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11
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bmrSrqdkifovdk ppftm%m&Sif0g'udk qdk&S,fvpfwHqdyf uyfxm;wJh ae0if;qdk&S,fvpf cJhaomf³³³³
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jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJ@0g'eJ@ e,fcsJ@orm;tcsif;csif;wdkufwJh urBmppf ³³³³? tJ'gudk csufaumif;,l+yD; 1917
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16 13
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14
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15
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'Dwdkif;jynfawGuxGufwJh o,HZmwawG tm;vHk;udk jc,fvS,faewJhae&m/
aps;uGufudk tkyfpD;aewJh ae&mawG[m - vef'efrSm - yJ&pfrSm - trfpwm'rfrSm -
e,l;a,mufrSm jzpfaewmyg? 'g[m udkvdkeD0g'&J@ tarGtESpf tºuif;tusefyg?
qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&; tpdk@tan‡mufawGudk olwdk@eif;acszsufqD;ypfEdkifwJh
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wmyg/ vrf;opfxGif+yD; csDwuf&mrSm acsmarmajyjypfr_ &SdEdkifrSm r[kwfovdk auG@ywf+yD;
csDwuf&wmawG wcgw&H aemufqkwf&wmawG &SdrSmyg?
17
 rmhufpfwdk@ wifjycJhpOfu a&S@wef;a&muf wdkif;jynfawG csDwufwmawmifrS
yxrtqifheJ@ 'kwd,tqifh qdk+yD; (2 ) qifh cGJum csDwuf&rSmvdk@ ajrmfjrifcJhygw,f?
tck w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ol@vufawG@ tawG@t}uHKt& yxr
tqifhrSmudkyJ y%mrtqifhqdk+yD; xyfcGJvdkuf&ygw,f?
acwfaemufusqJ EdkifiHawGu csDwufae&wmrdk@vJ ydkcufygw,f? zGH@+zdK;+yD;
t&if;&SifurBmu 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdk@xm;wm }uHK&&if udk,fuwHcg;zGifhcsifOD;awmh &wm
r[kwyf g? +idr;f csr;f pGm,SOw f JG aecsiOf ;D awmh wzufu&efvyk af e&ifvJ tcufom;? 'gawG[m
u|efawmfwdk@ rsufarSmufrSm jzpfaewm/ awG@ae&wmawGyg? pOf;pm;awG;ac: =unfhwwfrS
jrifEdkifwJht&m r[kwfyg?
tar&duef usL;ausmfwJhppfudk ckcHwdkufcdkuf&wkef;u AD,uferf[m aoa=u
'%f&m&ol ppfom;a&m t&yfom;yg oef;aygif;rsm;pGm &Sdygw,f? rwduswJhpm&if;t&
7 oef;ausmfyg? twdtus&zdk@uvJ rvG,fygbl;? udk,fhwdkif;jynfxJrSmyJ udk,f&Smr&wJh
aysmufq;kH olawGuvJ renf;ygb;l ? 'gayrJh olw@kd tar&duefppfom; axmif*%ef;avmuf
ta&twGuf aysmufaevdk@qdk+yD; pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwrefa&; tusyfudkifwm cHae&ygw,f?
bk&m;0wfjyKaeolawGudk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf ypfowfwm odrf;ydkufcH ygvuf
pwdkif;e,fajrrSmjzpfawmh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkwJhpum; tar&duefe,fcsJ@qDu wcGef;rS
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tppftrSefvufxJ ay;&cgeD;usrS 'Drdkua&pDpum; wazmifazmif ajymaewmuaum
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vlwef;pm;u w&m;. rw&m;.qdw k hJ aywHe@J wikd ;f +yD; vky=f uwm r[kwb
xifxif awG@jrifae&wmyg?
usL;bm;[m ESp&f n S vf rsm; 0dik ;f 0ef;ydwq f @kd xm;wmcH&+yD; qdAk ,
opPmazmuf opfpdrf;csdK;csdK;wmcH&vdk@ qif;&J'kuQ awG@aeygw,f? 'gudk qdk&S,fvpfpepf&J@
usqHk;cef;qdk+yD; tar&duefe,fcsJ@u 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfae=uw,f r[kwfygvm;?
ody`Henf;us qdk&S,fvpfavmuodk@ prf;w0g;0g; csDwufae&wm[m obm0
usus jzpfaewmyg/ tqHk;pGefpum;udk ajymygr,f? prf;oyfwDxGifr_wdkif;[m atmifjrifcsif
rSvJ atmifjrifrSmyg? ratmifjrif&if aemiftwGuf oifcef;pm&wmjzpf+yD; atmifjrif&if
awmh aemifrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd vdu k ef mvkyaf qmif&r,fh tawG@t}uHKjzpfaprSmyJv@kd oabm
xm;&ygr,f?
18
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uav;&zdk@ udpPuav;rSm t,f'Dqif[m ypPnf;trsdK;trnf rsm;pGmeJ@ t}udrfaygif;
axmifaomif;csD+yD; prf;oyfcJh&wm/ aemufqHk;usrS atmifjrifwmvdk@ rSwfom;zl;ygw,f?
oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&Sw d /hJ vlwef;pm; vl@tv$mt&vJ trsm;}uD; uGjJ ym;aewJh vlr_
avmu}uD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJz@kd twGuf (odyeH` nf;us qd&k , S v
f pf0g'udk taumiftxnf
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evAde;f wH;k wcsKd @u vlawGukd toH;k jyK+yD; odyyH` nm prf;oyfra_ wmh rvkyo f ifb
h ;l
vdk@ a&;wmvJ awG@&ygw,f? oabmuawmh vlawGaoa=u'kuQra&mufygapeJ@aygh?
aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;=unfah wmh “t&if;&Sipf epfatmufrmS yJae=u - e,fcs@J pepfatmuf
rS m yJ xm0pOf a e=u” vd k @ ajymwmyg? t&if ; &S i f p epf - e,f c sJ @ pepf a tmuf r S m
vlawGb,favmufawmif aocJh&+yDvJ? vludk u|efukeful;vdk@ aocJhwmawG/ a'ocH
wdkif;&if;om;awG - vlrsdK;aysmufatmif owfjzwfcHcJh&wmawG (tar&duef
awmif§ajrmuf - =opa=w;vspwmawGrSm ) udkvdkeDppfyGJawG urBmppf}uD; 2 ckeJ@
udk&D;,m;ppf/ AD,uferfppfrsm; - tckxufxd jzpfaewJh e,fcsJ@0g'&J@ ajca&mvufa&m
ygaewJhppfrsm; - 'gawGrSm aoae=uwm enf;ao;ovm;?
zufqpfpepfvufopfawG tck acgif;jyefaxmifaejyef+yD? zufqpfpepfa[mif;
wke;f u aocJ&h wmawGuv kd J rarhaysmufoifyh gb;l ? zufqpf0g'qdw k m[m t&if;&Sipf epf&@J
xkwfvkyfr_ e,fcsJ@pepf&J@ yHkpHwckqdkwmvJ owd&oifhygw,f?
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ody`Henf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk wnfaqmuf&ygr,f? prf;oyfr_awG vkyf&ygr,f? ody`H
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f efwo hJ abmw&m; tajccH (odyeH̀ nf;usawG;ac:r_) r&Sw d hJ vkyaf qmifcsuf
wdkif;[mvJ atmifjrifr_odk@ (wqifhjrifhaom trSefw&m;odk@ ) ra&muf&SdEdkifygbl;?
&Sif;vif;atmif Oyrmenf;enf; wifjycsifygw,f?
19
&Sda&;awGudk b,fe,fcsJ@orm;u wcGef;[cJhygovJ? “vl@tcGifhta&;” ta=umif;vJ vJwm &Sdcsif&SdrSmaygh? 'gayrJh rav#muf&if c&D;raygufbl;qdkawmh prf;av#muf=unfh&rSmyJ?
rajymcJh±Hkru vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufwJh vkyfief;awGrSm tultnD ay;aecJhygw,f? vJ&ifx/ rSm;&ifjyifzdk@yJ vdkygw,f?
e0wbufudk ajymr,fqdk&ifvJ²²²² u|efawmfwdk@ygwD[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;avmurSm oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@
e,fcsJ@vufopfqdkwm[m 1988 ckESpfusrSay:wm r[kwfygbl;? aygi;f pyf&mrSm u|r;f usicf w hJ hJ ygwyD g? ocifoef;xGe;f [m oabmw&m;udk vufawG@tjzpf
(e0w) acgif;aqmifrsm; rlvwef;ausmif;om;t&G,fuwnf;u &Sdaewmyg? aqmif&Guf&mrSm tvGefaphpyfaocsmol - vmbfjrifoltjzpf EdkifiHa&;avmu u
olwdk@wawG tv,fwef;ausmif;om; txufwef;ausmif;om;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om; todtrSwjf yK cH&olyg? oabmw&m;awG wGiw f iG &f w
G +f yD; vufawG@rmS bmrSrjzpfajrmuf
b0u AD,uferfrmS e,fcs@J usL;ausmrf }_ uD; jzpfaewmyg? Armjynfu, kd wf ikd u
f vJ autrfwD wJh ocifpdk;&J@ “tvHeD” *dk%f;rsdK; r[kwfygbl;?
usL;ausmrf u _ kd cHae&wmyg? tJ'w D ek ;f u olw@kd wawGukd e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; jynfo@l wu kd yf JG 'gayrJh wcgwkef;uawmh ygwD[m tJ'DtrSm;rsdK; usL;vGefzl;ygw,f? oabm
awGrSm rawG@ygbl;? aemufydkif; ppfAdkvfawG jzpfvmawmhvJ “e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;” w&m;awG a,bk,s trSefw&m;awGay:rSm vJavsmif;ae&if tE W&m,fuif;w,f?
pum;ajymwm r=um;cJh&ygbl;? 1988 pufwifbm (18) &uf aemufydkif;usrS p+yD; vufawG@ prf;oyfvkyf=unfh&if jzKwf - xkwf -owf ab;awG@r,fqdk+yD; rvkyf&J rudkif&J
ajym=uwmyg? jzpfukefwmyg?
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tcGifhtm%m trsm;qHk; ,lxm;olawGyJ tajymrsm;ygw,f? wjcm; (e0w) 0ifawG vlom;awG tjrifhqHk; &&SdEdkifwJh vlr_pepf[m t&if;&Sdolu t&if;rJholudk -
uawmh rajym=uygbl;? ajym&rSm vdyfjymroef@ jzpf=u[ef wlygw,f? ypPn;f &So d u l ypPn;f rJo
h u l kd aoG;pkyEf idk w
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tar&duef - t*FvdyfpwJh e,fcsJ@orm;awGu Armjynf&J@ ‘'Drdkua&pDa&; - udk zdEydS Ef ikd w
f hJ - tm;}uD;olu tm;i,fou l kd tEdik u
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vl@tcGifhta&;’ twGuf jAKef;pm;}uD; xajymvm=uwm&J@ wu,fht"dy`m,fu bmvJ´ jzpfvJ rjzpfxdkufygbl;?
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e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;&J@ aoe*FAsL[m tajymif;tvJeJ@ qufpyfw,fqdkwm awG@&ygw,f?
- aoe*FAsL[mopft& uGejf rLepf0g' qef@usiaf &; jrm;OD;udk w±kwjf ynfbufo@kd
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ta&;[m a&S@wef;odk@ a&mufvmwmyg? ordkif;a=umif;udk jyef=unfh&ifvJ t*Fvdyf
e,fcs@J orm; - *syefzufqpfe,fcs@J orm;awG Armjynfta&;udk b,fvpkd wif pdw0f ifpm;cJh Armjynf&@J yuwdtajctaet& ArmjynfawmfveS af &;[m jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD
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csKyf+yD;ajym&&ifawmh e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m Armjynf&J@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vl@ aomfvnf;aumif;/ “qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;” qdkwJh ta&udk+cHK+yD; twkta,mif
tcGit hf a&; twGuf Armjynfta&;udk pdw0f ifpm;wm r[kwb f /J uGejf rLepf0g' qef@usiaf &; qdk&S,fvpfpepfwck xlaxmifwmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&ygr,f?
24 21
 jynfol@'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; tqifhrSm ajz&Sif;&r,fhwm0ef}uD; 3 &yfjzpfwJh awmhbl;vdk@ ajymvdk@&ygw,f?
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ypfa&; wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmif&ygr,f? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ wnf+idrfa&; &Sdatmifvkyf+yD; e,fcsJ@
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a=umifh ratmifjrifcJhwmawGvJ trsm;tjym; &Sdygw,f?
