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Solution
Assignment No: 6
Q 1. Show that the line integral ∫ ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy is independent
C
of path.
Then find its value if C is the curve joining the points ( −1, 2) to (3, 1) .
Solution:
THEOREM:
If P(x, y) and Q(x, y) have continuous first partial derivatives on a simply
connected region D, then the line integral
ts
en
∫ P( x, y) dx + Q( x, y) dy
ud
C
St
is independent of path in D if and only if
el m
∂P ∂Q VU
H .co
Use this theorem to show that the given line integral is independent of path.
eb nn
∫(y + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy
2
st //vu
C
Be tp:
Here
ht
P( x, y ) = y 2 + 2 xy
Q ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy
∂P
= 2 y + 2x
∂y
∂Q
= 2x + 2 y
∂x
∂P ∂Q
Since = , that is, integrand is exact differential, so given line integral is
∂y ∂x
independent of path.
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Now, let dz = ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy
Find z from the exact differential dz (As we did in last assignment also).
P( x, y ) = y 2 + 2 xy
and
Q( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy
z = ∫ P dx = ∫ (y 2
+ 2 xy ) dx
= xy 2 + x 2 y + f ( y ) − − − − − − − (1)
z = ∫ Q dy = ∫ (x 2
+ 2 xy ) dy
ts
en
= x 2 y + xy 2 + f ( x) − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
ud
St
el m
As there is no dissimilar term at the right side of equations (1) and (2) so
VU
H .co
f ( y) = 0
p
To ing
and
f ( x) = 0
te .n
si at
Thus
eb nn
z = xy 2 + x 2 y
W ja
So for dz = ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy , we have z = xy 2 + x 2 y
st //vu
Or
Be tp:
d ( xy 2 + x 2 y ) = ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy
ht
∫(y + 2 xy ) dx + ( x + 2 xy ) dy = ∫ d ( xy 2 + x 2 y )
2 2
C ( −1, 2)
(3, 1)
= xy 2 + x 2 y
( −1, 2)
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xy
Q 2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the integral ∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy
Ñ
C
We get
P = ln(1 + y )
ts
en
xy
Q=−
1+ y
ud
St
∂P 1
el m
=
∂y 1 + y VU
H .co
∂Q − y
=
p
To ing
∂x 1 + y
te .n
By Green’s Theorem
si at
eb nn
⎛ ∂P ∂Q ⎞
∫ P dx + Q dy = −∫ ∫
Ñ ⎜ − ⎟ dy dx
W ja
C R ⎝ ∂y ∂x ⎠
st //vu
⎛ ∂Q ∂P ⎞
= ∫∫ ⎜ − ⎟ dy dx
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
Be tp:
R
ht
So
xy ⎛ −y 1 ⎞
∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy = ∫ ∫
Ñ
C R
⎜ − ⎟ dy dx
⎝ 1+ y 1+ y ⎠
⎛ − y −1 ⎞
= ∫∫ ⎜ ⎟ dy dx
R ⎝ 1+ y ⎠
⎛ −( y + 1) ⎞
= ∫∫ ⎜ ⎟ dy dx
R ⎝ 1+ y ⎠
= ∫∫ ( −1) dy dx
R
Now there are three ways to proceed further. Each will give the same answer.
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First method:
For the limits of region R, we use the previously
discussed concept “Double integration over a non-
rectangular region”.
First draw the figure of R, using given vertices.
Then
y2 − y1 4 − 0
Slope = m = = = −2
x2 − x1 0 − 2
ts
en
Use Point-Slope form of the line, to find equation
ud
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
St
el m
VU
H .co
y − 0 = −2( x − 2)
p
To ing
y = −2 x + 4
te .n
y varies from 0 to −2 x + 4
Be tp:
ht
−2 x + 4
xy ⎛ −y 1 ⎞
2
∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy = ∫R ∫ ⎜⎝ 1 + y − 1 + y ⎟⎠ dy dx = ∫0
Ñ
C
∫ ( −1) dy dx
0
2
−2 x + 4
= ∫ −y 0 dx
0
2
=∫ ( 2 x − 4 ) dx
0
2
= x2 − 4 x
0
= 4−8 = − 4
II) For integration with respect to x first and then y, proceed as follows:
From the figure we can easily say that
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y
2−
xy ⎛ −y 1 ⎞
4 2
∫
Ñ
C
ln(1 + y ) dx −
1+ y
dy = ∫R ∫ ⎜⎝ 1 + y 1 + y ⎟⎠
− dy dx = ∫0 ∫ ( −1) dx dy
0
4 y
2−
= ∫ −x 0 2 dy
0
⎛ y⎞
4
= ∫ ⎜ −2 + ⎟ dy
0 ⎝
2⎠
4
ts
y2
= −2 y +
en
4 0
ud
= −8 + 4 = −4
St
el m
Second Method:
VU
H .co
triangle and
te .n
si at
( Base)(Vertical height )
Area of a triangle =
eb nn
2
W ja
Vertical Height = 4
Be tp:
So
ht
(2)(4)
Area of a triangle = =4
2
Thus
xy
∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy = (−1)∫ ∫
Ñ dy dx = (−1) ( Area of triangle ) = −4
C R
→ ^ ^
Q 3. Let F = 3xz i + 2 y j and the surface S
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→ ^ ^
(as shown in the figure). Find ∫S
F g n dS if n is a unit upper normal to S.
