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Chapter 2 – Cell structure and cell organization

2.1 Cell Structure and Function

The cell is the basic unit of all organisms. It is made up of a

cell membrane

that encloses the

cytoplasm

Contained within the cytoplasm are not only the

nucleus

but also

organelles

, whose specificfunctions help the cell perform a range of activities.

While plant and animal cells are similar, the plant cell has, in addition to the cell membrane,another boundary that separates it from its external environment. This is called the

cell wall

As most plant cells carry out photosynthesis - the synthesis of organic substances - theycontain

chloroplasts

In plant cells,

vacuoles

also tend to be larger in size and smaller in number than those found inanimal cells.

Onion Skin Cell

Notes: when you draw the onion epidermal cells, remember to draw double line layer to show the cellwall. When you label the cell membrane, you should point to inner line which is next to thecytoplasm. The vacuole is not clearly seen in the above picture. The onion epidermal cells arenormally stained with iodine. The iodine turns the starch into blue black colour.

Cheek Squamous Epithelial Cells

Cellular components of animal and plant cells

(you may also refer to thephotocopied pocket note No.1)CellularcomponentStructure / characteristicsFunctionCellmembrane-Made of proteins andphospholipids-Semi-permeable-Encloses cell contents-Separates content of cell fromoutside environment1Magnified view (400x). Thecells are stained withmethylene blue. Thenucleus and cellmembrane are clearlyvisible. These cells hasirregular shape, unlike therectangular onion cells.Chromatin thatare condensedand appearingaschromosomeswhich aregetting ready The double lineshows thestructure of cell The inner linenext tocytoplasm The little roundstructure showsthe nucleus.

Chapter 2 – Cell structure and cell organization-Regulates movements of substances into and out of cytoplasmCell wall -Composed of cellulose-Has tiny pores that arepermeable to all fluids-Provides shape and mechanicalsupport to plant cells-Protects plant cells from rupturing(bursting) due to excess waterintakeCytoplasm -Jelly-like matrix-Contains organic andinorganic substances-Place where organelles of cell aresuspended-Medium for biochemical reactionsNucleus -Spherical-Contains chromatins thatcarries genetic information-Controls all activities in cellVacuole -Fluid-filled sac surroundedby tonoplast-Contains cell sap-Act as storage place in cell-In microorganisms havecontractile vacuoles (regulatewater balance) & food vacuoles(food storage)-Supports herbaceous plantsMitochondria -Spherical / cylindrical-shaped-Site for cellular respiration-Generates energy in form of ATPRibosomes -Spherical organelles on RERsurface-Consists of 2 sub-units-Comprises a type of RNA &protein-Synthesis proteinsRoughendoplasmicreticulum-A network of foldedmembrane-Has ribosomes on surface-Transport proteins made byribosomes via transport vesiclesto Golgi apparatus / other parts incellSmoothendoplasmicreticulum-A network of foldedmembrane forminginterconnectedtubules/sacs-Does not has ribosomes onsurface-Site for metabolic reactions(synthesis of lipids, detoxificationsof drugs or poisons)Golgiapparatus-A stack of flattenmembranous sacs-Process / modify, packaging andtransporting proteins from RER viasecretory vesicleLysosomes -Membrane-bound sacs-Contains hydrolyticenzymes-Digest/break down complexorganic molecules (proteins,lipids, polysaccharides, nucleicacid)-Digest bacteriaCentrioles -Small cylindrical structures-Composed of complexarrangement of microtubules-Form spindle fibres during celldivision in animal cellsChloroplasts -Lens-shape-Contains chlorophyll-Chlorophyll traps sunlight, convertlight energy to chemical energyduring photosynthesis

2.2 Cell Organisation

Chapter 2 – Cell structure and cell organization

Living processes in unicellular organisms (

Amoeba sp

Living processExplanationsMovement/locomotionMoves by extending pseudopodiaResponse tostimuliChange shapes when meets obstaclesRetreat when meets acidic condition / bright lightFeeding Holozoic organism: feeds on microorganisms such as bacteriaBy phagocytosis: extends pseudopodia to engulf food particles.Food particles enclosed in food vacuole. Food vacuole fuses withlysosome. Food is digested by hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) andnutrients absorbed into cytoplasm.Exchange of gases,nutrients andwaste substancesBy diffusion: amoeba lives in freshwater. Water diffuses into cell byosmosis, filling the contractile vacuole. Contractile vacuole isimportant for osmoregulation. It contracts to expel contents fromtime to time when the vacuole is filled to maximum size.Reproduction By binary fission when environment is favourable.By forming spores when environment is not conducive/notfavourable for reproduction.

Cell specialisation in multicellular organismsCell Organisation in Animals

1.Tissues – made up of a group of similar cells that carry out a specific function.2.Four main types of tissues:a)EpithelialtissuesConsist of one or more layersof cells.Can be found as a continuouslayer over body surfaces(skin) or inner linings of cavities (digestive tracts,lungs, blood capillaries)-Protective barrier againstinfections, mechanicalinjuries, dehydration-Form mucus-secreting gobletcells which secretes mucusinto digestive tract.-Form elongated cells withcilia (in trachea)-Act to absorb food and waterby diffusionb)MuscletissuesMost abundant tissue in thebody.Made up of muscle fibres.Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles are involuntary(i.e. for peristalsis). Smooth3A2 cells4 cells8 cellsA ball of cellsWhite blood Nerve cellsRed blood cellsCell specialisation /Zygote is the result of fertilization between amale gamete & a female gamete. The zygotestarts to divide into 2 identical cells, then 4, 8,16 … until it forms an embryo which laterundergoes cell specialisation to form differenttype of cells. These different type of cells carryout specific functions.Specialisation enable the cells in multicellularorganisms to perform more efficiently.