name".

http://www.eetimes.eu/scandinavia/206902019?cid=RSSfeed_eetimesEU_scandinavia..

4. ^ a b Newton, Harold. (2007). Newton’s telecom dictionary. New York: Flatiron

Publishing.

5. ^ "How Bluetooth Technology Works". Bluetooth SIG.

http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/Works/.

6. ^ "Wii Controller". Bluetooth SIG.

http://bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Products/Products/Product_Details.htm?ProductID=2951.

7. ^ Apple (2002-07-17). Apple Introduces "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac OS X.
Press release. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/17jaguar.html. ^ "Network
Protection Technologie". Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service
Pack 2. Microsoft Technet.
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/maintain/sp2netwk.mspx.

8. ^ BlueZ - Official Linux Bluetooth protocol stack.

9. ^ "The Bluetooth Blues". Information Age. 2001-05-24. http://www.information-

age.com/article/2001/may/the_bluetooth_blues.

10.^ "The Bluetooth Blues". Information Age. 2001-05-24.

http://www.information-age.com/article/2001/may/the_bluetooth_blues.

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