Solution:
First, I would like to share with you that given surface can also be stated as:
“Surface S is defined by x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 which is bounded by z = 0”
ts
Here S : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 = 0
en
ud
The normal vector, often simply called the "normal" to a surface is a vector
St
perpendicular to it.
el m
VU
H .co
p
To ing
te .n
si at
eb nn
→
^ ∇S →
n= where ∇S denotes the gradient calculated by following formula.
Be tp:
→
∇S
ht
→ ∂S ^ ∂S ^ ∂S ^
∇S = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
^
Find value of n .
→ ∂ ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4) ^ ∂ ( x2 + y2 + z 2 − 4) ^ ∂ ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4) ^
∇S = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
^ ^ ^
= 2x i + 2 y j+ 2z k
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→
∇S = (2 x) 2 + (2 y ) 2 + (2 z ) 2
= 4( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
As x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4. So
→
∇S = 16 = 4
→ ^ ^ ^
^ ∇S 2x i + 2 y j+ 2z k x ^ y ^ z ^
n= →
= = i + j+ k
4 2 2 2
∇S
ts
en
As it is given that
ud
→ ^ ^
St
F = 3xz i + 2 y j
el m
VU
H .co
→ ^
Put these values of F and n in given integral
p
To ing
→ ^ ^ ^
⎛x ^ y ^ z ^⎞
∫ F g n dS = ∫ (3xz i + 2 y j ) g ⎜ i + j + k ⎟ dS
te .n
⎝2 2 2 ⎠
si at
S S
⎛3 ⎞
eb nn
= ∫ ⎜ x 2 z + y 2 ⎟ dS
S ⎝ ⎠
2
W ja
st //vu
Before integrating over the given surface, we convert it to spherical polar co-
ordinates.
Be tp:
x = 2sin φ cos θ
ht
y = 2sin φ sin θ
z = 2 cos φ
Limits are:
π
φ ranges from 0 to
2
θ ranges from 0 to 2π
For selecting proper limits for φ and θ , please see the following link
http://www.math.montana.edu/frankw/ccp/multiworld/multipleIVP/spherical/bod
y.htm
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∫
S
dS gives the total surface area of the given surface.
∫ ∫
0 0
r 2 sin φ dφ dθ
But in this question, the surface is upper half of the sphere so we change the limits
of θ and φ accordingly.
Put these values
⎛3 ⎞
ts
→ ^
∫ F g n dS = ∫ ⎜ x 2 z + y 2 ⎟ dS
en
S ⎝ ⎠
S
2
ud
π
2π
⎛3 2⎞
2
∫ ∫
St
= ⎜ (2sin φ cos θ ) (2 cos φ ) + (2sin φ sin θ ) ⎟ 4sin φ dφ dθ
2
el m
⎝2 ⎠
0
VU 0
H .co
π
2π
∫ ∫ ( 48sin
2
φ cos 2 θ cos φ + 16sin 3 φ sin 2 θ ) dφ dθ
p
To ing
= 3
0 0
te .n
π π
si at
2π 2π
0 0 0 0
W ja
π π
st //vu
2π 2 2π 2
= 48 ∫ ∫ cos 2 θ sin 3 φ cos φ dφ dθ + 16 ∫ ∫ sin 2 θ sin 3 φ dφ dθ
Be tp:
0 0 0 0
ht
∫ ( sin φ ) dφ = 3
2
2
3
, here n = 3
0
So
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π
2π 2π
→ ^ sin φ4 2
⎛2⎞
∫
S
F g n dS = 48 ∫ cos 2 θ
0
4
dθ + 16 ∫ sin 2 θ ⎜ ⎟ dθ
0 ⎝3⎠
0
2π 2π
⎛1⎞ 32
= 48 ∫ cos 2 θ ⎜ ⎟ dθ + ∫ sin 2 θ dθ
0 ⎝4⎠ 3 0
2π 2π
32
= 12 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ + ∫ sin 2 θ dθ
0
3 0
2π 2π
1 + cos 2θ 32 1 − cos 2θ
= 12 ∫ dθ + ∫ dθ
0
2 3 0
2
2π 2π
16
= ∫0
6(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ + ∫ 0
3
(1 − cos 2θ ) dθ
2π
⎛ 16 16 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ 6 + 6 cos 2θ + − cos 2θ ⎟ dθ
ts
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
en
0
2π 2π
ud
34 2
= ∫ dθ + ∫ cos 2θ dθ
St
3 3
el m
0 0
VU 2 sin 2θ
2π
H .co
34 2π
= θ 0
+
3 3 2
p
To ing
68π
=
te .n
3
si at
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Be tp:
ht
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