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ya'o&mZfajr&Sib f ufu&yf+yD; v,form;udk qef@usiw f t hJ rSm;/ AsL&du
k &uf t&if;&Siaf wG e0wajymwJh “e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;”
bufu&yf+yD; jynfolawGudk qef@usifwJh trSm;rsdK; b,fwkef;urS rrSm;cJhygbl;? eJ@
&efoludk tvGeftu|H wdkufyGJqifrdwJh trSm; (odk@r[kwf) av#mh+yD;wGufum e,fcsJ@orm;awGajymwJh“vl@tcGifhta&;”
av#mh+yD;wdkufrdwJhtrSm; tJ'Dvdk tjrifeJ@ enf;emydkif;qdkif&m trSm;rsdK;udkyJ usL;vGefrdwm
&SdcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbm 18 &ufae@aemufydkif;rSm tar&duef e,fcsJ@orm;
rSm;rSef;odwmeJ@ jyifvdkufwmygyJ? tygt0if e,fcs@J Eikd if aH wG[m “Armjynf&@J vl@tcGit
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25
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26
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27
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32
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qdk&S,fvpfygwDu jynfwGif;ppf wdkufcsifae+yDqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDuawmh
odygw,f? zrf;rdolawGudk axmifxJxnfh/ zrf;vdk@rrdolawGudk awmxJarmif;ydk@+yD; awG@&m
ocsõKif; owfypfzdk@ pDpOfcJhwmyg?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@awmfvSefa&; - zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;awGwkef;u odyf+yD;
rwufºucJw h hJ a&S@wef;rSm rjrifc&hJ bl;wJh qd&k ,
S v
f pfawGu bma=umifrh sm; 'Davmufawmif
jynfwGif;ppf wdkufcsifae=uovJ?
ta=umif;uawmh - tpdk;&tm%m &xm;w,f? tpdk;&wyf}uD;wckvHk;udk
csKyfudkifxm;Edkifw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDudk acsr_ef;Edkif&if olwdk@taeeJ@ b,fygwDudkrS r_p&m
r&Sdawmhbl;? EdkifiHawmftm%mudk xm0pOfcsKyfudkifxm;Edkifr,f? +yD;awmh ta&;}uD;wm
wcku e,fcsJ@tultnD&rSm aocsmw,fqdkwmudk olwdk@od=uygw,f? bma=umifh
'DvdkajymEdkifovJqdkawmh -
jzpfpOfu'Dvdkyg/ 1946 ckESpf pufwifbm vlxktHkºur_}uD;jzpfawmh t*Fvdyf
bk&ifc[ H m rwwfombJ zqyvudk tm%mtyf&w,f? (91 Xme tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mudk
qdkvdkw,f)
tJ'Dvdk tyf&awmh t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu tpdk;&tzGJ@xJrSm uGefjrLepfwa,muf
awmif rygapcsifygbl;? qdk&S,fvpfawGudkawmh b,favmufyJygyg - ygapcsifw,f?
olw@kd ukd t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J u =unfjzLygw,f? t*FvefrmS uvJ avbmygwD (qd&k , S v
f pfawG)
tm%m&aewmyg?
zqyvrSmuvJ uGefjrLepfawG&Sdaeawmh uGefjrLepfudk 0ef}uD;ae&m ray;vdk@
rjzpfygbl;? 'ga=umifh t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu ray;csifay;csifeJ@ uGefjrLepfudk 0ef}uD;wae&m
ay;&wmygyJ? udkodef;az (OD;odef;azjrifh) 0ef}uD; jzpfvmygw,f? t*Fvdyftifyg,mxJrSm
uGefjrLepfu 0ef}uD;ae&m&wm[m 'gyxrOD;qHk;t}udrfyJvdk@ ajym=uwmygyJ/ aocsm
raocsmawmh pdppfr=unfhrdygbl;?
1948 aemufydkif;usawmh uGefjrLepfygwDudk vuf,mqdk&S,fvpftpdk;&u
29
tvpftidkuf,l+yD; acsr_ef;ypfa&;udk t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@u vdkvm;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDudk
acsre_ ;f a&;vky&f ifvJ jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfrmS u used ;f aoygw,f? 'ga=umifv h J yd+k yD;}udKufygw,f?
ArmjynfrSm qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&udk &ifqdkif+yD; jynfwGif;ppfwdkufEdkifwm u|efawmf
wdk@ ygwDyJ &Sdygw,f? tpdk;&eJ@ uGefjrLepfjzpfwJh jynfwGif;ppfudk ta=umif;jyK+yD; tpdk;&
tm;enf;atmif - tpdk;&wyf+ydKuGJatmif vkyfEdkifwma=umifh vlrsdK;pk tiftm;pkawG[m
tm;wufvm+yD; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJawG tpDt&D wdkufvm=uwmygyJ? 'g[mvufawG@
ordkif;jzpf&yfyg?
OD;apm&J@ rsKd ;cspyf gwuD kd vufeufwyfqifay;&if jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfr,fv@kd t*Fvyd f
e,f c sJ @ orm;&J @ tpd w f t yd k i f ; wcsd K @u 1947 wk e f ; u xif c J h = uygw,f ? 'ga=umif h
taumif;pm; pufaoewf tajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;cJhygw,f? usnfqHawGuvJ
taxmiftaomif;ygyJ? vkyf}uHzdk@ oufoufqdk&if 'Davmufrsm;rsm; xkwfray;ygbl;?
enf;enf;ay;&if jzpfaeyg+yD?
'gayrJh ODapmwdk@ygwD[m jynfwGif;ppf rwdkufEdkifygbl;/ vkyf}uHa&;yJ vkyfEdkifwJh
ygwDyg?
OD;apmwdk@u jynfwGif;ppfomwdkufEdkif&if t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@&J@ tm;ay;r_&EdkifrSm
jzpfayr,fh Adkvfatmifqef;wdk@udk vkyf}uHwmyJ vkyfEdkifawmh OD;apmudk tm%mtyfcsifwJh
t*Fvyd af wG tcufawG@ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;Ekukd tjrefac:+yD; tm%mtyfwmyg? t*Fvyd f
uom twGuftcsufvGJ+yD; OD;apmudk tm%mtyfcJh&if t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;[m 1942
- ckEpS u f }uHKcJ&h wJh ‘atmifjrifpmG qkwcf mG jcif;’ &J@ pHcsed cf sKd ;&avmufatmif Armjynfuae
t+rD;ukyf+yD; ajy;&rSmyg?
'Dvkyf}uHr_}uD;&J@ w&m;cH tppftrSefudk ygwDuom tOD;qHk; azmfxkwfolyg?
+yD;awmhvJ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk aemufqHk;wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ v_H@aqmfcJhwmyg?
vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfawGu tvpftidkufzrf;+yD; ygwDudk acsr_ef;ayr,fh tpdk;&
wyfppfAv kd f wOD;&J@ aus;Zl;a=umifh vGwv f m&wmyg? 'g[m tJ'yD *k Kd~ vf&@J aumif;r_jyKr_}uD;yg?
ygwDA[kdom acsr_ef;cH&&if wygwDvHk;udk pkpnf;+yD; wjynfvHk;tESH@ wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifrSm
r[kwfygbl;?
'Dae&mrSm wckxyf+yD;wifjy&rSmu vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfawG&J@ vufxJ tpdk;&
tm%m&+yD;uwnf;u zufqpf awmfvSefa&;t+yD;rSm rwwfomvdk@ tpdk;&ppfwyfxJrSm
ae&may;xm;&wJh uGefjrLepfppfAdkvfawGudk tokwfvdkufwyfu xkwfypfaewmyg? 'g[m
ppfwyfudk wvufudkif jzpfvmatmif vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfygwDu pwifvkyfvmwmyg?
Adv
k af e0if;[m vuf,mqd&k , S vf pfawG&@J cs;D ajr‡mufre_ @J ta&;ygwo
hJ l jzpfvmwmyg? (1960
30
ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm ol@q&m}uD;awG cGufcGufvefatmif ±_H;awmhrS ol@p±dkuftwdkif;
q&mawGukd cGmcJ+h yD; wpifaxmifawmhwmyg?) rqv&J@oaE<[m tJ'u D wnf;u pcJw h myg?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;udk vufeufudkifwdkufzdk@
(ba&muf'g0g'0ifwJh vtenf;i,f=umwJh umvrSty) wav#mufvHk; jyifcJhygw,f?
'g[mv#dK@0Sufcsuf r[kwfygbl;? 1947 ckESpf ZEMm0g&DvrSm csrSwfwJh vrf;pOfopf[m
“aemufqHk;wdkufyGJ vrf;pOf” vdk@ ac:ygw,f? zqyv eJ@ uGefjrLepf nDnGwf+yD;
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;udk vufeufudkifwdkufzdk@yg? jynfwGif;ppfwdkufzdk@ r[kwfygbl;?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J ordik ;f rSm “jynfwiG ;f ppfwu kd af &;vrf;pOf” b,fwek ;f urS r&Syd gb;l ?
e,fcsJ@awmfvSefa&; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJvrf;pOfom &Sdygw,f?
Adkvfatmifqef;uvJ t*FvefoGm;umeD;rSm vGwfvyfa&;awmif;wm “&&if&
- r&&ifcs” vd@k ajymcJyh gw,f? 'gukd ygwu D tºuif;rJh axmufcyH gw,f? yg;pyfu axmufc±H kH
om r[kwf vufawG@vyk zf @kd vJ jyifygw,f? csz@kd v&kd if csEikd zf @kd jyifygw,f? jynfo@l &aJ bmfuvJ
jyifygw,f? rjyifwm[m qdk&S,fvpfygwDyg? bma=umifh rjyifovJqdkawmh t*Fvdyfe,fcs@J
u ay;oavmufeJ@ a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfzdk@ (&oavmufyJ ,lzdk@ ) olwdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;om;
jzpfaevdk@yg?
r&vdk@ - cs&+yDqdk&if vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfawG&J@ tcef;uukefyg+yD? olwdk@&J@
tpOftvmtwkdif; olwdk@udk,folwdk@ aemufwef;a&mufatmif ydk@=urSmyg? olwdk@
qd&k ,
S vf pfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk vufeufuikd w f u
kd yf JG pnf;±H;k &mrSm jyifqif&mrSm a&S@wef;
ppfajrjyifrSm b,fwkef;urS rawG@zl;ygbl;? olwdk@eJ@ teD;uyf aecJholrsm;vdk@ tcktcgrSm
[dwf[efxkwfaeolrsm;uawmh odcsifodrSmyg? awG@zl;csifvJ awG@zl;rSmyg? awG@zl;cJhw,f
qdk&if aemifvmaemufom;rsm; rSwfom;&atmif pmtkyfjyKpk wifjyoifhygw,f? t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJ@eJ@ aemufqHk;pm&if;&Sif;yGJ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;omjzpf&if olwdk@tcef; arS;rSdef
oGm;rSm rkcsygyJ?
txufrSm ajymcJhwJh ba&muf'g0g' udpP enf;enf;&Sif;vif;wifjyvdkygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ ygwD[m trSm;jyKrd&if b,fawmhrSzHk;uG,f rxm;ygbl;? trSm;&J@
vlwef;pm;ZmpfjrpfeJ@ ordkif;Zmpfjrpf / trSm;&J@jzpfpOf trSm;&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_eJ@
trSm;udk jyif&r,fh enf;emawGudk qef;ppf&SmazGygw,f?
ba&muf'g0g' trSm;udjk yifz@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D xkwaf zmfajym+yD; t=um}uD;
aerS ygwDudk tykyfcsvdkol qdk&S,fvpfygwDu u|efawmfwdk@&J@ udk,fhudkudk,fa0zefa&;
vkyfwmudk csufaumif;,l=uygw,f? 'Dvdk csufaumif;,lwmuvJ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk
vufeufuikd w f u kd zf @kd rvdak wmhwhJ tcsed u
f srS (1948 aemufyikd ;f usr)S csuaf umif;,l0w hH myg?
31
awGjzpfwJh qdk&S,fvpfppfAdkvfawGudk ppfwyfxJu &Sif;ypfcJhygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;[m ol
wav#mufv;kH aygi;f cJwh hJ taygi;f toif;awGuo kd pPmazguyf ;D Adv k af e0if;buf ygomG ;ygw,f?
1962 ckEpS f tm%modr;f yGu J awmh Adv k af e0if;&J@ wOD;wnf;rlyikd f tm%modr;f yGJ
jzpfygw,f? tajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;/ tpdk;&tzGJ@zrf; pojzifh vkyfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwD
tm;vHk; zsufodrf;ygw,f? ppfwyfygwDwck axmifygw,f/ vl=um;aumif;atmif jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDvdk@ emrnfay;ygw,f?
rufcD,mA,fvD0g'orm; EdkifiHa&;tm%m avmb&ruf}uD;ol/ t}uH}uD;ol/
vlrdkuf*dk%f;acgif;aqmif&J@vkyf[ef tjynfh&Sdol Adkvfae0if;&J@ Zmwd±kyf tppftrSef[m
tJ'DusrS ay:vmygw,f/
Adkvfae0if;(OD;ae0if;) taeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf odrf;ydkuf
+yD;wJhaemuf tESpf 30 ausmftwGif;rSm orRwawG 0ef}uD;csKyfawG b,fESpfa,muf
wifcJh+yDvJ/ (Adkvfapmarmif-Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@udkyg xnfhwGufyg?) 0ef}uD;awG/ !ïefcsKyf -
!ïefr_;awG/ trwfawG b,favmufwifcJhovJ / wdkif;tqifheJ@ atmufajcydkif;rSm ppfAdkvf
awGudk a0pkb,favmuf cGJay;cJhovJ? tJ'Dpm&if;awGudk jyKpk=unfhprf;yg? b,favmuf
awmif rsm;cJhygovJ?
olwdk@&J@ tajccHt&nftcsif;eJ@qdk&if tdyfrufawmif rruf0HhwJh &mxl;XmeE W&
awG &aeawmh ae0if;ppftkyfpkudk olwdk@opPm&Sd=uygw,f?
'g[m ae0if ; ppf t k y f p k jzpf v myH k / ppf t pd k ; &jzpf v myH k e J @ ppf A sL±d k u a&pD
,E W&m;}uD;jzpfvmyHk t=urf;zsif; twdkcsHK@+yD; wifjywmyg?
ppftkyfpkjzpfw,f/ ppfAsL±dkua&pD,E W&m;rSm yg0ifw,fqdkwJh t&nftcsif;
('gudkt&nftcsif;vdk@ owfrSwfcJh&if ) wckwnf;eJ@ jzpfvdkuf=uwJhorRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/
0ef}uD;³³³³ pwmawG?
axmufvrS ;f a&;rª; Adv k cf ifneG @f wa,mufwnf; ynma&;aumfrwD OuUXvnf;
vkyf/ usef;rma&;OuUXvnf;vkyf/ [dkaumfrwD 'DaumfrwDrSmvnf; OuUXvkyf - tJ'Dvdk
vkyfaewmudk rsuf0g;xifxif awG@ae&w,f r[kwfygvm;? tm;upm;udpPrSmvJ 0ifajym
vdkuf/ b,fudpPxJ0ifq&mvkyfvdkuf vkyfaewm[m ppftkyfpk0if jzpfw,fqdkwJh t&nf
tcsif;wckwnf;eJ@ ae&mwum0ifpGufaewmyg? tJ'Dvkyfief;awGrSm u|rf;usifatmif
oludk,fwdkif tywfwukwf avhvmqnf;yl;xm;cJhvdk@ q&m0ifvkyfaeEdkifwmawmh
r[kwfbl;qdkwm &Sif;aeygw,f? (OD;atmif}uD;a&;wJhpmapmifwckxJrSm ygovdk
Adkvfwifazu OD;b+idrfudk q&mwif+yD; ‘jynfolydkif’ vkyfwmrsdK;vJ jzpfcsifjzpfygvdrfhr,f?)
ppftkyfpk - ppftpdk;& - ppfAsL±dkua&pD ,E W&m;qddkwJh (ppf 3 ppf) udk
36
vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfrsm; }uD;pdk;aewJh zqyv tpdk;&&J@ acwfwkef;uqdk&if “olrom
ud,k rf em +idr;f csr;f a&;” “oifyek ;f acs +idr;f csr;f a&;” pwJh ormorwf&adS om yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;&J@
awG;ac: }uHqcsufrsm;udk ygwDuvufcH+yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@ pmwdkpm&Snfa&;um
urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfcJhygw,f?
tpdk;&&J@ +idrf;csrf;a&;ay:vpDudk csrSwfaeolrsm;[m zqyvxJu EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;r[kwfbJ ppfwyfwGif;u qdk&S,fvpfawG jzpfaevdk@ygyJ?
