Using Oracle PL/SQL

• PL/SQL
stands for Procedural Language/SQL.
• PL/SQL extends SQL by adding
constructs found in procedural languages,
resulting in a structural language that is
more powerful than SQL.
• The basic unit in PL/SQL is a block. All
PL/SQL programs are made up of blocks
 block structure
DECLARE
/* Declarative section: variables, types, and local subprograms. */

BEGIN
/* Executable section: procedural and SQL statements go here. */

/* This is the only section of the block that is required. */

EXCEPTION
/* Exception handling section: error handling statements go here. */

END;
 Execute a PL/SQL
• To execute a PL/SQL program
must follow the program text itself by
– A line with a single dot ("."), and then
– A line with run;
• with Oracle SQL programs, we can invoke
a PL/SQL program by typing it in sqlplus
 Variables and Types

• Type
– One of the types used by SQL for database
columns
– A generic type used in PL/SQL such as NUMBER
– Declared to be the same as the type of some
database column
• E.G.
DECLARE
price NUMBER;
myBeer VARCHAR(20);
 Variables and Types
• %TYPE operator
DECLARE
myBeer Beers.name%TYPE;
• %ROWTYPE operator
DECLARE
beerTuple Beers%ROWTYPE;
 Variables and Types

• ":=" operator
• e.g
DECLARE
a NUMBER := 3;
BEGIN
a := a + 1;
END;
.
run;
 Simple Programs in PL/SQL

• Plain SQL
CREATE TABLE T1(
e INTEGER,
f INTEGER
);
T1
e f
DELETE FROM T1;
1 3
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(1, 3);
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(2, 4); 2 4
 Simple Programs in PL/SQL
T1
• PL/SQL program e f
DECLARE 1 3
a NUMBER; 2 4
b NUMBER; 4 2
BEGIN
SELECT e,f INTO :a,:b FROM T1 WHERE e>1;
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(:b,:a);
END;
.
run;
 Control Flow in PL/SQL

• IF statement
IF <condition_1> THEN ...
ELSIF <condition_2> THEN ...
... ...
ELSIF <condition_n> THEN ...
ELSE ...
END IF;
 Control Flow in PL/SQL
• E.g.
DECLARE
a NUMBER;
b NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT e,f INTO :a, :b FROM T1 WHERE e>1;
IF b=1 THEN
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(:b,:a);
ELSE
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(:b+10,:a+10);
END IF;
END;
.
run;
 Control Flow in PL/SQL

• Loops :
LOOP
<loop_body> /* A list of statements. */
END LOOP;

• EXIT
EXIT WHEN <condition>;
• E.G.
DECLARE
i NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(:i,:i);
i := i+1;
EXIT WHEN i>100;
END LOOP;
END;
.
run;
 Control Flow in PL/SQL
• WHILE loop
WHILE <condition> LOOP
<loop_body>
END LOOP;

• FOR loop
FOR <var> IN <start>..<finish> LOOP
<loop_body>
END LOOP;
DECLARE
x NUMBER := 100;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
IF MOD(i,2) = 0 THEN -- i is even
INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i,: x, 'i is even');
ELSE
INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, :x, 'i is odd');
END IF;

x := x + 100;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;
.
run
DECLARE
acct_balance NUMBER(11,2);
acct CONSTANT NUMBER(4) := 3;
debit_amt CONSTANT NUMBER(5,2) := 500.00;

BEGIN
SELECT bal INTO :acct_balance FROM accounts
WHERE account_id = :acct
FOR UPDATE OF bal;
IF acct_balance >= debit_amt THEN
UPDATE accounts SET bal = bal - :debit_amt
WHERE account_id = :acct;

ELSE
INSERT INTO temp VALUES
(:acct, :acct_balance, 'Insufficient funds');
-- insert account, current balance, and message

END IF;

COMMIT;

END;
DECLARE
salary emp.sal%TYPE;
mgr_num emp.mgr%TYPE;
last_name emp.ename%TYPE;
starting_empno CONSTANT NUMBER(4) := 7902;
BEGIN
SELECT sal, mgr INTO :salary, :mgr_num FROM emp
WHERE empno = :starting_empno;
WHILE salary < 4000 LOOP
SELECT sal, mgr, ename INTO :salary, :mgr_num, :last_name
FROM emp
WHERE empno = :mgr_num;
END LOOP;

INSERT INTO temp VALUES (NULL, :salary, :last_name);

