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Solution
Assignment No: 6
Q 1. Show that the line integral ∫ ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy is independent
C

of path.
Then find its value if C is the curve joining the points ( −1, 2) to (3, 1) .
Solution:
THEOREM:
If P(x, y) and Q(x, y) have continuous first partial derivatives on a simply
connected region D, then the line integral

ts
en
∫ P( x, y) dx + Q( x, y) dy

ud
C

St
is independent of path in D if and only if
el m
∂P ∂Q VU
H .co

= (That is, integrand is exact differential.)


∂y ∂x
p
To ing
te .n
si at

Use this theorem to show that the given line integral is independent of path.
eb nn

Given line integral is


W ja

∫(y + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy
2
st //vu

C
Be tp:

Here
ht

P( x, y ) = y 2 + 2 xy
Q ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy
∂P
= 2 y + 2x
∂y
∂Q
= 2x + 2 y
∂x
∂P ∂Q
Since = , that is, integrand is exact differential, so given line integral is
∂y ∂x
independent of path.

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Now, let dz = ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy
Find z from the exact differential dz (As we did in last assignment also).
P( x, y ) = y 2 + 2 xy
and
Q( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy

z = ∫ P dx = ∫ (y 2
+ 2 xy ) dx
= xy 2 + x 2 y + f ( y ) − − − − − − − (1)

z = ∫ Q dy = ∫ (x 2
+ 2 xy ) dy

ts
en
= x 2 y + xy 2 + f ( x) − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)

ud
St
el m
As there is no dissimilar term at the right side of equations (1) and (2) so
VU
H .co

f ( y) = 0
p
To ing

and
f ( x) = 0
te .n
si at

Thus
eb nn

z = xy 2 + x 2 y
W ja

So for dz = ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy , we have z = xy 2 + x 2 y
st //vu

Or
Be tp:

d ( xy 2 + x 2 y ) = ( y 2 + 2 xy ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy ) dy
ht

Put this value in given integral, with limits ( −1, 2) to (3, 1)


(3, 1)

∫(y + 2 xy ) dx + ( x + 2 xy ) dy = ∫ d ( xy 2 + x 2 y )
2 2

C ( −1, 2)
(3, 1)
= xy 2 + x 2 y
( −1, 2)

= ⎣⎡3(1) 2 + (3) 2 (1) ⎦⎤ − ⎣⎡ (−1)(2) 2 + (−1) 2 (2) ⎦⎤


= 3+ 9+ 4− 2
= 14

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xy
Q 2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the integral ∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy
Ñ
C

where C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0) , (2, 0) and (0, 4) .


Solution:
xy
∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy
Ñ
C

If we compare the given integral with this: ∫ P dx + Q dy


Ñ
C

We get

P = ln(1 + y )

ts
en
xy
Q=−
1+ y

ud
St
∂P 1
el m
=
∂y 1 + y VU
H .co

∂Q − y
=
p
To ing

∂x 1 + y
te .n

By Green’s Theorem
si at
eb nn

⎛ ∂P ∂Q ⎞
∫ P dx + Q dy = −∫ ∫
Ñ ⎜ − ⎟ dy dx
W ja

C R ⎝ ∂y ∂x ⎠
st //vu

⎛ ∂Q ∂P ⎞
= ∫∫ ⎜ − ⎟ dy dx
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
Be tp:

R
ht

So
xy ⎛ −y 1 ⎞
∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy = ∫ ∫
Ñ
C R
⎜ − ⎟ dy dx
⎝ 1+ y 1+ y ⎠
⎛ − y −1 ⎞
= ∫∫ ⎜ ⎟ dy dx
R ⎝ 1+ y ⎠
⎛ −( y + 1) ⎞
= ∫∫ ⎜ ⎟ dy dx
R ⎝ 1+ y ⎠
= ∫∫ ( −1) dy dx
R

Now there are three ways to proceed further. Each will give the same answer.

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First method:
For the limits of region R, we use the previously
discussed concept “Double integration over a non-
rectangular region”.
First draw the figure of R, using given vertices.