1958 ckESpf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;wJh tcgrSmawmh tpdk;&&J@ “+idrf;csrf;a&;
ay:vpD” [m bGifbGif;&Sif;&Sif;}uD; ay:vmygw,f? olwdk@ay:vpDu aphpyfaqG;aEG;wm
rvkyfbl;? uGefjrLepfawG ±_H;awmhrSmrdk@ aphpyfr,fajymaewm/ vufeufcs&ifcs rcs&if
tjyKwfacsr_ef;ypfr,f qdkwmygyJ? olwdk@&J@armufrmr_u urf;ukefygw,f?
“+rdK@ay:rSm uGejf rLepf&mS ;vd@k awmxJomG ;+yD; yihcf ikd ;f aewm r[kwb f ;l / vufeuf
rcsbl;qdk&if awmxJrSmyJ tjywf&Sif;cJh ” vdk@ w&m;0if trdef@xkwfjyef+yD; acsr_ef;cJhwmyg?
AdkvftmVm0u/ ocifarmif}uD;/ Adkvfodef;polrsm;[m tJ'Dvdk usqHk;&wmyg? tJ'Dvdk
*k%fa&mifajymifpGm usqHk;&olrsm;vJ trsm;}uD; &Sdygw,f?
‘aphpyfaqG;aEG; +idrf;csrf;a&;’ wHcg;udk ygwDu t+rJzGifhxm;ygw,f? ppftpdk;&
uawmh wHcg;udk t+rJwrf; ydwfxm;csifygw,f? 1963 ckESpfeJ@ 1980 rsm;u aphpyfaqG;aEG;
wm[mvJ tcuftcJ &Sdaevdk@ rwwfomvdk@ vl=um;aumif;atmif vkyfcJhwmyg?
oabm±d;k eJ@ r[kwb f J tjzpfoabmeJ@ ygweD @J aqGaEG;cJw h myg? olw@kd aqG;aEG;wJh
tESpfom&uvJ ¹cif;csufr&Sd vufeufcscdkif;wmyg?
1963 ckESpfuxuf 1980 - 81 rSmqdk&if ydk+yD;qdk;&Gm;vmygw,f? 74 tajccH
Oya't& rqv wygww D nf;om w&m;0ifwnf&cdS iG &hf v dS @kd q+kd yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwuD kd
zsufodrf;zdk@txd ryGifhwyGifh r&Jw&J ajymvmygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;
wckeJ@vJ rqv ppftpdk;&u aqG;aEG;aeygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf;udk rqv wygwD
tm%m&Sifpepf twif;tusyf vufcHcdkif;cJhygw,f? oD;jcm;wyfudkzsuf+yD; olwdk@
vufatmufu “vHkxdef;” vkyfcdkif;ygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&Smcsifwm r[kwfwJh rqv tpdk;&[m u|efawmfwdk@ygwDeJ@
aphpyfaqG;aEG;aewmudk uref;uwef; zsufodrf;vdkufygw,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk
wzufowf t+yD;tydkif zsufodrf;vdkufw,fvdk@ a=unmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wjcm;
tzGJ@tpnf;wckudkawmh t+rJwrf;wHcg;zGifhxm;w,fvdk@ ajymaeygw,f?
bma=umifh 'Dvdk pHESpfrsdK;xm;+yD;usifhoHk;ygovJ? &Sif;ygw,f? ppftkyfpk[m
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk tmCmw xm;ygw,f?olwdk@&J@ ESvHk;tdrftxd xdk;ESuf
33
wduk cf u
kd Ef ikd o
f al wG[m uGejf rLepfawGyq
J w
kd m olw@kd oyd gw,f? 'ga=umifh t+rw
J rf; aoG;vef@
aeygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDudk Oya'wGif; ac:roGif;0Hhovdk Oya'yrSmvJ rxm;0Hhygbl;?
'ga=umifh tjrpfjywf acsr_ef;a&; ay:vpDyJ usifhoHk;wmyg?
uGefjrLepfqdkwm uifqmuvmyfpnf;eJ@ wlw,f? tjrpfjzwfrypf&if tyGm;
jrefw,f? 'ga=umifh tjrpfjzwfypf&r,fv@kd e0w axmufvrS ;f a&;wm0efcrH sm;u t+rJwrf;
ajymae=uygw,f?
'Dvdk tawG;tjrifrsdK; &Sdaeor#olwdk@ppftkyfpk[m jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&SmrSm r[kwfygbl;?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDjy\em
1980 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ ysujf ym;+yD;wJah emufrmS ygwu D
Armjynf&@J yuwd tajctaeudk bufaygi;f pHk oH;k oyf+yD; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH od@k tqdjk yKr_topf
wifjycJhygw,f?
rqv wygwDppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
usifhoHk;zdk@ jzpfygw,f?
ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDpepfukd xlaxmifz@kd 1980 ckEpS u f bma=umifh wifjycJo h vJq&kd if
atmufygArmjynf&J@ xl;jcm;wJh vufawG@EdkifiHa&; tajctaeawGa=umifh jzpfygw,f?
yxrtm;jzifh - jynfwGif;ppf =um&SnfvmwmeJ@ tr# AsL&dku&ufppf,E W&m;
jzpfwnfvmw,f? jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;&J@ txufrSmppftkyfpkwck
jzpfwnfvmw,f? wdkif;jynf&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'jyKa&; w&m;
pD&ifa&;udk vHk;0csKyfudkifxm;wJh ppftpdk;&wck jzpfay:vmw,f?
tajccHOya'wck a&;qGJ+yD; olwdk@&J@ tm%m&Sifpepfudk tum
tuG,f jyKaeygw,f? ppftkyfpk/ ppftpkd;&/ ppfAsL&dkua&pD,E W&m;
jzpfay:vmwJh jzpfpOfudk cif;jy+yD;wifjyrSom &Sif;vif;rSmjzpfvdk@
jzpfpOfudk wifjyygr,f?
- 1948 ckESpfrSm Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;
jynfwGif;ppfudk zefwD;cJhw,f? Adkvfae0if;trª;jyKwJh wyfwGif;&Sd
qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifawGudk trmcHxm;+yD; tpdk;&ppfwyf}uD;wckvHk;
toHk;jyKum uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; jynfwGif;ppf wdkufapcJhygw,f?
- u&iftrsKd ;om;wyfawG ykeu f efomG ;+yD;wJh tcsed u f p+yD; Advk af e0if;
34
[m ppfwyfwckvHk;udk csKyfudkifEdkifwJh taetxm; jzpfvmw,f?
'gayrJh Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDudk rSDcdkae&qJ jzpfw,f? ol@ywf0ef;
usifrSm&SdwJh ppfAdkvf}uD;awG tm;vHk;[m ol@tay:rSm av;pm;r_
ody&f w dS m r[kwb f ;l ? umuG,af &;Xmeudik o f l OD;AaqG eJ@ jynfxaJ &;
Xmeudkifol OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@udkom =unfndKav;pm;=uolawG
jzpfw,f?
tck e0w ppfAdkvfawGu Adkvfae0if;udk tr$ef;wif+yD;
ajymavh&SdwJh 1949 ckESpfwkef;u tm%modrf;zdk@ wdkufwGef;olawG
&SdaewmawmifrS tm%mudkrrufarmvdk@ tm%modrf;wm rvkyf
cJhbl;qdkwJh udpPudk &Sif;zdk@vdkygw,f?
tm%modrf;zdk@ wdkufwGef;olu eHrnfausmf vuf,m
0g'}D uD;jzpfwhJ (21 OD;) OD;bazyg? OD;baz aemufrmS u t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J
uk r ` % D bD t d k p D uk r ` % D y g? tJ ' D w k e f ; uom Ad k v f a e0if ; u
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@t}udKuf tm%modrf;cJh&if jynfolawGu 0dkif;+yD;
qef@usif=uvdk@ t±dk;tom;awmif &SmawG@rSm r[kwfyg?
Adkvfae0if;rSm EdkifiHa&;&moDOwkudk tuJcwfwwfwJh tuif;yg;r_
&Sdygw,f? b,ftcsdefrSm b,fol@udk rSDcdk&r,f? b,ftcsdefrSm
cGm&r,fqdkwmudk olodygw,f/ (ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyfwdk@&J@
*dk%f;udk tcsdefrD cGmcJhEdkifwmudkvnf;aumif;/ OD;AaqG - OD;ausmf+idrf;
wdk@&J@ Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDu cGmcJhEdkifwmudkvnf;aumif;/
&S p f a v;vH k ; vl x k t H k º ur_ } uD ; rwd k i f r D u av;rS m qd k & S , f v pf
ta&+cHKxm;wmudk cGmcs+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDodk@ ajymif;vJzdk@
tmabmfzefw;D cJw h mudv k nf;aumif;/ oH;k oyf=unf&h if ol@&@J tuif;
yg;r_udk tuJjzwfEdkifyg w,f?)
zqyvtzGJ@ uGJ+yD;aemufydkif; 1958 ckESpfrSm qdk&S,fvpfppfAdkvfawG&J@
yifhwifay;r_eJ@ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& wufvkyfawmhvJ Adkvfae0if;[m qdk&S,fvpfygwDudk
qufvufrSDcdkygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@t}udKuf vkyfygw,f? oef@&Sif;
zqyv OD;Ekwdk@udk qef@usifygw,f?
1960 ck E S p f a&G ; aumuf y G J t+yD ; rS m awmh Ad k v f a e0if ; [m tusbuf
a&mufaewm aocsmoGm;+yDjzpfwJh OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@&J@ Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@
t+yD;tydkif vrf;cGJvdkufygw,f? ol@udk yifhwifay;cJhol (OD;AaqG OD;ausmf+idrf;bufom;)
35
 tckwavmrSm e0wxJu tm%mydkifwcsdK@u “Auy&J@ tm%mudk jzwfvrf;
u odrf;ydkufa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm;” qdk+yD; ajymae=uwm &Sdygw,f? 1980 - 81 ckESpfup+yD;
ygwDu jynfolvlxkodk@ wifjycJhwJh wifjycsufrsm;eJ@ vwfwavm awmif;qdk csufrsm;udk
=unfh&if ppftpdk;&tpm; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yfeJ@ tpm;xdk;a&;udkom wifjyxm;wm
awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? ygwDu tm%modrf;ydkufa&;udpP vHk;vHk;rygygbl;?
e0w uoufaocH taxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyaewJh Auy ay:vpfAsL&dk
tpnf;ta0; AD'D,dkacGqdkwm[m wu,fu Edkif§OD; tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0; r[kwfygbl;?
ajrmufydkif;A[dkXmecGJ aumfrwD0ifrsm;odk@ A[dk&J@qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnftpD&ifcHwJh
tpnf;ta0; jzpfygw,f?
+yD;awmhvJ tJ'DrSm ygwDA[dku wifjyaewm[m ygwDutm%modrf;,lzdk@
r[kwfygbl;? vlxktHkºur_}uD; ('Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk) u rqv ppftpdk;&udk +zdKzsuf+yD;
vlxk}uD;udk,fwdkif zGJ@pnf;wJh ,m,Dtpdk;&w&yf ay:aygufa&;eJ@ tJ'Dtpdk;&udk ygwDu
b,fvdktm;ay;axmufcH&rvJ qdkwmudk wifjywm jzpfygw,f?
'DudpPudk tus,fwifjyrS &Sif;vif;jynfhpHkrSmjzpfvdk@ vdktyfoavmufudk
wifjyygr,f?