COMMIT;
END;
 Cursors
• Definition
CURSOR T1 Cursor IS
SELECT e, f
FROM T1
WHERE e < f;
1) DECLARE
/* Output variables to hold the result of the query: */
2) a T1.e%TYPE;
3) b T1.f%TYPE;
/* Cursor declaration: line 4-8*/
4) BEGIN
9) OPEN T1Cursor;
10) LOOP
/* Retrieve each row of the result of the above query
into PL/SQL variables: */
11) FETCH T1Cursor INTO a, b;
/* If there are no more rows to fetch, exit the loop: */
12) EXIT WHEN T1Cursor%NOTFOUND;
/* Insert the reverse tuple: */
13) INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(b, a);
14) END LOOP;
/* Free cursor used by the query. */
15) CLOSE T1Cursor;
16) END;
17) .
18) run;
DECLARE
CURSOR my_cursor IS
SELECT sal + NVL(comm, 0) wages, ename
FROM emp;
my_rec my_cursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN my_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH my_cursor INTO :my_rec;
EXIT WHEN my_cursor% NOTFOUND;
IF my_rec.wages > 2000 THEN
INSERT INTO temp VALUES (NULL, my_rec.wages,
my_rec.ename);
END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE my_cursor;
END;
DECLARE
CURSOR num1_cur IS SELECT num FROM num1_tab
ORDER BY sequence;
CURSOR num2_cur IS SELECT num FROM num2_tab
ORDER BY sequence;
num1 num1_tab.num%TYPE;
num2 num2_tab.num%TYPE;
pair_num NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
OPEN num1_cur;
OPEN num2_cur;
LOOP -- loop through the two tables and get
-- pairs of numbers
FETCH num1_cur INTO :num1;
FETCH num2_cur INTO :num2;
EXIT WHEN (num1_cur%NOTFOUND) OR (num2_cur%NOTFOUND);
pair_num := pair_num + 1;
INSERT INTO sum_tab VALUES (pair_num, num1 + num2);
END LOOP;
CLOSE num1_cur;
CLOSE num2_cur;
END;
DECLARE
CURSOR c1 is
SELECT ename, empno, sal FROM emp
ORDER BY sal DESC; -- start with highest-paid employee
my_ename CHAR(10);
my_empno NUMBER(4);
my_sal NUMBER(7,2);

BEGIN
OPEN c1;
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO :my_ename, :my_empno, :my_sal;
EXIT WHEN (c1%ROWCOUNT > 5) OR (c1%NOTFOUND);
INSERT INTO temp VALUES (my_sal, my_empno, my_ename);
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
END;
DECLARE
num1 data_table.n1%TYPE; -- Declare variables
num2 data_table.n2%TYPE; -- to be of same type as
num3 data_table.n3%TYPE; -- database columns
result temp.num_col1%TYPE;
CURSOR c1 IS
SELECT n1, n2, n3 FROM data_table
WHERE exper_num = 1;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO :num1, :num2, :num3;
EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;
-- the c1%NOTFOUND condition evaluates
-- to TRUE when FETCH finds no more rows
/* calculate and store the results */
result := num2/(num1 + num3);
INSERT INTO temp VALUES (result, NULL, NULL);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
COMMIT;
END;
 I/O Control
• DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE();
• DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE();
• DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT();
 I/O Example
BEGIN
/* Get Current User Name */
SELECT username INTO :l_current_user FROM USER_USERS;
DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE();
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('Connect As '||l_current_user);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(' And Add Details For '||RTRIM(Empname));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' having Id '||RTRIM(empid));

INSERT INTO Employee_table VALUES(Empid, Empname, Empadd,

Deptcd,
Grade, SYSDATE);

/* Increment Department strength */

Increment_Dept_Strength(Deptcd);
END Insert_Emp_Details;
 Logging In to Oracle

• log in to Oracle by typing:

   sqlplus <yourName>
• Changing Your Password
alter user <yourName identified
by <newPassword;
 Quitting sqlplus
• To leave sqlplus, type
     quit;
 Executing SQL From a File

• Executing SQL From a File

sqlplus <yourName/<yourPassword @<fileName
• e.g.
sqlplus sally/etaoinshrdlu @foo
OR
@foo.sql
 Editing Commands
• L lists the command buffer, and makes
the last line in the buffer the "current"
line
•Ln prints line n of the command
buffer, and makes line n the current line

• L m n prints lines m through n, and

makes line n the current line
 Editing Commands - cont.
• I enters a mode that allows you to input
text following the current line; you must
terminate the sequence of new lines with a
pair of "returns"
• C /old/new replaces the text "old"
by "new" in the current line
• A textappends "text" to the end of the
current line
• DEL deletes the current line
• Exercises
4.5 using PL/SQL