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Grid computing concerns the application of the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at
the same time - usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processing
cycles or access to large amounts of data.

Grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out pieces of a program to as many as
several thousand computers. Grid computing can be thought of as distributed and large-scale cluster computing
and as a form of network-distributed parallel processing. It can be confined to the network of computer
workstations within a corporation or it can be a public collaboration (in which case it is also sometimes known
as a form of peer-to-peer computing).

A number of corporations, professional groups, university consortiums, and other groups have developed or are
developing frameworks and software for managing grid computing projects. The European Community (EU) is
sponsoring a project for a grid for high-energy physics, earth observation, and biology applications. In the
United States, the National Technology Grid is prototyping a computational grid for infrastructure and an access
grid for people. Sun Microsystems offers Grid Engine software. Described as a distributed resource management
(DRM) tool, Grid Engine allows engineers to pool the computer cycles on up to hundreds of workstations at a
time. (At this scale, grid computing can be seen as a more extreme case of load balancing.)

Grid computing appears to be a promising trend for three reasons: (1) its ability to make more cost-effective use
of a given amount of computer resources, (2) as a way to solve problems that can't be approached without an
enormous amount of computing power, and (3) because it suggests that the resources of many computers can be
cooperatively and perhaps synergistically harnessed and managed as a collaboration toward a common
objective. In some grid computing systems, the computers may collaborate rather than being directed by one
managing computer. One likely area for the use of grid computing will be pervasive computing applications -
those in which computers pervade our environment without our necessary awareness.


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Internet was one of the ambitious networking project of DARPA(US Military). It was used only by few military
department in US for information exchange. Later this ambitious project was accepted and used by many to
form a network of computers across the Educational and research institutions which later expanded to other
domains to form World Wide Web. Presently Internet has become a part of our hi-tech life, some of us cannot
imagine to live without it. Its used for information exchange & browsing, mail exchange and publishing, e-
commerce and others making it as a information highway of the current world. We accept that Internet has
changed the life in many aspects of communications and other utilities of life. Internet has become one of the
members in the commodity list in the computing world.

Due to broad acceptance of Internet by the community across the world a new area in research has evolved to do
computing on the Internet to use the "Idle" Computers that are connected to the Internet. Idle computers are the
computers which are connected to the net, but physically not doing any work or computation and may be in
screen saver mode running a screen saver. This opportunity gives the researchers in this area to use the idle
computers across the Internet for better use and better cause which is beneficial to human kind and technology.
This area of research is called GRID computing. GRID is analogous to "Electrical Grid" in which the world is
connected to use it. We daily use electricity irrespective of knowing where it is generated, path from which the
power has flown and the source of it. In the same way Grid Technology is evolving as the next generation
computing on the Internet. So one day we can all see that using the bare bones of the computer without Hard
disk, RAM and processor, just plugging into the wall socket and get the required resources for computing as we
do it for electricity The basic idea behind this is to divide a huge work which takes months to complete on a
standalone computer,divide the work into many pieces which can be done by a standalone computer at their idle
time. Finally gather the work done by these computers to produce the result.This is easy to say, but work done
behind the background is a mighty task which involves plan, design, integration, security, abstraction, sharing of
resources. Our group Centre for Unified Computing, is one of the core Grid Computing research group in
Ireland .Centre for Unified Computing group is one of the research group of Grid-Ireland connecting many
virtual organizations forming greater GRID community. It provides many middleware services to the Grid
Community. Its aims to hide the GRID or Abstract supercomputer of the user.Major release of our research
group is WebCom-G "The middleware to hide the GRID"



 

 
Grid Ireland started in the year 1999 with its operation centre at Trinity College Dublin , with technology
development in Centre for Unified Computing in University College Cork and Application development centre
in National University of Ireland Galway. Other institutions that co-exist/collaborate with it are Dublin Institute
of Advance Studies<DIAS> (School of Cosmic Physics), Met Eireann , Armagh Observatory and finally
Queens University Belfast ( Northern Ireland). In total, there are total of 12 institutions constituting to station a
Gateway machine at each Institution.The Internet back bone is supported by HEAnet. Science Foundation
Ireland, Enterprise Ireland, Higher Education Authority , The European Agency are the funding bodies.The
Virtual Organization in Ireland, for Grid-enabled Computational Physics of Natural Phenomena (CosmoGrid) is
led by DIAS (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies) - the other partners are DCU , NUIG, UCD,HEAnet, Met
Eireann, Armagh Observatory, and Grid-Ireland.

 

 
   
The core of our research group is Condensed Graph. Condensed Graph is our supervisors PhD thesis. Data Flow
Model -- Fix the destination let the operators & operands flow. Control Flow Model -- Fix the operands and
destination let the operators flow. Demand driven Model-- Fix the operands and operators, make destination
flow. Unified Model of computing --which has the special case Data driven , Imperative driven and Demand
driven. This model of computing is Condensed Graph model of computing. Condensed Graph model of
computing exhibits laziness, eagerness and speculative behavior.

Condensed Graph Model:

Node is a meeting place. Node in the graph can represent task or a graph.

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The goal of grid computing, which gets its name from its gridlike architecture, is to link surplus computing
power and other spare IT resources with clients who have periodic needs beyond the capacity of their machines.
It's a form of peer-to-peer computing. Grid computing software divides a task into subtasks, finds spare
processors and other critical resources on the network, distributes the subtasks, monitors their progress and
restarts any subtasks that fail. Finally, grid computing engines aggregate the results of the subtasks so the job or
task can be completed.

One type of grid computing arrangement is a local cluster, which typically uses one main grid server on a single
very-high-speed network. The grid machine handles one major task, and a small set of users are allowed to
manage that task. A broader group of users are allowed to inspect and review intermediate and final results.

The next step up is the grid campus. Typically it involves many grid servers and many tasks. However, all the
processing is done behind a firewall and network speeds are still fairly fast and within a known range.

Yet another approach is a global grid, which opens usage to machines anywhere on the Web and/or other private
networks. It requires considerable effort to discover available resources and schedule tasks on these machines
because they can differ so much in response times because of Web and network latencies.