1988 u tajctae[m tvGefxl;jcm;wJh tajctaejzpfygw,f? vlxk}uD;
taeeJ@ ppftpd;k &&J@ zdEydS af oG;G pkyrf a_ tmufrmS tESpEf pS t
f vv }udwrf w
dS o
f nf;cHvmcJ&h wm
awG aygufuGJvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@zmom zefwD;awmhr,fqdkwJh
oEMXd mefcsvmwJu h mv jzpfygw,f? ta[mif;awGukd +zdKzsuyf pf+yD; topfawGukd xlaxmif
vm=uwJh tcsdefvnf; jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh jyif;jywJhpdwf"mwfom&Sd+yD; vdktyfwJh wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmt&
pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_ r&SdbJ jzpfaeygw,f? 'DvdkjzpfwmuvJ obm0usygw,f? rqv wygwD
ppftm%m&Sipf epf vufatmufrmS tESpf 30 eD;yg; aecJ&h wma=umifh t&ift h &ifu &Scd whJ hJ
jynfvHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t±Hk; tzGJ@tpnf;awG r&Sdawmhygbl;? topfjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;=u
&rSmyg? 'g[m tvGef}uD;rm;wJh tm;enf;csufyg?
aemuf+yD;awmh ta&;wumhta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfwhJ tm;enf;csuu f awmh vlxk
tm%m (wenf;) 'Drdkua&pDtm%mudk ausmaxmufaemufcHjyK&r,fh tm%m,E W&m;
(ppfwyf - &JtzGJ@ - w&m;±Hk;pwm) r&Sdygbl;?
rqv ppftpdk;& ,E W&m;uawmh oGufcsmyg' vdkufoGm;yg+yD? rqv
ppftpd;k &tay: (txl;ojzifh OD;ae0if;tay:rSm) wu,fwrf; opPm&Sad ewJh tzG@J tpnf;u
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; tzG@J om &Sdygawmhw,f? ('Daus;Zl;a=umifhvJ e0w xJrSm AdkvfciffnGef@
40
wdu k zf surf ypfEikd &f if jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk Edik if aH &;t& tajz&SmrSm r[kwyf g? Armjynf&@J
Edik if aH &;tajctae[m wd;k wufEikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? (ppf 3 ppf) udk wdu k zf suyf pfz@kd q&kd ifvJ
vlwef;pm;vl@tv$m tm;vHk;ygrS jzpfygr,f? 'Dvlwef;pm; vl@tv$mawGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh
EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: trsdK;rsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh ygwDawG &Sd&ygr,f? ygwDtrsm;tjym;
&Sd&ygr,f? +rdK@ay:rSm rqv/ awmxJrSm Auy - 'DESpfckyJ &Sdaevdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
'kwd,tm;jzif-h Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf[m ±_yfaxG;ygw,f? &Snf=um+yD; tajymif;tvJ
vnf; rsm;ygw,f? yHkpHao/ rlaowckESpfckeJ@ jy\em&J@ tajzudk&Smvdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
tiftm;pk toD;oD;&J@ tqdjk yKr_tm;vH;k / pOf;pm;r_tm;vH;k eJ@ a&G;jc,fp&mvrf; tm;vH;k udk
vrf;zGifhay;xm;&ygr,f/ csKyf+yD;ajym&&if EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&Sm&ygr,f? EdkifiHa&;t&
tajz&SmcJhom;yJ/ uGefjrLepfawGu tcGifhaumif;,l tjrwfxkwfcJhvdk@ zsufodrf;vdkuf&wm
vdk@ e0w ua&;ae ajymaewm &Sdygw,f/ 1963 a&m 1980§81 rSmyg ppftpdk;&u
EdkifiHa&;t& tajz&SmcJhwm r[kwfygbl;? ppfajrjyifrSm r&Edkifwmudk aphpyfa&;pm;yGJrSm
wif+yD; awmif;aewmyg?
EdkifiHwumrSm jynfwGif;ppfjy\emudk ajz&Sif;=uwmudk =unfhyg? pdwf&Snf
vuf&n S f aphpyf!Ed‡ id_ ;f =uwmyg? wu,fajym&if ppftpd;k &[m aqG;aEG;bufrsm;tay:rSm
wef;wl&nfwl qufqw H m r&Syd gb;l ? olw@kd u oabmxm;}uD;pGmeJ@ r[mtcGit hf a&;}uD;
ay;aewm urf;rwufeJ@qdkwJh tjyKtrlawG avoHawGeJ@ qufqHwmyg?
'ga=umifh wef;wl&nfwl/ 'Drdkua&pD&Sd&Sd/ ta=umif;tusdK;qDavsmfpGm pdwf&Snf
vuf&Snf ajymqdkqufqHwJh enf;em[mvnf; ta&;}uD;ygw,f? ppfwyfxJu wyfcGJ
wyf=uyf}uD; taygufrsdK;csdK;vdk@uawmh rjzpfyg?
ppftpdk;&qDu txufygoabmxm;rsdK;/ qufqHr_rsdK;udk &vdrfhr,fvdk@
ygwDupdwful;,Ofr_ r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDomv#if Armjynf&J@
vufawG@EdkifiHa&;eJ@ udkufnDw,fqdk+yD; wifjyaewmyg?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk 1980§81 ckESpfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu wifjy
vdkufawmh wkH@jyefr_ trsdK;rsdK;udk ygwDwGif; ygwDyrSm ñuHawG@&ygw,f? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD[m
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;vufawG@udk OD;pm;ay;+yD; azmfxkwfwJhaºu;a=umfoH jzpfygw,f? r+yD;qHk;
EdkifwJh jynfwGif;ppfudk &yfpJvdkwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fwrf; wnfaqmufvdkwJh
apwemeJ@ wifjycJhwmyg?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J wifjycsuu f kd wjynfv;kH od@k us,uf s,jf yef@jyef@ jzef@a0cJyh gw,f?
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;/ toD;oD;xHrS a0zeft}uHay;r_rsm;udkvJ awmif;cHcJhygw,f?
OD;ausmf+idrf;u “'Dwcgawmh ocifAodef;wifajymwJh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk
37
axmufcHw,f?” vdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? wifjycsuf jzpfygw,f)
Adkvfae0if; pdwful;aygufwdkif; t&rf;av#mufvkyfvdk@ wdkif;jynf qif;&JwGif; - wdkif;jynf&J@ uH=urRmudk zefwD;=ur,fh ausmif;om;eJ@vli,frsm;odk@ ydk@pu'f
eufaewmudk ud, k af wG@}uHKae&wma=umifw h a=umif;/ ol@taeeJ@ pwifcw hJ hJ “jynfwiG ;f ppf ay;pmrsm; (tJ'DxJrSm or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifheJ@ taqmuftOD jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
cif;+yD; uGejf rLepfygwu D kd tjyKwfwu kd af &;” [m vufawG@rmS ae0if;ppftyk pf u k kd arG;ay;ovdk a&; ygw,f?)
jzpfcJhwma=umifhwa=umif;/ twdkuftcHb0eJ@ ae&wJh yk*~vdu usyfwnf;usOf;ajrmif;r_/ - pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm;odk@ vdyfrl+yD; pmayvGwfvyfcGifhudpPawG a&;ygw,f?
pdk;&drfxdwfvef@ae&r_wdk@udk udk,fawG@}uHKvmvdk@wa=umif;/ tJ'Dta=umif;awGa=umifh - tvkyform;twGuf v,form;twGuf vdyfrlwJh ydk@pu'frsm; pojzifh
oHa0*&vmwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f? ae&mtESH@odk@ ydk@cJhygw,f?
OD;ausm+f idr;f &J@ wH@k jyefrr_ sKd ;vdyk J wjcm;jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;avmuu yk*Kd~ vf}uD;awG tJ'Dvdk yk*~dKvfaygif;pHk vlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pHkodk@ ygwD&J@ay;pmrsm;[m 1988
trsm;tjym;qDu ygwDtaeeJ@ vufcH&&SdcJhygw,f? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDudk axmufcHwJh ckESpf tHkºur_}uD;twGuf tajccHawG jzpfvmygw,f?
wHk@jyefr_udk tpOftvm}uD;wJh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS &&SdcJhygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw&D @J wifjycsurf sm;udk trsm;pk}uD;u aumif;rGew f hJ wH@k jyefrr_ sm;
OD;ausm+f idr;f u ‘atmufarhowd&csurf sm;’qdw k hJ pmrlwck a&;aea=umif;vnf; jyK=uygw,f?
=um;cJh&ygw,f? oluG,fvGefawmh ol@pmrl tdrfoltdrfom;awGqDrSm usef&pfw,fvdk@ 'DvdkeJ@ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk&J@ a&$&wkESpfywfvnfodk@ eD;uyfvmygw,f?
=um;&ygw,f? ‘pmrl’[m tar&duefjynfxJ a&mufaeovdkvdkvJ =um;&ygw,f?
bmawGyJ a&;xm;a&;xm; pmtkyftjzpf xGufvmwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;ygw,f? 1988 vlxktHkºur_}uD;
OD;Ek&J@ ‘paeom;’ pmtkyfvdk xkwfjzpfatmifxkwfEdkif&if ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;twGuf (odk@r[kwf)
wrsdK;rsdK;awmh tusdK;&SdEdkifygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
'D w H k @ jyef r _ t m;vH k ; ud k u|ef a awmf w d k @ ygwD u v_ d u f v S J p G m }ud K qd k c J h y gw,f ? 1980 - 81 ckEpS rf mS ygwu D pwifwifjycJw h hJ ppftyk pf k wygwt
D m%m&Sipf epfukd
tJ'DvdkwHk@jyefr_awG &+yD;wJhaemufrSm ygwDu vufawG@vkyfief;cGifxJudk 0ifygw,f? 1985 zsufodrf;+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifa&;qdkwJh 0g'jzef@csda&;aºu;a=umfoH[m
rwdkifrDuyg? vlxk}uD;u vufcHvmwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf vufawG@aqmif&Gufr,fh aºu;a=umfoH jzpfvm
- q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xHodk@ vdyfrlwJh qufuyfv$mrsm; (txJrSm ygw,f?
wdkif;jynf&J@ta&; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;&J@ta&;udk rsufESmv$Jrxm;bJ yg0if 1980 - 81 ckESpfu tajctaer&ifhrSnfhao;ayr,fh 1988 ckESpfrSmusawmh
aqmif&Gufawmfrl=u&ef ygw,f) &ifhrSnfhvm+yD; vlxktHkºur_}uD; jzpfvmwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk&ifhrSnfhvmapzdk@udk rqv
- wcsdefwcgu e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;§zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ppfajrjyifrSm ppftpdk;&udk,fwdkifu wzufwvrf;uae+yD; zefwD;cJhwmyg? wdkif;jynf[m tqif;&JqHk;
wuwkwfxJrSmae+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhol vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif;rsm;odk@ vdyfrlwJh EdkifiH jzpfoGm;jcif;/ aiGpuULrsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif; a=unmum vHk;vHk;zsufodrf;jcif;/
yd@k pu'fay;pmrsm;/ (1300 jynfrh mS wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ upOfu ausmif;y&0%fawGxrJ mS / OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifu tajymif;tvJvkyfa&; pum;rsm;ajymvm&jcif; pwmawG[m
tusOf;axmifxJrSm/ uwkwfxJrSm/ aemifay:aygufvmr,fh vGwfvyfwJh tajctae&ifhrSnfhvmwmudkjywJh ta=umif;tcsufrsm; jzpfygw,f?
Armjynf}uD;&J@ yHkum;csyfudk pdwful;eJ@ a&;jc,fcJhyHkrsm;eJ@ tckawmh wjcm;pD tajctae &ifhrSnfhr_qdkwmudk (tajccHtm;jzifhqdkv#if) tkyfpdk;cH&olawGu
jzpfaewJh ae0if;ppftkyfpkatmufu Armjynf&J@ yHkum;csyf E_dif;,SOfcsuf/ tkyfpdk;olrsm;&J@ zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_udk qufvufonf;cHEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmhjcif;qdkwm wckwnf;eJ@
oufwrf;aph ae&&ifawmifrS odyf=um=um rae&awmhr,fh touft&G,f tuJjzwf&wm r[kwfbJ/ tkyfpdk;olawGudk,fwdkifuvJ yHkpHa[mif;twdkif; qufvuf
a&mufc=hJ u+yD? usew f ohJ ufwrf;twGi;f (5 ESpf - 10 ESpt f wGi;f ) rSm ppftpd;k &udk tkyfpdk;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhjcif; qdkwmudkyg xnfhwGuf+yD; tuJjzwf&rSm jzpfygw,f?
jzKwf+yD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtwGuf vufwGJwdkufyGJ0if=uzdk@ v_H@aqmfwJh ygwD&J@ 1988 ckESpfu tajctae[m tJ'Dvdk tajctaersdK; jzpfygw,f?
38 39
vlwef;pm; vl@tv$mrsm; yg0ifrb _ ufuajymajym pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm;&r_ aoG;ajrus&r_bufu 'Dae@ wGiuf s,af eEdik wf myg?) usew f hJ tpd;k & XmeE &W awGuawmh - vlxt k ºkH ur_tay:rSm
=unfh=unfh trsm;}uD; }uD;rm;us,fjyef@ygw,f? pmemr_ &Sd&if&Sd - r&Sd&ifvJ =um;aewJhoabm - apmifh=unfhvkdwJhoabm &Sdae=uwm
'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD; aygufuGJvmapzdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ygwD[m tapm}uD; jzpfygw,f?
uwnf;u tm;xkwv f ;kH yef;cJyh gw,f? ygw&D @J om;aumif;orD;aumif; tajrmuftjrm;udk ESpf&Snfvrsm; Adkvfae0if;eJ@ tvGef&if;ESD;u|rf;0if&SdcJh=uwJh (ppfwyfwGif;rSmvJ
ay;v–c&hJ ygw,f? ta&;awmfy&kH @J tp tv,f tqH;k wdu k yf pJG Ofrsm;rSmvJ pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm;+yD; tpOftvm&SdcJh=uwJh) rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;rsm;udk,fwdkifu vlxktHkºur_}uD;udk
yg0ifcJhygw,f? axmufcaH e=uwm[m tawmfta&;ygygw,f? Adv k af e0if;ta=umif; twGi;f od tpif;od
tajctae tcsuf t vuf r sm; r&if h r S n f h a o;wJ h u mv jzpf w J h t wG u f olawGuawmif rqvudk qef@usifvm=uwmjzpfvdk@ ppfwyfwckvHk;tay: tvGef=oZm
apmapmydik ;f u v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;[m }uD;rm;us,jf yef@whJ v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;tjzpf ra&muf&cdS yhJ gb;l ? oufa&mufr_ &Sdaeygw,f?
(tajctae&ifhrSnfhr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD; txufrSm wifjycJh+yD;yg+yD?) OD ; atmif } uD ; ud k uref ; uwef ; axmif u v$ w f a y;+yD ; “wyf r awmf t ay:
1987 ckESpfrSm aiGpuULawG w&m;r0if a=unmwJhtcsdefuawmifrS tHkºur_}uD; pdwfeJ@awmif rjypfrSm;=ueJ@” vdk@ ajymcdkif;&wmudkyJ =unfhyg/ 'g[maxmufvSrf;a&;&J@
ay:aygufrvmcJhygbl;? tpDtrHyg?
