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PORTAL FRAME

Submitted by:-
JAHNVI GULATI
B.ARCH (AR)
4TH YEAR, 8TH SEM.
PORTAL FRAME

INTRODUCTION

Portal frames are the most commonly used


structural forms for single-storey
.
industrial structures. They are constructed
mainly using hot-rolled sections, supporting
the roofing and side cladding via cold-formed
purlins and sheeting rails. They may also
be composed of tapered stanchions and rafters
fabricated from plate elements. Portal frames of
lattice members made of angles or tubes are
also common, especially in the case of longer
spans.
Generally, the centre-to-centre distance
between frames is 6 to 7.5m, with eaves height
ranging from 6 -15 m.
Normally, larger spacing of frames is used in
the case of taller buildings, from the point of
economy.
Moment-resisting connections are to be provided
at the eaves and crown to resist lateral and
gravity loadings.

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PORTAL FRAME

INTRODUCTION

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PORTAL FRAME

INTRODUCTION

The stanchion bases may behave as


either pinned or fixed, depending upon
.rotational restraint provided by the
foundation and the connection detail
between the stanchion and foundations.
Portal frames can be used in timber
based commercial and industrial
building construction with clear spans of
15 to 30 metres.They provide large
clear spans and good height clearance
for use in a range of applications,
including:
• warehouses and factories,
•commercial buildings,
•churches,
•sporting venues
•rural sheds, etc.

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PORTAL FRAME

INTRODUCTION
Timber portal frames are cost effective, easily
accommodate additional lighting, plumbing, etc
and can be erected quickly. The overall
.
appearance is also aesthetically pleasing.
Timber portal frames are particularly suitable for
use in high visual impact applications eg
churches, halls, or potentially corrosive
environments eg swimming pool enclosures,
buildings housing chemical manufacturer and
storage, tanneries, etc. Portal frames may be
made from sawn timber, Glulam, LVL and
plywood webbed beams. The connections carry
significant moments and must have both
strength and stiffness to be effective.Timber
portal framed buildings may be clad with
conventional metal, or fibre cement cladding, as
is common for warehouses and factories, or
with timber products such as plywood or
weatherboards.For other commercial
applications, cavity brick, brick veneer, concrete
tilt-up or concrete block-work may be required
for fire isolation or compliance with local building
regulations.
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PORTAL FRAME

INTRODUCTION

Because of these very strong and rigid joints


some of the bending moment in the rafters is
.
transferred to the columns. This means that the
size of the rafters can be reduced or the span
can be increased for the same size rafters.
This makes portal frames a very efficient
construction technique to use for wide span
buildings.
Portal frame construction is therefore typically
seen in warehouses, barns and other places
where large, open spaces are required at low
cost and a pitched roof is acceptable. cladding
with cavity masonry work to the bottom 2m of
the wall to provide security and impact
resistance. The lightweight cladding would be
carried on sheeting rails spanning between the
columns of the portal frames.

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PORTAL FRAME

TYPES OF PORTAL FRAME

Portal frames are made in a variety of shapes


and sizes. There are generally 3 types of portal
.
frames :-
•Steel portal frame
•Timber portal frame
•Concrete portal frame

They are usually made from steel, but can


also be made from concrete or timber. The
portal structure is designed in such a way that it
has no intermediate columns, as a result large
open areas can easily be created within the
structure.
Portal Frames are generally used for single
storey construction which require a large
unobstructed floor space.

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PORTAL FRAME

STEEL PORTAL FRAME

The early use of the rigid portal frame coincided


with the introduction of a wide range of a cold
.
formed, profiled steel sheets for roofing, which
could be fixed at a low pitch and be weather
tight. Long-span portal frames may have a pin-
joint connection at the ridge to allow some
flexure between the rafters of the frame which
are pin-jointed to foundation bases to allow
flexure of posts due to spread under load.
For economy in the use of a standard section,
short and medium-span steel portal frame s are
oftn fabricated from one mild-steel I-section for
both rafters and posts, with the rafters welded to
the posts without any increase in depth at the
knee.
Short-span portal frames may be fabricated off
site as one frame. Medium-span portal frames
are generally fabricated in two halves for ease of
transport and are assembled on site with bolted
connections of the rafters at the ridge, with high
strength friction grip.

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PORTAL FRAME

STEEL PORTAL FRAME

Advantages
•Speed and ease of erection
•.Building can be quickly closed in and made
water tight.
•Framework prefabricated in a workshop and not
affected by weather.
•Site works such as drainage, roads etc can be
carried out until framework is ready for erection.
•No weather hold up during erecting the
framework.
•Connected together in factories by welding and
site connections should be bolted.