Find the equation of line joining the


points (2, 0) and (0, 4) . Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2, 0 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0, 4 )

Then
y2 − y1 4 − 0
Slope = m = = = −2
x2 − x1 0 − 2

ts
en
Use Point-Slope form of the line, to find equation

ud
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )

St
el m
VU
H .co

y − 0 = −2( x − 2)
p
To ing

y = −2 x + 4
te .n

I) For integration with respect to y first and then x, proceed as follows:


si at

From the figure we can easily say that


eb nn

x varies from 0 to 2 and


W ja
st //vu

y varies from 0 to −2 x + 4
Be tp:
ht

−2 x + 4
xy ⎛ −y 1 ⎞
2

∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy = ∫R ∫ ⎜⎝ 1 + y − 1 + y ⎟⎠ dy dx = ∫0
Ñ
C
∫ ( −1) dy dx
0
2
−2 x + 4
= ∫ −y 0 dx
0
2
=∫ ( 2 x − 4 ) dx
0
2
= x2 − 4 x
0

= 4−8 = − 4
II) For integration with respect to x first and then y, proceed as follows:
From the figure we can easily say that

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y varies from 0 to 4 and


y
x varies from 0 to 2 −
2

y
2−
xy ⎛ −y 1 ⎞
4 2


Ñ
C
ln(1 + y ) dx −
1+ y
dy = ∫R ∫ ⎜⎝ 1 + y 1 + y ⎟⎠
− dy dx = ∫0 ∫ ( −1) dx dy
0
4 y
2−
= ∫ −x 0 2 dy
0

⎛ y⎞
4
= ∫ ⎜ −2 + ⎟ dy
0 ⎝
2⎠
4

ts
y2
= −2 y +

en
4 0

ud
= −8 + 4 = −4

St
el m
Second Method:
VU
H .co

As we studied in lecture 22, ∫∫ dy dx gives the area of the region R. Here R is a


p
To ing

triangle and
te .n
si at

( Base)(Vertical height )
Area of a triangle =
eb nn

2
W ja

Here, base = 2, and


st //vu

Vertical Height = 4
Be tp:

So
ht

(2)(4)
Area of a triangle = =4
2
Thus
xy
∫ ln(1 + y) dx − 1 + y dy = (−1)∫ ∫
Ñ dy dx = (−1) ( Area of triangle ) = −4
C R

→ ^ ^
Q 3. Let F = 3xz i + 2 y j and the surface S

is the upper half of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4

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→ ^ ^
(as shown in the figure). Find ∫S
F g n dS if n is a unit upper normal to S.

Solution:
First, I would like to share with you that given surface can also be stated as:
“Surface S is defined by x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 which is bounded by z = 0”

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 is equation of a sphere center at origin and radius 2.


z = 0 is the equation of xy-plane (As we studied in lecture 3).

Lets move toward the solution of this question.

ts
Here S : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 = 0

en
ud
The normal vector, often simply called the "normal" to a surface is a vector

St
perpendicular to it.
el m
VU
H .co
p
To ing
te .n
si at
eb nn

Given a three-dimensional surface


W ja
st //vu


^ ∇S →
n= where ∇S denotes the gradient calculated by following formula.
Be tp:


∇S
ht

→ ∂S ^ ∂S ^ ∂S ^
∇S = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
^
Find value of n .
→ ∂ ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4) ^ ∂ ( x2 + y2 + z 2 − 4) ^ ∂ ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4) ^
∇S = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
^ ^ ^
= 2x i + 2 y j+ 2z k

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∇S = (2 x) 2 + (2 y ) 2 + (2 z ) 2

= 4( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )

As x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4. So


∇S = 16 = 4

→ ^ ^ ^
^ ∇S 2x i + 2 y j+ 2z k x ^ y ^ z ^
n= →
= = i + j+ k
4 2 2 2
∇S

ts
en
As it is given that

ud
→ ^ ^

St
F = 3xz i + 2 y j
el m
VU
H .co
→ ^
Put these values of F and n in given integral
p
To ing