'Dvt kd ajctaersKd ;rSmawmifrS vlxt k ºkH ur_}uD; jzpfrvmawmh Armjynfta&;udk tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;a[mif;u +ydKysufoGm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;topfu
apmif=h unfh tuJcwfae=uwJh taemufwikf ;f u ynm&Siaf wGu tH=h o=uygw,f? tckvv kd J ay:xGef;rvmEdkifao;wJhumv ppfwyf}uD;wckvHk;&J@ trsm;pk}uD;uvJ Za0Z0gjzpfaecsdef
oHk;oyf=uygw,f? ‘a&S@aqmifv_yf&Sm;rnfh acgif;aqmif r&Sdvkd@’ ‘bmoma&; tvGef - 'g[m tvGefxl;jcm;wJh tajctae jzpfygw,f?
udkif;±_dif;wJhvlxkjzpfvdk@ onf;cHpdwfjrifhrm;vGef;vdk@’ 'Dtajctaeudk rSefrSefuefuefcsOf;uyf+yD; tiftm;pktm;vHk;u wnDw!Gwf
olw@kd wikd ;f jynfawGrmS vdq k &kd if 'grsKd ;vkyw f t
hJ pd;k & ckepf&ufrcHb;l ? jyKwfusw,f wnf;eJ@ tajzrSefudk &SmEdkif=u&if zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; 1945 ckESpfwkef;u
vdk@vJ ajym=uygw,f? ay:xGef;cJhzl;ovdk - wrsdK;om;vHk; wpnf;wvHk;wnf;&SdwJh vlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;taeeJ@
ArmjynfwGif;u tajctaeudk twGif;usus rodvdk@ olwdk@'Dvdkajym=u taumif;jrif0g' jynfh+zdK;aeum tm;opfrmefopfawG jynfhv#rf;aewJh wyfeJ@jynfol
oHk;oyf=uwmyg? wom;wnf;&SdaewJh tajctaew&yf jzpfvmrSmyg?
1988 rSm tHkºuaygufuGJr_}uD; jzpfvmawmhrS olwdk@ tHhtm;oifhoGm;ygw,f? 'Dvjkd zpfvmzd@k u|eaf awmfw@kd ygwu D enf;vrf;rsm;udk }udK;pm;&SmazG wifjyaewm
olwdk@oHk;oyfwJh acgif;aqmifr_r&Sdvdk@ qdkwmuawmh wydkif;rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tcsdef rrDvdkufygbl;? ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;oGm;ygw,f?
tESpfom&usus pOf;pm;=unfh&if vlxktHkºur_udk acgif;aqmifu tcsdefra&G; tajctae (18-9-88) &ufae@rSm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&J@ aqmf=or_eJ@ tm%modrf;
ra&G; t+rJwef; zefwD;Edkifwm r[kwfygbl;? vlxktHkºur_uom acgif;aqmifudk b,ftcsdef vdkufawmh 'Dtm%modrf;yGJ[m b,fol@qDu tm%modrf;vdkufwmygvdk@ yDyDjrnfjrnf
rSmrqdk zefwD;Edkifygw,f? ajymzdk@ cufaeygw,f? rqv tpdk;&qDu odrf;wmygvdk@ ajym&atmifuvJ rqv
1988 vlxt k ºkH ur_}uD;twGi;f rSm acgi;f aqmifra_ e&mudk &,lz@kd tm;xkwo f al wG tpdk;&vufxJrSm tm%mr&Sdawmhbl;? +ydKysufoGm;+yD? vlxktpdk;&qDu odrf;wmygvdk@
renf;ygbl;/ “'Drdkua&pD zcif}uD;” vdk@ udk,fhudkudk,fazmf+yD; xGufvmwJh OD;atmif}uD;vdk ajym&ifvJ “vlxktpdk;& ” qdkwm zGJ@zGJ@pnf;pnf; &Sdao;wm r[kwfbl;?
vlawmif&ydS gw,f? 'gayrJh vlxu k (vli,f-vl}uD;tm;vH;k u) wnDwnf;avmuf a&G;jc,f b,fo@l qu D tm%modr;f vdu k w f mygv@kd ajym&cufaevd@k (Auy) u jzwfvrf;
zefwD;vdkufolu wjcm;wa,muf jzpfoGm;ygw,f? uae+yD; tm%modrf;ydkufzdk@ }uHpnfaewmudk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u azmfxkwfawG@&Sd+yD;
ab;rSm uGejf rLepfawG 0dik ;f &Haew,f/ xkwyf ,fypf&r,f pojzifh OD;atmif}uD;u vufOD;atmif vkyfvdkuf&wmygvdk@ qifajcuefae=u&wmyg?
oJe@J yufwm vkyv f mygao;w,f? tckwavmrSmvJ e0w Adv k cf if!eG @f u uGejf rLepfawGu tES p f o m&buf u aeajym&if e0w tm%mod r f ; wm[m vl x k q D u
0dkif;&HwJhenf;eJ@wifvdk@ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmwm - EdkifiHjcm;uom txif}uD;axmufcHwm tm%mudk (vlxq k o
D @kd wpwp a&mufae+yDjzpfwhJ tm%mud)k odr;f vdu k wf mvd@k ajymvd@k
44 41
&ygw,f? Oyrm tjzpf 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk&J@ oifcef;pmudk wifjyygr,f?
‘vlxktm%m’ u pkpkpnf;pnf;jzpfoGm;&if - ‘vlxktm%m’rSm }uH@cdkifwJh 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk[m &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifta&muf w}udK;wnf;
ausmaxmufaemufcH tm%m,E W&m; &SdoGm;&if ppftkyfpktaeeJ@ jzwfvrf;uae rcsDwufEdkifcJhygbl;? qHk;±_H;oGm;ygw,f?
tm%modrf;vdk@ rjzpfEdkifawmhygbl;? aemufusoGm;yg+yD? 'gayrJh ta&;}uD;wJh oifcef;pmESpfck &cJhygw,f?
aemufqifajcwcku a'gufwmarmifarmifajymwJh twdkif;om vlxku yxr oifcef;pmu tiftm;tqrwef }uD;rm;wJh acwfopfe,fcsJ@orm;udk
vufcHcJh=u&if ppfwyfu0if+yD; tm%modrf;jzpfrSm r[kwfbl;vdk@ ajymavh&dSygw,f? tEdkifwdkufzdk@qdk&if awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m; vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh pnf;urf;
wu,fu a'gufwmarmifarmif&J@ orRwoufwrf;twGif;rSm a'gufwmarmifarmifu wif;usyw f hJ awmfveS af &;ygww D &yf&@J acgi;f aqmifr_ &S&d r,f? trsKd ;om;a&;0g' oufouf
vlxu k kd tcsKd owfae+yD; ppfwyfu tm%modr;f yGt J wGuf (vlxu k kd t=urf;zufErdS ef if;zd@k ) udk vrf;!ïefxm;um avsmh&J&JzGJpnf;xm;wJh ygwD&J@acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ wdkufvdk@rjzpfbl;
jyifqifaewmyg? vufeuf - &duQm - aiGa=u; -"mwfqD pojzifh ±kyf0wÎKypPnf;rsm;udk qdkwm&,f?
wzufupkpnf;aeovdk wzufuvJ ppfAdkvfppfom;awGudk ppfpnf;urf;eJ@ tusyfudkif+yD; 'kwd, oifcef;pmu acwfrDppfwyfudk toHk;jyK+yD; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaewJh e,fcsJ@
wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyfudkifaeygw,f? vlxkqef@usifa&;vkyfzdk@ aoG;xdk;ay;ygw,f? tpd;k &udk tEdik w f u
kd cf si&f if acwfrtD rsKd ;om;wyfrawmfw&yf xlaxmif&r,f? vufeufrhJ
*dk%f;*%pdwfoGif;ay;ygw,f? &mxl;eJ@vnf; jrLqG,fygw,f? &ifqdkifvdk@uawmh tEdkifr&Edkifbl;qdkwJh oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfygw,f?
[dkwkef;uqdk&if ,dk;',m;ppfwyfrSm AdkvfcsKyfOD;a&u wifhum;OD;a&xuf ocifatmifqef;&J@ *k%af us;Zl;[m 'DEpS cf &k v dS matmif pwif xlaxmifco hJ al wG
rsm;w,fvdk@ EdkifiHwum pme,fZif;wcsdK@u &,foGrf;zGJ@cJh=uygw,f? tckawmh tJ'D xJrSm a&S@qHk;uyg0ifcJhwJhaumif;r_ jzpfygw,f?
,dk;',m;ppfwyf&J@ pHcsdefudk e0w ppfwyfu csdK;vdkufyg+yD? ae0if;ppftkyfpktwGuf rSefrSefuefuef+cHKiHkoHk;oyf ed*Hk;csKyf+yD; oifcef;pmaumif;aumif;xkwfum
tusdK;jyKcJholrsm;udk &mxl;jr‡ifhay;+yD; qkvmbfcswmjzpfvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfpm&if;0if wavS}uD; jyifqifoifw h mjyifqif/ r&Sw d m&Sad tmif vkyEf ikd &f if aemufq;kH rSm atmifjrifr_ &vmwmygy?J
jzpfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ qHk;±_H;r_[m atmifjrifr_twGuf rdcifjzpfw,fvdk@ wifpm;+yD; ajym=uwmyg?
atmufuvlukd txufwifay;zd@k twGuf e*d&k adS ewJh vluv kd J z,fypfz@kd raumif; 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk 10 ESpfjynfhajrmufwJh tcgrSmusawmh u|efawmfwdk@
(raumif;bl;qdw k mxuf wyfwiG ;f rSmxm;+yD; xde;f csKyfxm;wmu yd+k yD;pdwcf s&rSm jzpfv@kd yg? jynfolrsm;[m t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;tay: vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ &vdkufygw,f? 1300
wyfjyifa&mufoGm;&if rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;awGeJ@ yvJeHyoifhoGm;&if cuf&acs&J@qdk+yD; jynfh ta&;awmfyHkom r&SdcJh&if tJ'Dta&;awmfyHku ay;vdkufwJh oifcef;pmudkom rSefrSef
quf+yD; wyfxJrSm xdef;xm;wmyg?) uefuef rxkwf,lEdkif&if 1948 rSm atmifyGJ&rSm r[kwfygbl;?
'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyfr–;}uD;qdkwJh &mxl;wckudk wDxGif&w,f? &Sd&if;pGJ AdkvfcsKyfawGudk 1988 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfyu kH v kd J +cHKiHo
k ;kH oyf ed*;kH csKyfvyk u
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k cf sKyfawG wavS}uD; xkwf,l&ygr,f?
jzpfoGm;wmyg? oifcef;pmudk rSefrSefuefuef xkwf,lEdkif&if ppftpdk;& - ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@
,dk;',m;&J@pHcsdef csdK;rScsdK;&apawmhqdkwJh apwemeJ@vkyfyHk ray:ygbl;? ppfAsL±dkua&pD,E W&m;wdk@udk aemufwcsDrSm wdkufzsufypfEdkifygvdrfhr,f?
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1988§ 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D xkw, f &l &Sw d hJ oifcef;pmudk wifjyygr,f? 'g[m aqG;aEG;zd@k
udk !‡dE_dif;zdk@twGuf tqdkwckudk wifjywJh oabmyg? trSefw&m;udk 0dkif;0ef;&SmazG=uzdk@
+cHKiHkoHk;oyfed*Hk;csKyfvkyfum oifcef;pmxkwf,la&; tpysdK;ay;wmvJ jzpfygw,f? udk,fhudkudk,f a0zefa&;oabmeJ@ wifjywmjzpfvdk@ trSm;eJ@
csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;udkom aZmif;ay;+yD; azmfxkwfwifjyrSmyg?
vlxek @J cs+D yD; yg0ifwhJ v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wdik ;f rSm tawG@t}uHKeJ@ oifcef;pmawG &Spd +rJyg? 1988§ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy[ kH m 1300 jynft h a&;awmfyekH @J E_id ;f pm&if vlxk
42 43
ygwDuod&SdEdkifygw,f/ 'gayrJh b,ftcsdefrSm bmudkta=umif;jyK+yD; b,fae&mrSm jzpfvm
rvJqdkwJh a&Smifwcifoabm (=uHK}udKufwdkufqdkifr_oabm) udkawmh rodEdkifygbl;?
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&yg+yD? tJ't D csed af &mufonftxd acgi;f aqmifr,fh us,jf yef@whJ wyfaygi;f pktjrKaw zG@J v@kd
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acgi;f aqmifrr_ ay;Edik b f J wa,mufwaygujf zpfum pnf;vH;k r_ ysujf ym;apygw,f? &efou
0if+yD; oyfv#dKaoG;cGJEdkifzdk@ a&cHajrcH zefwD;ay;ovdk jzpf&ygw,f?
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tajctaew&yf jzpfay:vmawmh ydk+yD;uaomif;ueif; jzpfukefygw,f?
wpkwpnf;wnf;aom acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@ &Sdae+yD; wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom
a&S@aqmifr_udkom ay;aeEdkifcJh&if 'grsdK; rjzpfEdkifygbl;?
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vmcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
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48
ponfponfjzifh tykyfcsygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;&J@avudkvdkuf+yD; ajymwmyg? 'Dpum;
pcJholu OD;atmif}uD;yg?
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rausreyfjzpf+yD; Adkvfae0if;bufu &yfcJholygqdk+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk rsuf&nfcHxdk;wmvJ
ygygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ opPm&Sdu|ef,Hkawmfqdkwmudk ,Hk=unfygvdk@ a&;xm;wmyg?
ppfwyfu vlxkudk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif ypfowfaeawmhvJ “wyfrawmfudk
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&G@H a=umuf}uD; jzpfaeolqw kd mudk ygwuD odygw,f? ppftpd;k &udk twdu k tf cH vkyo f vdvk ekd @J
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45
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k af tmif}uD;u ppftyk pf &k @J eHygwEf pS af e&mudk jyef&Ed;k Ed;k eJ@ b,fvykd J rsuEf mS vdk
tm;& vkyfaeayr,fh ol@udkAdkvfae0if;u toHk;rvdkawmhygbl;? e0w ppftkyfpk0if
tm;vH k ; uvJ ol w d k @ tay: q&mvmvk y f r ,f h o l u d k rvd k c sif y gbl ; ? xm;&maer,f
qdk&ifawmifrS vufrcH0Hh=uygbl;? aemufqHk;awmh (ocifpdk; tvkyfcH&ovdk) EdkifiHa&;
oduQmomru vlr_a&;oduQmyg tcscH&+yD;rS bJOr_eJ@ axmifoGif;cH&wmyg?
