o Normal Range: 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Elevated levels are seen with
Normal Lab Values  
Hematology Values
 HEMATOCRIT (HCT)
o Normal Adult Female Range: 37 -
47%
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42%
Normal Adult Male Range 40 - 54%
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 47
Normal Newborn Range: 50 - 62%
Optimal Newborn Reading: 56
 HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
o Normal Adult Female Range: 12 - 16
g/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 14 g/dl
Normal Adult Male Range: 14 - 18 g/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 16 g/dl
Normal Newborn Range: 14 - 20 g/dl
Optimal Newborn Reading: 17 g/d
 R.B.C. (Red Blood Cell Count)
o Normal Adult Female Range: 3.9 -
5.2 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 4.55
Normal Adult Male Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl
Optimal Adult Male Reading: 4.9
Lower ranges are found in Children, newborns and infants
 W.B.C. (White Blood Cell Count)
o Normal Adult Range: 3.8 - 10.8
thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.3
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants.
 PLATELET COUNT
o Normal Adult Range: 130 - 400
thous/mcl
Optimal Adult Reading: 265
Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants
 NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT - this is
the main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High
levels may indicate an active infection.
o Normal Adult Range: 48 - 73 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 60.5
Normal Children’s Range: 30 - 60 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 45
 LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT -
Elevated levels may indicate an active viral infections such as
measles, rubella, chickenpox, or infectious mononucleosis.
o Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 33
Normal Children’s Range: 25 - 50 %
Optimal Children’s Reading: 37.5
 MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT - Elevated
levels are seen in tissue breakdown or chronic infections, carcinomas,
leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas.
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
 EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Elevated
levels may indicate an allergic reactions or parasites.
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5
 BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL COUNT - Basophilic
activity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine,
heparin and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions.
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 2 %
Optimal Adult Reading: 1
Electrolyte Values
 SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation in the
blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic
pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very
Low value: seizure and Neurologic Sx.
o Normal Adult Range: 135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5
 POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular
cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia.
antibodies(IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE).
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5 chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myelomas, and
 CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis lupus are present, . Lower levels in immune compromised patients,
as well as too much water crossing the cell membrane. Decreased poor dietary habits, malabsorption and liver or kidney disease.
levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiency o Normal Adult Range: 2.2 - 4.2 g/dl
crossing the cell membrane (edema). (calculated)
o Normal Adult Range: 95-112 mEq/L Optimal Adult Reading: 3.2
Optimal Adult Reading: 103  A/G RATIO (Albumin/Globulin Ratio)
 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related to o Normal Adult Range: 0.8 - 2.0
the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of (calculated)
the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the other Optimal Adult Reading: 1.9
electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity.
o Normal Adult Range: 22-32 mEq/L Lipids
Optimal Adult Reading: 27  CHOLESTEROL - High density lipoproteins (HDL) is
Normal Childrens Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L desired as opposed to the low density lipoproteins (LDL), two types of
Optimal Childrens Reading: 24 cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has been seen in artherosclerosis,
 CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein diabetes, hypothyroidism and pregnancy. Low levels are seen in
absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve depression, malnutrition, liver insufficiency, malignancies, anemia and
impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by infection.
parathyroid. o Normal Adult Range: 120 - 240
o Normal Adult Range: 8.5-10.3 mg/dl
mEq/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 180
Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4  LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) - studies correlate the
 PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium. association between high levels of LDL and arterial artherosclerosis
o Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5 o Normal Adult Range: 62 - 130 mg/dl
mEq/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 81 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5  HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - A high level of HDL
Normal Childrens Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl is an indication of a healthy metabolic system if there is no sign of
Optimal Childrens Range: 4.5 liver disease or intoxication.
o Normal Adult Range: 35 - 135 mg/dl
Renal Related
Optimal Adult Reading: +85 mg/dl
 B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Increases can be  TRIGLYCERIDES - Increased levels may be present
caused by excessive protein intake, kidney damage, certain drugs, in artherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, liver disease, pancreatitis,
low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or heart failure. myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders, toxemia, and nephrotic
Decreased levels may be due to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver syndrome. Decreased levels may be present in chronic obstructive
damage or low nitrogen intake. pulmonary disease, brain infarction, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, and
o Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25 mg/dl malabsorption.
Optimal Adult Reading: 16 o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 200 mg/dl
 CREATININE - Low levels are sometimes seen in Optimal Adult Reading: 100
kidney damage, protein starvation, liver disease or pregnancy.  CHOLESTEROL/LDL RATIO
Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney disease due to the o Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6
kidneys job of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration, and some Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
drugs involved in impairment of kidney function.
o Normal Adult Range: .7 - 1.4 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05
 URIC ACID - High levels are noted in gout, infections,
kidney disease, alcoholism, high protein diets, and with toxemia in
pregnancy. Low levels may be indicative of kidney disease,
malabsorption, poor diet, liver damage or an overly acid kidney.
o Normal Adult Female Range: 2.5 -
7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 5.0
Normal Adult Male Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Male Reading:5.5
 BUN/CREATININE - This calculation is a good
measurement of kidney and liver function.
o Normal Adult Range: 6 -25
(calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 15.5
Protein
 PROTEIN, TOTAL - Decreased levels may be due to
poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhea, or severe burns.
Increased levels are seen in lupus, liver disease, chronic infections,
alcoholism, leukemia, tuberculosis amongst many others.
o Normal Adult Range: 6.0 -8.5 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 7.25
 ALBUMIN - major constituent of serum protein
(usually over 50%). High levels are seen in liver disease(rarely) ,
shock, dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower levels are seen in
poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron
intake, third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcemia
o Normal Adult Range: 3.2 - 5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.1
 GLOBULIN - Globulins have many diverse functions
such as, the carrier of some hormones, lipids, metals, and