→ ^ ^ ^
⎛x ^ y ^ z ^⎞
∫ F g n dS = ∫ (3xz i + 2 y j ) g ⎜ i + j + k ⎟ dS
te .n

⎝2 2 2 ⎠
si at

S S

⎛3 ⎞
eb nn

= ∫ ⎜ x 2 z + y 2 ⎟ dS
S ⎝ ⎠
2
W ja
st //vu

Before integrating over the given surface, we convert it to spherical polar co-
ordinates.
Be tp:

x = 2sin φ cos θ
ht

y = 2sin φ sin θ
z = 2 cos φ
Limits are:
π
φ ranges from 0 to
2
θ ranges from 0 to 2π
For selecting proper limits for φ and θ , please see the following link
http://www.math.montana.edu/frankw/ccp/multiworld/multipleIVP/spherical/bod
y.htm

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dS is the element of surface area of given surface.


And


S
dS gives the total surface area of the given surface.

Now, surface area of a sphere in spherical co-ordinates is


2π π

∫ ∫
0 0
r 2 sin φ dφ dθ

But in this question, the surface is upper half of the sphere so we change the limits
of θ and φ accordingly.
Put these values
⎛3 ⎞

ts
→ ^

∫ F g n dS = ∫ ⎜ x 2 z + y 2 ⎟ dS

en
S ⎝ ⎠
S
2

ud
π

⎛3 2⎞
2

∫ ∫

St
= ⎜ (2sin φ cos θ ) (2 cos φ ) + (2sin φ sin θ ) ⎟ 4sin φ dφ dθ
2
el m
⎝2 ⎠
0
VU 0
H .co
π

∫ ∫ ( 48sin
2
φ cos 2 θ cos φ + 16sin 3 φ sin 2 θ ) dφ dθ
p
To ing

= 3

0 0
te .n

π π
si at

2π 2π

( 48sin 3 φ cos2 θ cos φ ) dφ dθ + ∫ ∫ (16sin φ sin 2 θ ) dφ dθ


2 2
= ∫ ∫
3
eb nn

0 0 0 0
W ja

π π
st //vu

2π 2 2π 2
= 48 ∫ ∫ cos 2 θ sin 3 φ cos φ dφ dθ + 16 ∫ ∫ sin 2 θ sin 3 φ dφ dθ
Be tp:

0 0 0 0
ht

By Wallis sine formula, when n is odd


π
2
2. 4. 6. 8 − − − − − −(n − 5)(n − 3)(n − 1)

0
sin n x dx =
1. 3. 5. 7 − − − − − −(n − 4)(n − 2)n
U sin g this formula,
π

∫ ( sin φ ) dφ = 3
2
2
3
, here n = 3
0

So

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π
2π 2π
→ ^ sin φ4 2
⎛2⎞

S
F g n dS = 48 ∫ cos 2 θ
0
4
dθ + 16 ∫ sin 2 θ ⎜ ⎟ dθ
0 ⎝3⎠
0
2π 2π
⎛1⎞ 32
= 48 ∫ cos 2 θ ⎜ ⎟ dθ + ∫ sin 2 θ dθ
0 ⎝4⎠ 3 0
2π 2π
32
= 12 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ + ∫ sin 2 θ dθ
0
3 0
2π 2π
1 + cos 2θ 32 1 − cos 2θ
= 12 ∫ dθ + ∫ dθ
0
2 3 0
2
2π 2π
16
= ∫0
6(1 + cos 2θ ) dθ + ∫ 0
3
(1 − cos 2θ ) dθ


⎛ 16 16 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ 6 + 6 cos 2θ + − cos 2θ ⎟ dθ

ts
⎝ 3 3 ⎠

en
0

2π 2π

ud
34 2
= ∫ dθ + ∫ cos 2θ dθ

St
3 3
el m
0 0

VU 2 sin 2θ

H .co
34 2π
= θ 0
+
3 3 2
p
To ing

68π
=
te .n

3
si at
eb nn
W ja
st //vu
Be tp:
ht

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