1988 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk&J@ yxrqHk;oifcef;pm[m }udKwifjyifqifr_
rvHkavmufwm jzpfygw,f?
- us,jf yef@whJ wyfaygi;f pkukd }udKwifz@JG rxm;Edik af wmh wnDw!Gww f nf;aom
trdef@ay;tzGJ@ (nïef=um;a&;tzGJ@ ) r&SdcJhwm? acgif;aqmifr_udk tHkºur_
jzpfaerSom a&G;cs,fae&wm?
- aomhcsuu f swhJ ae&mawG/ w&m;0iftzG@J tpnf;awGxrJ mS rdrt d iftm;rsm;udk
}udKwifjr‡KyfEx
HS m;r_ rvkyEf ikd w
f m - 'gawG[m }udKwifjyifqifr_ rvHak vmufwm
udk azmfjywm jzpfygw,f?
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkwkef;u t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ ay;xm;wJh tajccH'Drdkua&pD
tcGit hf a&;awG &Syd gw,f? acgi;f aqmifra_ y;a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; pnf;±H;k a&;tydik ;f rSm jy\em
r&SdcJhygbl;?ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;tr–;jyKwJh wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;/ ausmif;om;or*~/ tvkyf
orm; - v,form; tpnf;t±Hk;rsm; pojzifh acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@zGJ@pnf;pnf; &Sd+yD;
46
om;yg?
owif;pmuae+yD; nïe=f um;csux f w
k &f if w&ufwnf;eJ@ wjynfv;kH jyef@ygw,f?
v_H@aqmf0g'jzef@ vkyfEdkifygw,f? vGwfvyfpGma&;om;yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh wpHkw&m&Sdygw,f?
1988 rSm 'grsdK; r&Sdygbl;?
*syefzufqpfacwfrSm vkyf&wm usawmhvJ bD'Dat wyfwGif;&Sd rsdK;cspfjynfcspf
wyfr–;rsm;eJ@ ygwD0if wyfr–;wyfom;rsm;&J@ ulnDyhHydk;r_ &Sdygw,f? olwdk@tultnDeJ@
(zwyv) udk zGJ@EdkifcJhygw,f? *syef±kyfao;tpdk;&Xmersm;&J@ tultnDeJ@ wyfaygif;pkudk
wdk;csJ@Edkifygw,f/
h myg? 1988 rSmawmh jynfwGif;ppfjzpfaecsdefyg? ygwDA[dkuvJ +rdK@awmfeJ@ tvSrf;
uGmygw,f? wyfaygif;pkudk ajratmufenf;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;ae&wmyg?
wdkufyGJ0ifjynfolawGudk,fwdkif zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh vGwfvyfwJh ausmif;om;or*~/
tvkyform;or*~/ awmifolv,form;or*~ pojzifh r&Sdygbl;? rqv u zGJ@xm;wJh
tzGJ@awGawmh &Sdygw,f? 'DtzGJ@awG[m vlxktHkºur_}uD; t&Sdefjrifhrm;csdefrSm wdkufyGJ0ifol
awG jzpfvmwwfygw,f? }udKwif+yD; tpDtpOf&Sd&SdeJ@ rdrdtiftm;rsm;udk 'Dvdkw&m;0if
wnf&SdaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm 0ifa&mufjr‡KyfESHxm;&ygr,f? u|efawmfwdk@ jr‡KyfESHwm
rvHkavmufcJhygbl;? 'DrSmajymwJh u|efawmfwdk@qdkwm[m ygwDoufoufudkajymwm
r[kwfygbl;? wdkufyGJudk jyifqifwJh tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkygw,f?
&efo@l ppfwyfxrJ mS ðr‡yEf x
HS m;wm[m aomhcsut f usq;kH wm0efwck jzpfygw,f?
&efol@ppfwyf&J@ wcsdK@tpdwftydkif;udk jynfolawGbuf ul;ajymif;vmatmif trsm;ydkif;udk
=um;aevmatmif ppftkyfpk&J@ trdef@udk remcHolawG jzpfvmatmifvkyfEdkifrS vlxkwdkufyGJ
atmifjrifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;udk vkyf&wm[m ygwD,l*sDrsm;tzdk@ trsm;}uD; pGef@pm;&
ygw,f? &efolu azmfxkwf+yD; zrf;qD;oGm;cJhEdkifwmawG tm;vHk;avmuf[m wyfaygif;pk
zGpJ nf;a&; vkyif ef;vky&f if;u tp&oGm;wmyg? pum;wcGe;f ajymzd@k pmwapmifay;zd@k ygwu D
b,favmuf &if;ESD;cJh&w,f/ pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;&w,f qdkwmudk ay:vGifatmif wifjy
aewmyg? 'Dvdk pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;cJh&wmawGtwGuf aemifw&aewm r[kwfbJ *k%f,l
aewm jzpfygw,f?
1980§81 upjyD; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDaºu;a=umfoH xkwfjyefcJhpOfuwnf;u
pwif+yD; vkyfief;awG vkyfaqmifcJhwm jzpfayr,fh vlxktHkºur_}uD;udk acgif;aqmifr,fh
acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@udk 1988 txd wlwlwefwef rzGJ@EdkifcJhygbl;?
ppftpd;k &udk qef@usiw f hJ vlxtk ºkH ur_}uD; jzpfujkd zpfvm&r,fqw kd hJ rkcsoabmudk
47
'Drkdua&pD tpdk;&odk@ +idrf;csrf;pGm jzpfay:wdk;wufoGm;rSm aocsmygw,f?
(23-8-88) rsdK;cspfwyfr–;}uD;a[mif; (15) OD;&J@wifjycsuf xGufvm+yD; aemuf
wae@rSm ppftkyfcsKyfa&;±kyfodrf;wmyg?
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ±kyfodrf;vdkuf&wmudk acgif;rmwJh*dk%f;u vHk;0aemufqkwf
oGm;wmvdk@ tuJjzwfvdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
orRwa'guw f marmifarmifu rGe;f vGwJ em&Dup+yD; ppftyk cf sKyfa&;eJ@ ta&;ay:
a=unmcsuf ±kyfodrf;w,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? wu,fu 'Dt&ifuwnf;u em&Dydkif;apm+yD;
AdkvfrsdK;!Gef@ (ppftkyfcsKyfa&;r–;) u ol@oabmeJ@ol ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ±kyfodrf;+yD;yg+yD?
wyfawGudkvJ rdrdpcef;toD;oD;odk@ jyef0ifcdkif;ygw,f?
wyfr–;wyfom;awGeJ@ jynfolrsm; vufr&GH@vlowfaumif pdefvGifjyKwfoGm;vddk@
0rf;yef;wom zufvJwuif;jzpfaewmawG/ ta&mw0if =unf=unfjzLjzL jzpfaewm
awGudk olwdk@ppftkyfpku rvdkvm;ygbl;? tE W&m,f&Sdvm+yDvdk@ jrifygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;
v$wfxm;&if ppftkyfpk acgif;rm*dk%f;&J@ trdef@tm%m ppfwyfwwyfvHk;ay:rSm wnfawmh
rSm r[kwfbl;qdkwm odygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfoleJ@ ta&mw0ifvkyfzdk@ vufvSrf;rrDwJh
ae&mawGudk tjrefa&$@ypfvdkufwmyg?
pdefvGif&J@vrf;pOfu pdefvGiforRw r[kwfawmhvdk@ aysmufysufoGm;wm
r[kwfygbl;?
pdevf iG &f @J vrf;pOfu cyfjywfjywf trde@f ay;/ vlrsm;rsm;owf/ 1 a,mufowfv@kd
r+idrf&if 10 owf? r+idrfao;&if 100 - 1000 owfomoGm;/ aemufqHk;rSm +idrfoGm;&r,f?
0yfoGm;&r,f? yd+yD;jym;oGm;&r,f?
pdefvGifu ol@vrf;pOfudk olwdk@xJu (ol@txif) aysmhnHholrsm;/ toJi,fol/
toJa=umifolrsm;a=umifh vrf;qHk;atmif rvkyfvdkuf&wmvdk@ ,lqxm;ygw,f?
axmufvSrf;a&;u pdefvGifvrf;pOfudk }udKufygw,f? e0w wufcgpu
vkyfvdkufwm[m pdefvGifvrf;pOfyg?
wpwp rdrdwdk@ ppftkyfpk =oZmatmufu wwyfvHk; vGwfoGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfvdk@
ppfwef;vsm;xJ jyefoGif;wmudk u|efawmfwdk@wawG owdrjyKrdcJhygbl;? atmifjrifr_
bufuo kd m tav;uJjrifae+yD; tjcm;bufwbuf &efo&l @J aumufusprf u _ kd rjrifrcd yhJ gb;l ?
wjynfvHk;rSmvJ ppfwyfudk vlxkeJ@ rqufoG,fEdkifwJh ae&mrSm xm;ygw,f?
wyfxJu olwdk@r,Hk=unfolrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypfwmawG - jynfolqef@usifa&;vkyfzdk@
aoG;xdk;ay;wmawG *dk%f;*%pdwfoGif;ay;wmawG vkyfygw,f? &mxl;&mcHeJ@ jr‡LqG,f
ygw,f? csKyf+yD;ajym&if tm%modrf;yGJtwGuf jyifqifygw,f?
52
ppftpdk;&uvJ ('Dt&ifu tpdk;&awGyg) uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ jynfol
qef@usifa&;/ jynfwGif;ppfudk e,fcsJ@orm;awGtay: vHk;vHk;rSDcdk+yD; wdkufcJhwmyg?
e,fcsJ@orm;awG ArmjynfrSm vdkcsifaewmu olwdk@udk rSDcdkae&wJh tpdk;&w&yf
jzpfygw,f? vHk;vHk;aemufvdkufvkyfr,fqdk&if ydk}udKufygw,f? 20 &mpkESpf&J@ tESpf (50)
ydkif;/ (60) ydkif;/ (70) ydkif;wkef;u ,dk;',m; tpdk;&awGvdk udk&D;,m;ppfqdkvJ tar&duef&J@
aemufu AD,uferfppfqdkvJ tar&duef&J@ aemufuvdkufwJh tpdk;&rsdK;udk vdkcsifwmyg?
ArmjynfrSm 'Drdkua&pD&Sda&;xuf bmpepfeJ@tkyfcsKyfaeae ‘wdk@vl’ ‘wdk@aemufvdkuf
vkyfr,fh tpdk;&’ udk vdkcsifwmyg?
'gayrJh ArmjynfrmS 'grsKd ;jzpfz@kd rvG,yf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfoal wGu ESpaf ygi;f
(100) ausmfwhJ e,fcs@J qef@usifa&; ordkif;&Sdygw,f? azmufjyefwhJtpdk;&u vkyfcsifOD;awmh
jynfolawGu vufrcHygbl;?
1950 ckESpf udk&D;,m;ppfwkef;u tar&duefaemufvdkuf r&Jw&J vkyfcJhrdvdk@
tm%m& qd&k , S vf pfygwD uGcJ &hJ ygw,f? 'Doifcef;pmudk tkypf ;kd olrsm; arhEikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ?
awmiftar&durSm - tv,ftar&dueJ@ - uma&bD,Ha'oawGrSmvJ
tar&duef&J@ ‘wdk@vl’ ppftm%m&SifawG enf;rSrenf;yJ? tJ'grsdK;udk vdkcsifwmyg?
tar&duefe,fcsJ@ vdkcsifwm[m 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& r[kwfygbl;?
Adkvfae0if;taeeJ@ jynfwGif;u uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;udk omru w±kwf
uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;vkyaf ewke;f uqd&k if yd+k yD;awmif =unfjzLcJyh gw,f? jyp&mom"uawG
trsm;}uD;yg?
ordkif;oifcef;pmrsm;[m b,fawmhrS arhypfvdk@r&wJh aoG;eJ@&if;+yD; &,lcJhwJh
oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfygw,f? 1940§41 ckESpfu ordkif;oifcef;pmrsm;udk owd&oifhygw,f?
tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; *syefppftkyfpk[m jAKef;pm;}uD; Armjynf&@J ‘vGwfvyfa&;’udk
pdwf0ifpm;vmcJh=uygw,f? tESpfom& t&uawmh tcktar&duef - t*Fvdyfwdk@u
Armjynf&J@ ‘'Drdkua&pDa&;’udk pdwf0ifpm;wmeJ@ twlwlygyJ? ordkif;tajctae tcsuf
tvufcsif; uGmwJhtwGuf vkyfyHkvkyfenf;uawmh rwlygbl;?
'Dae&mrSm ordkif;tajctae tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcdkiftrmxnfhwGufa&;
[m wdkufyGJ0ifjynfolrsm;twGuf tvGefta&;ygwmudk wygwnf; wifjyoGm;ygr,f?
ordik ;f [m xyfausm+h yD; xyfwx l yfr# b,fawmhrS rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? tESpo f m&csi;f
qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfwmyJ jzpfEdkifygw,f?
1940§41 tajctaeu Oa&myrSm ppfjzpfaeygw,f? urBmppf}uD; rvGJraoG
jzpfygawmhr,f? Oa&myppfrSm jyifopfuppf±_H;+yD; e,fomvifu twif;odrf;ydkufwm
49
cH&ygw,f? t*Fvyd u f vJ odr;f ydu
k cf &H awmhrvdv k kd +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&ygw,f? tm&SrmS olw@kd
ydkifcJhwJh udkvdkeDEdkifiHawGudk *syefursufpdusygw,f? w±kwf*syefppfyGJ wdkufa&;rSm Armjynf
wGif;u w±kwfArm vrf;r}uD;uvJ rsufpdpyg;arG;pl;p&m jzpfaeygw,f?
'Dvdktajctae tcsuftvufawGa=umifh *syefu ‘ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;’udk
pdwf0ifpm;vmwmyg?
txufrSmazmfjycJhwJh tajctaeeJ@ tcsuftvufrsm;[m ordkif;jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
ordkif;[m b,fawmhrS xyfwljyefjzpfawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;?