Disadvantages
•Although steel is incombustible it has a poor
resistance to fire as it bends easily when hot.
•Subject to corrosion

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PORTAL FRAME

PRE-CAST REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME

For several years following the end of


.the second world war(1945) there was a
considerable shortage of structural steel
in this country and it was then that the
reinforced concrete portal frames came
into common use for agricultural,
storage, factory, and other single-
storeyed buildings.
a limited range of standard, pre-cast
reinforced concrete portal frames was
supplied for the economic benefit of
repitetive casting in standard moulds
and close control of mixing, placing and
compaction of concrete that is possible
in factory conditions.

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PORTAL FRAME

TYPES OF CONCRETE PORTAL FRAME

Symmetrical pitch reinforced


concrete portal frame construction
.
This the most structurally efficient and most
commonly used type of concrete portal frame.
it has been used for factories, warehouses,
barns, sheds and single-storey places of
assembly.the slope of the rafters and spacing of
purlins and sheeting rails is usually arranged to
suit fibre cement or profiled steel sheeting.

North light pre-cast reinforced


concrete portal frame construction

The most economical span for this profile of


frame is up to about 9.0 to minimise the volume
of roof space inside the frames and to avoid the
large sections of frame that would be necessary
with greater spans. The south-facing slope is
pitched at 22 degrees and the north-facing slope
at 60 degrees to the horizontal.
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PORTAL FRAME

PRE-CASTREINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME

Advantages
•There was a ready supply of a limited range of
.
standard frames that could rapidly be
transported, erected, and finished at an
economic cost.
• they require no maintainance during the useful
life of the building.
• it has a better resistance to collapse during
fires than an unprotected steel frames.
• economy of section area gained by the use of
the plastic method of design in the design of
steel frames is considerably less with reinforced
concrete.
• cover of concrete to the steel reinforcement to
inhibit rust and give protection during fires.

Disadvantages
• they have to be formed in standard size
moulds, for the sake of economy, there is only a
limited range of sizes.

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PORTAL FRAME

TIMBER PORTAL FRAME

Combinations of slender timber sections


glued, or glued or nailed together, are
. in portal frames for medium-and
used
long-span roofs for such buildings as
churches, assembly halls, sports halls
and other single-storey structures where
the timber portal frames are exposed for
appearance sake.

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PORTAL FRAME

TYPES OF TIMBER PORTAL FRAME

Symmetrical-pitch glued laminated


timber portal
. portal frames are usually fabricated in two
These
sections for ease of transport and are bolted
together at the ridges. These comparatively
expensive portal frames are spaced fairly widely
apart to support timber or steel purlins which can
be covered with any of the sheet materials,
slates or tiles.

Flat glued-and-nailed timber portal


The flat portal frame is designed for the most
economic use of timber glued together with the
top and bottom booms of glued laminate with
web stiffners. The portal frames are widely
spaced to support metal decking on the roof and
profiled sheeting on the walls.

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PORTAL FRAME

TIMBER PORATL FRAME

Advantages
• Timber has a natural resistance to fungal
.
decay.
• insect attack can be prevented by impregnating
timber with insecticide preservative.
• timber, which is a combustible material, is not
easy to ignite in the sizes usual to buildings.
•Once ignited, timber burns very slowly and
forms a protective layer of charcoal on its
surface which insulates the remainder from the
worst effects of fire.
• the surface of soft wood timber can be treated
with flame retardants to achieve necessary rate
of flame spread.

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PORTAL FRAME

INTERNAL OUTLINE OF THE PORTAL FRAME

With single storey buildings


natural lighting is gained by
placing clear sheets in roof
layout.

These sheets will run from


eaves to ridge at suitable
intervals.

clear unobstructed floor


area available.

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PORTAL FRAME

SHEETING

A high percentage of roofs


are covered with composite
profile metal sheets with a
coloured external skin.
These composite sheets
have approximately 50mm
of insulation sandwiched
between two thin metal
sheets or aluminium sheets.
Coated steel is lowest in
cost but limited in life due to
the durability of the finish.
Aluminium develops its own
protective film. Profile
sheets are quick to erect,
dismantle and repair.

Wall panels

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PORTAL FRAME

BASE JOINT

Legs of portal frame


connected with the
base of foundation.

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PORTAL FRAME

RIDGE JOINT

ridge joint or
apex joint.

wedge shaped
pieces called
gusset pieces to
strengthen and
increase
the bolt area.

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PORTAL FRAME

KNEE JOINT

knee joint must be strong to


support the roof loads and
prevent bending.

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PORTAL FRAME

DIGONAL BRACING

Diagonal
bracing for
strengthening

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PORTAL FRAME

EXTERNAL WALL DETAIL

cladding

brickwork

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