1988 tHkºur_}uD; 'Da&jrifhcsdefrSm ‘&&if& - r&&ifcs’ qdkwJh aºu;a=umfoH
0ifvmygw,f? 'godyfrSefwJh aºu;a=umfoHyg? oEdMXmefjyif;jyolrsm;rSom csrSwfEdkifwJh
qHk;jzwfcsufyg?
‘cs&if b,fvdkcsrvJ’ ‘vufeufb,fu&rvJ’ pwJhar;cGef;awG woD}uD;
ay:vmygw,f?
tJ'DrSm vGJrSm;wJh pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm; ay:vmawmhwmyg? tar&duef&J@
“'Drdkua&pDa&; - Armjynfvl@tcGifhta&;” pwJhaºu;a=umfoHawGudk ydk+yD;wGufcsufrd=u
ygw,f?
- vufeufudk &wJhqDu ,lr,f?
- &JabmfoHk;usdyfeJ@ bDtdkifat wyf}uD; zGJ@cJhao;wmyJ?
- &Jabmf oHk;axmif §oHk;aomif;eJ@ ydk}uD;wJh 'Drdkua&pD wyfrawmf zGJ@r,f?
qdkwmawG jzpfukefygw,f?
tao;pdwf rwifjyawmhyg? u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS rSm;,Gi;f aom pdwu
&SdcJhw,fqdkwmudkyJ yHkay:atmifom wifjywm jzpfygw,f?
ppftpdk;&udk b,fvdkcsrS&r,f/ b,fvdkcs=u&r,fqdkwmudk aemufydkif;rSm
acgif;pD;oyfoyfcGJ+yD; wifjyrSmjzpfvdk@ 'DavmufeJ@ 'DudpPudk &yfxm;+yD; “csa&;”&J@ t&ifay:
cJhwJh rSm;,Gif;wJh pdwful;pdwfoef;wckudk wifjyygOD;r,f?
tckwifjyaewJh rSm;,Gif;wJhpdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;qdkwm[m olrsm;awGay:wm
xuf u|efawmfwdk@ ,l*sDygwD0if trsm;tjym;eJ@ a&S@wef;a&muf wdkufyGJ0ifausmif;om;
vli,frsm;t=um;rSm ay:cJhwmudk qdkvdkygw,f?
apmapmydik ;f u ay:cJw h hJ rSm;,Gi;f wJh pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;udk wifjyygr,f? a'guw f m
armifarmif&@J orRwoufwrf;tprSm ay:wmyg/ tJ'pD w d u
f ;l pdwo
f ef; (awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr)_
u aumif;rGefxda&mufwJh a=unmcsufawG jzpfygw,f? tcsdefvJ rDygw,f?
“EdkifiHa&;tm%m[m aoewfajymif;xJu xGufw,f” qdkwm wavmuvHk;
50
qdkif&m trSefw&m;r[kwfbl;? ¹cif;csuf&Sdw,f? tckArmjynfrSm vlxktHkºur_}uD;
tEkenf;eJ@ aoG;ajrus wdkufyGJ0ifcJhr_a=umifh pdefvGifjyKwfoGm;+yD? ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ±kyfodrf;
oGm;&+yD? vlxk&J@ awmif;qdkcsufawG wpwp &vmae+yD/ 'ga=umifh -
“EdkifiHa&;tm%m[m vlxk&J@ vuf±Hk;rsm;uvJ xGufw,f” 'g[m Armjynf&J@
xl;jcm;csuf jzpfw,f?
tJ'Dvdk xifjrif,lqvmwmawGawmif &SdcJhygw,f? “EdkifiHa&;tm%m[m
aoewfajymif;xJu xGuw f ,f” vd@k ,lqwm[m or±d;k us jzpfae+yDv@kd vJ wcsKd @u pGypf cJG hJ
ygw,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u jzpfay:aewJh yuwdtajctaeuvJ tJ'v D pkd w
d u
f ;l rsKd ;udk awG;awm
jzpfapwm trSefygyJ?
ppftyk pf &k @J vufr±G@H vol wform; pdev
f iG [
f m 1988 =o*kwv f (12) &ufae@rmS
EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
orRwopf a'gufwmarmifarmifu =o*kwfv 24 &uf n (8) em&DrSm
tJ'Dae@rGef;vGJ wem&Dup+yD; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ±kyfodrf;vdkufyg+yDvdk@ a=unmvm&w,f?
wjcm;ta&;}uD;wJh tav#mhay;r_awGvJ vkyfvmygw,f?
'gawG[m vlxk}uD;&J@ aoG;ajruscH+yD; t=urf;rzuf tEkenf;oufoufeJ@
wdu k yf 0JG ifv@kd &vmwJh atmifo;D atmifyiG ahf wGyg? 'Datmifo;D atmifyiG ahf wGukd rsuu f ,G jf yK
vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? tvGev f J jrifomxifomwJh atmifjrifra_ wG jzpfygw,f? atmifjrifra_ wGv@kd
todtrSwfrjyK&if odyf+yD;rSm;ygw,f?
f ;l pdwo
f ef;rsm; pdefvGifEkwfxGuf&wJh =o*kwf (12) &ufae@up+yD; vlxk}uD;[m atmifyGJcH
pdwf"mwfawG v$rf;rdk;aeygw,f?
pdefvGifrEkwfxGufcifu vlxkwdkufyGJudk txuftrdef@t& rwwfombJ
ypfowfae&wJh tpdk;&wyfr–; wyfom;awGuvJ pdwfvuf&$if=unf ayghyg;vm=uw,f?
wzufeJ@ wzuf wif;rmaer_awG ajy+idrf;pjyKvmw,f?
jynfoleJ@wyf[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wyfrawmfudk OD;pD;a&S@aqmifpOfuvdk
=unf=unfjzLjzLjzpfzdk@ vrf;pawG yGifhvmygw,f?
ae0if;ppftkyfpk&J@ wvufudkifwyfb0 csKyf+idrf;awmhrvkd jzpfvmygw,f?
- rsdK;cspfwyfr–;}uD;a[mif; 15 OD; a=unmcsuf
- Armhwyfrawmf wyfr–;a[mif;rsm;. a=unmcsufawG[m tajccHtm;jzifh
'Dvrf;a=umif; twdkif;om jzpfay:wdk;wufoGm;&if ppftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs+yD;
51
tjrif&Sd&Sd wnfwnf+idrf+idrf vkyfaqmifoGm;r_awGudkvJ *k%fjyK&rSmyg? &J a bmf a rmf p D w k e f ; ajymcJ h w J h “Ed k i f i H a &;tm%m[m aoewf a jymif ; xJ u
'kwd,tawG@t}uHKu atmifoD;atmifyGifhawGudk cdkifrmoxuf cdkifrmatmif xGuw f ,f” qdw k hJ trSewf &m;udk "e&Si'f rD u kd &ufrsm; u jyuf&,fjyK=uygw,f? wcsKd @uvJ
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifwm jzpfygw,f? em;0ifrcsdK=uygbl;? aoG;qmaewJh aqmifyk'fvdk@vJ ajym=uygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd wdu k yf 0GJ if&aJ bmfwcsKd @twGi;f rSm 1988 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfyekH @J 'gayrJh 'g[m wavmuvHk;qdkif&m trSefw&m;yg? b,fae&mrSmrqdk tusyf
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56 53
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xdk;ray;Edkif&ifom rif;rJh0g'0ifvmrSm jzpfygw,f?
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tm%m’ tjzpf ‘ygvDrefxJutm%m’tjzpf a&mufatmif wdk;csJ@roGm;Edkifwmom
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jynfwGif;) u ajym=uygw,f? ArmjynfrSm jynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfaewm tESpf 40 &Sd+yD
qdw k m olw@kd o=d uygw,f? bma=umifh tckrS ‘jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfvmr,f’ vd@k ajym=uygovJ?
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54
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ajymygw,f? txufrSm wifjycJh+yD;yg+yD? Auy tm%m&a&; r[kwfbl;? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&
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ajz&Sif;vdk@ ajy&Sif;oGm;wmawmif jzpfvmrSmyg? jynfwGif;ppf jzpfrvmEdkifygbl;?
ppftkyfpkqdkwm[m OD;a& 200 - 250 &SdaewJh rqv A[kdaumfrwD0ifawG
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aemufqHk;ydwf pum;ajym&&ifawmh ppftkyfpkqdkwm Adkvfae0if;ygyJ? ay:vpD
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awmh aoewfudk trdef@ay;EdkifwJh EdkifiHa&;tm%m ppftkyfpku &&Sdaewmyg? 'Dppftkyfpk -
ppftpdk;& - ppfAsL±dkua&pD,E W&m;qdkwJh ppf (3) ppfudk wdkufzsufzdk@ 'ga=umifhyJ
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55
 tckvJ armfuGef;wif vufrSwfxdk;wmvkyfvm&if 'Drdkua&pDbufu }uH@}uH@ ygw,f?) ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ vkyfay;&wmyg?
cdkifcdkif &yfwnf=uzdk@ vdkygw,f? vlxk}uD;u tJ'Dyk*~dKvfawGudk 'Drdkua&pD ol&Jaumif;awG wygwv D m; - ygwpD v kH m;qdw
k mudk ‘vlxq k ENc,H yl ’JG vkyaf &;qdwk mudk (rqv)
tjzpf vd_ufvd_ufvSJvSJ }udKqdkrSmyg? ppftpdk;&u vkyfcsifwmyg? rqv wygwDppftm%m&Sifpepfudk oufqdk;&Snfapr,fh
rsufarSmufumvrSm OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfxJu tcsuftrSwf (6) udk &Snfvsm;axGjym;wJh vrf;udkvdkufzdk@ ppftkyfpku vkyfcsifwmyg? 'gayrJh rvkyfEdkifcJhygbl;?
qef@usifa&;[m 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk&J@aomhcsuf jzpfaeygw,f? 1988 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHktwGif;rSmyJ 'DudpPudk vlxku y,fcsvdkufEdkifygw,f?
e0w uzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh }uHhcdkifzGH@+zdK;a&;toif;awGu OD;pD;+yD; +rdK@e,f (26) ckrSm e0w [m tm%modrf;w,fqdkuwnf;u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG
vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJ qdkwmawGudk usif;ycJh=uw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yGJqdkwmawGuvJ a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;ygr,fvdk@ uwdcH+yD; wufvm&wm jzpfygw,f?
e0w u vlx}k uD;udk twif;tusyf +cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; rwufrae&qdw k hJ trde@f tm%mawGe@J 'Duwd[m e0w ppftpdk;&tzdk@ raxG;EdkifrrsdKEdkif jzpfaeapwJh udpP}uD;yg?
vkycf w hJ myg? tpnf;ta0;yGaJ wGrmS trsKd ;om;nDvmcHu csrw S v f u kd wf ,fqw kd hJ Edik if aH wmf vlxktwGufawmh atmifoD;atmifyGifhwck jzpfygw,f? 2 ESpfavmuf tcsdefqGJ+yD;
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk&J@ tajccHrl 104 csufudk axmufcHa=umif; tqdkawG wifoGif;+yD; pdwfcs&+yDxifrS pdwf}udKuftajzvJ xGufavmuf+yDxifum 90 - arvrSm a&G;aumufyGJ
axmufcHwmawGvJ vkyfcJh=uw,f? 'g[m olwdk@pdwf}udKufa&;qGJr,fh zGJ@pnf;yHkudk vkyfvdkufawmh olwdk@wGufudef; vGJoGm;ygw,f?
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rvdak wmhb;l / olw@kd (e0w) u twnfjyK&if twnfjzpf+yDq+kd yD;vkyzf @kd ajcvSr;f jyifxm;wm vmygawmhw,f? 90 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyu JG kd w&m;r0ifb;l vd@k vkyv f @kd vnf;rjzpf - &v'fukd
jzpfygw,f? 'gudk tm;vHk;u 0dkif;qef@usif=u&ygr,f? todtrSwfjyKvdk@vnf;rjzpf? 'kuQawG@awmhwmygyJ?
e0w vk y f a ewJ h “e,f p yf a 'o zG H @ +zd K ;a&;eJ @ +id r f ; csrf ; a&;”ay:vpD t ay: jynfwGif;u vlxktwGuf wdkufp&mwdkufuGuf}uD; jzpfvm±Hkru EdkifiHwum
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jiif;y,fxm;wJhay:vpD jzpfygw,f? (EdkifiHa&;udpP raqG;aEG;) vJ a&Sma&Sm±–±–jzpfzdk@rvG,f? ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’qdkwmeJ@ ‘tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;
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jzpfygw,f? (e,fpyfzGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf e0weJ@ vufwGJ+yD;vkyfzdk@ ) txift&Sm;awG@Edkifygw,f?
(3) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk atmufajcvGwfatmif vkyfEdkifcJhwJh ay:vpDudk olwdk@ppftkyfpk&J@ wGufudef;twdkif;om jzpf&if
wjynfvHk;odk@ wdk;csJ@vdkufwm jzpfygw,f? ,dk;',m;e,fpyfu 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk (u) - OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yf wifvdkuf&if uef@uGufolr&Sd twnfjzpfr,f?
atmufajcvGwfatmifvkyfzdk@ &nf&G,fygw,f? (1962 ckESpfwkef;uvdk)
txufygoHk;csufudk wpkwaygif;wnf; &Sif;vif;wifjyygr,f? 1962 ckEpS wf ek ;f u awmfveS af &;aumifpu D wyfrawmfnv D mcHq+kd yD; vkyw
f ,f?
1989 ckESpfu w}udrf/ 1992 ckESpfrSmw}udrf ESpf}udrfwdwd u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu rqv vrf;pOfwifw,f? tm;vHk;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cdkif;+yD; armfuGef;wifw,f? wu,fh
e0w udk aqG;aEG;zdk@ w&m;0if urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? oabmuawmh wyfr–;awGudk olcdk;aoazmf !Sdvdkufwmyg? wyfrawmfnDvmcHrSm
tJ'Durf;vSrf;csufrSm u|efawmfwdk@u ESpfbufpdwf0ifpm;aom Armjynf&J@ b,folu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf vkyfaewJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ tqdkudk uef@uGufrvJ?
ta&;}uD;jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=u&efvdk@ a&;om;xm;ygw,f? aqG;aEG;r,fhtcsufudk aemufrS axGvDumvD jzpfrvmatmif tydkifcsnfwJhoabmeJ@ vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;wmyg?
}udKwif+yD; owfrSwfxm;wJhoabmvJ rjzpfatmif olwdk@bufuvJ ajymcsifwm ajym& tawG ; tac:qd k w m vuf r S w f x d k ; +yD ; csnf w k w f x m;vd k @ r&ygbl ; ? tJ ' D
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u|eaf wmfw@kd bufu Edik if aH &;udk tav;xm;ajymrSmqdw k m olw@kd vJ odygw,f? ygw,f?
60 57
 tckawmh - rqv udk qef@usi&f aumif;vm;qd+k yD; (e0w) u qJa&;wdik ;f xGm
aeygw,f?
(c) trsdK;om;nDvmcH vkyfvdkuf&ifvJ 74’ tajccH Oya'wkef;uvdk a&Sma&Sm±–
±– jzpfr,f? 90³19µ u axmufcHr,f?
'gayrJh wGufudef;vGJcJhyg+yD? 'ga=umifhvJ ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ qdkwm}uD;[m
zGifhvdkuf±kyfvdkufeJ@ oHo&m&Snfaewmyg?
1988 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfyu kH &&Sv d u
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f hJ t"duatmifo;D atmifyiG hf ESpcf u
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atmifoD;atmifyGifhawGudk wdk;cs@J Edkifw,fqdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&ygw,f?
- a&G;aumufyGJudk e0w u rwwfomvdk@ vkyfay;&w,f?
- vlxk}uD;u a&G;aumufyGJudk toHwdwf qENjyyGJ tjzpf oabmxm;+yD;
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzG@J csKyfudk rJawGyHkatmay;vdkufw,f? ('g[m atmifoD;
atmifyGifhudk wdk;csJ@wm)
- trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk ol@vlawG/ EdkifiHa&;t& ay:wmqGJcH&olawGeJ@csnf;
rusif;yEdkifbl;? rv$Jra&Smifom 'Drdkua&pD trwfawGudk wufcdkif;&w,f?
'Dawmh “OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yf” udpPrSm wpfae&w,f? OD;wnfcsuf 6 &yf
qdkwmrSm a&S@u (5) csuf u vl=um;aumif;atmif xnfhxm;wmyg? t"du
tcsufu (6) yg? “wyfrawmfu tem*wf EdkifiHa&;rSm OD;aqmifzdk@ qdkwmyg?
wyfrawmfu tem*wf EdkifiHa&;rSm OD;aqmifa&; jy\em
yd+k yD;wdusatmif olw@kd ajymwJt h wdik ;f jzpfatmifq&kd if “tem*wf Edik if aH wmf.
trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifa&;”
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t"dy`m,fuawmh twllwlyg?
EdkifiHawmfppfwyfu EdkifiHawmf&J@EdkifiHa&;udk v$rf;rdk;jc,fvS,fcGifhudk awmif;wm
yg? wenf;ajym&ifawmh Armjynf&J@ EdkifiHa&;udk ppfwyfu uefx±dkufqGJvdkufwmyg?
b,favmuf=um=um uefx±du k q
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wdkif;jynf&J@ EdkifiHa&;b0wckvHk;udk OD;aqmifr,fvdk@ t"dy`m,fxGufaeygw,f?
tcdkiftrm tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif olwdk@tckvkyfaewJh ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’
58
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ESpfESpfumum vdkvm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGuvJ y,fcs=ur,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'DudpP[m rsufarSmufumvrSm aomhcsufudpP jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu y,fcsw,fqdkvdk@ (e0w) ppftpdk;&u aemufqkwfoGm;rvm;
qdkawmh aemufqkwfoGm;rSm r[kwfygbl;? “trsdK;om;nDvmcH” qdkwmrSm qHk;jzwfcsuf
rus usatmif cs=urSmyg?
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&Sdygw,f?
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r[kwfygbl;? ypPKy`efeJ@ twdwftwGufudkyg pdk;&drf+yD; awmif;qdkaewm jzpfygw,f?
jynfolvlxkuom 'Drdkua&pDtjynfht0&+yD; wdkif;jynfEdkifiHa&;&J@ t&Sifocif
jzpfvm&if
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aoazmf!Sdwm csnf+yD;wkwf+yD;jzpfatmifvkyfwm tvGefvkyfwwfygw,f?
“trsKd ;om;nDvmcH” qH;k jzwfcsuq f wkd mudk armfueG ;f wif vufrw S xf ;kd cdik ;f wm
vkyfvmEdkifygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;taeeJ@ vufrSwfrxdk;rdzdk@ vdkygw,f? rqv
vrf ; pOf w k e f ; uvJ armf u G e f ; wif v uf r S w f x d k ; +yD ; vk y f c J h y gw,f ? wyf r – ; nD v mcH r S m
armfuGef;wifvufrSwf xdk;cdkif;wmyg? EdkifiHa&;qdkwm euef;wvHk;rodwJh t*Fvdyfwyfu
vmwJh ppfAdkvfawG - AsL±dku&ufawGvJ vufrSwfxdk;=u&ygw,f? tm;vHk;udk csnfwkyf+yD;
jzpf a tmif v k y f w myg? Ed k i f i H a &;ud k wpH k w &m em;vnf o l a wG u d k a wmh “Ed k i f i H a &;
jyefay;qGJwmyg?” 'g[m vlrdkuf*dk%f; vkyf[efyg?
59
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'DrSm&Sif;&Sif;uav; ajymygr,f? bdef;bk&if[lor#[m ppfwyfeJ@ppftpdk;&&J@
wmu xGufvmwmcsnf;yg?
zqyv ruGJcifu (1958 &J@ [dkbufwkef;u) avmfppf[efwdk@ udk;uef@
umuG,af &;/ ‘0’ umuG,af &;/ cGeq f m&J@ umuG,af &;awG[m bde;f vkyif ef; vkyaf e=uwm
ygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u ‘Auy’ [m tJ'Da'oawGrSm r&Sdygbl;? taemufbuf ta0;}uD;
(&yfapmuf oDayge,f) bufrSmyJ &Sdaewmyg? 'gjzifh olwdk@umuG,fa&;awGu bmudk
umuG,faewmvJ? w±kwfjzLudkumuG,fw,f ajym&atmifuvJ w±kwfjzLeJ@ ppfwyfu
aygif;ae=uwmyg? tar&duefppfoHr–;qdkwmuvJ a&xGufrwwf tJ'Dbufvmaewmyg?
wu,fuawmh w±kwfjynfeJ@ w±kwfuGefjrLepfudk qef@usifzdk@ vkyfaewmyg?
avmfppf[ef&J@bdef;[m awmvrf;uoGm;wm r[kwfygbl;? um;wef;eJ@
,dk;',m;bufudk qif;wmyg? rqif;cifrSm Adkvfr–;}uD;uawmfup+yD; AdkvfuawmfrsdK;pHk
,dk;',m;uypPnf; rSm=uwm avmfppf[eftdrfrSm yGJuav;wckvdk pnfum;aewmyg?
bdef;wef;qif;awmhr,fqdkwmudk AdkvfuawmfawGuod+yD; olwdk@cifyGef;awGu rodwm
awmh rjzpfEdkifygbl;? cifyGef;awGqDuae AdkvfuawmfawG odwmyg?
‘,dk;',m;u bmypPnf;awG qGJcJhyg? 'DusrS usoifhaiG &Sif;ygr,f?’qdk+yD;
rSm=uwmyg? avmfppf[efuvJ pm&if;eJ@ tif;eJ@ wav;wpm;rSwyf gw,f? rSmor#vJ rygrmS
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pum;ESpfbufpvHk;u ajymawmifrajym=uygbl;?
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em&Dpojzifh rSm=uygw,f? tckacwfvkd a*gu±f u kd w
f eH @J tdww
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[d k w k e f ; u axmuf v S r f ; a&;u rpm;omygbl ; ? um;wef ; qif ; r,f h v rf ;
wav#mufu ta&;ygolawGuom pm;omwmyg? tckawmh axmufvSrf;a&;u tc&m
yg? ArmjynftwGif;ydkif;udkqif;or# cGx J GuftzG@J u vlawGudk axmufvSrf;a&;u vufrSwf
ay;wmyg? tpdk;&XmeawGeJ@ qufoG,fwmrSm/ tcGeftcudpPrSm/ rSwfyHkwifa&;udpPrSm/
tdrf0,fajr0,f&mrSm/ ukr`%Daxmif&mrSm/ wdkwdkajym&if udpPwdkif;rSm axmufvSrf;a&;u
ygaewmyg?
tck ‘e0w’ vufxufrSm wcgw&Hpaw;zdk@ vdktyfvdk@ zrf;&ifawmifrS
axmufvSrf;a&;uvlqdk&if trsm;}uD;oufomygw,f? ajymif;±Hka&$@±HkeJ@ +yD;oGm;ygw,f?
wjcm;ppfAdkvfu emygw,f? &mxl;usygw,f? axmifxJa&mufygw,f?
64
EdkifiHa&;udpP[m tc&myJqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu wav#mufvHk; jynfolvlxkodk@
wifjyaewm jzpfvdk@yg?
48 ckESpf rwfvrSm jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifjzpfvmwmudku EdkifiHa&;uGJjym;r_rSm
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u|eaf wmfw@kd urf;vSr;f csuf ay;+yD;wJah emuf Adv k af pmarmifu rde@f ceG ;f awGxrJ mS
aqG;aEG;p&mrvdkbl; vufeufcsvmcJhvdk@ t}udrf}udrfajymwm zwf&ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@
ygwD&J@ urf;vSrf;csufudk jyef=um;wJhoabmyg?
}udKwifpnf;urf; owfrw S cf suef @J q&kd if Edik if aH &;udpu P kd raqG;aEG;&&if uGejf rLepf
u aqG;aEG;rSmr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk olwdk@ (e0w) uod+yD;om;yg?
Adkvfcif!Gef@u ,dk;',m;e,fpyfbufoGm;+yD; c&D;oGm;[efv$J ajymwJhajymyHkeJ@
aqG;aEG;zdk@ urf;vSrf;wkef;u e,fpyfzGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf (e0w) eJ@ vufwGJvkyfzdk@vk@d ajymyg
w,f? ('gu }udKwifpnf;urf;cswmyg) awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@
aqG;aEG;r,fvdk@vJ ajymygw,f?
ajymwJhae&m ajymyHkajymenf;eJ@ yg0ifwJhtwGif;oabmawGudk =unfhvdkuf&if
&Si;f aeygw,f? Edik if aH &;raqG;aEG;bl;? e,fpyfz@HG +zdK;a&;yJ aqG;aEG;r,fqw kd hJ pnf;urf;csuyf g?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;csifwmr[kwfbl;/ ,dk;',m;e,fpyfu tiftm;pk
awGeJ@ aqG;aEG;csifwmomjzpfw,f qdkwmudkvJ u|efawmfwdk@ odygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ
ygwDu OayuQmoabmxm;cJhwmygyJ?
jynfwiG ;f jynfyu ajymvmqdv k m ar;vmjref;vmawmhrS Adv k cf if!eG @f pum;[m
(e0w) &J@ w&m;0ifoabmxm;yg? ,dk;',m;e,fpyfa&muf 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGeJ@
raqG;aEG;bl; - olwdk@yg0ifaewJh ('DatbD) eJ@awmif raqG;aEG;bl;? vlrsdK;pk awmwGif;
vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGeJ@om wzGJ@csif;aqG;aEG;csifwmvdk@ xkwfajymvmygw,f?
&Sif;ygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;pum;ajymr,fh/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;udkajymr,fh awmwGif;
vufeufudkif tiftm;pkjzpfwJh Auywdk@ ABSDF wdk@eJ@ raqG;aEG;csifygbl;?
Ad k v f c if ! G e f @ wav#muf v H k ; ajymwmuvJ vuf e uf u d k i f t if t m;pk v d k @
ajymwmyg? ('DatbD) xJu awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pk r[kwfwJh tzGJ@awGudkvJ
y,fxm; +yD;om;yg?
awmwGif;vufudkif tiftm;pkvdk@ qdkvdkuf&if (Auy) yg ygaerSm pdk;&drfvdk@
vlrsdK;pkqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk txl;jyKaewm jzpfygw,f? (rpdk;&drfygeJ@/ 'Dvdk}udKwif pnf;urf;
owfrSwfcsufeJ@ txufpD;,l+yD; aqG;aEG;r,fh aqG;aEG;yGJrsdK;udk uGefjrLepfu pdwfr0ifpm;
61
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'Day:vpD jzpfay:vmyHkudk ajymvdkuf&if &Sif;oGm;vdrfhr,f xifygw,f?
tck (e0w) &J@ ay:vpD[m pvmpOfuwnf;u axmufvSrf;a&;&J@ ay:vpD
jzpfygw,f?
rqvtpd;k & wnfwnf+idr+f idrf &Sad epOfuwnf;u Adv k cf if!eG @f axmufvrS ;f a&;
r–; rjzpfcifuwnf;u pwifaewJhay:vpD jzpfygw,f?
1980 ckESpfawG&J@ tpydkif;rSmuwnf;u pcJhwJhZmwfvrf; jzpfygw,f?
1977 - 78 ckESpfrSm zkefusm;pif;[m ol@&J@pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; (bdef;vkyfief;)
awGukd ygwu D zsuof rd ;f vdu
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ol@qENeJ@ol aus;vufwckrSmoGm;+yD; aexdkifygw,f? ol@rdwfa[mif;aqGa[mif;awG
vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif;awGudk vSrf;+yD;qufoG,fygw,f? (ol@rdwfa[mif;aqGa[mif;
qdkwmawG[m tm;vHk;[m tpdk;&&J@umuG,fa&;awGyg? avmfppf[efwdk@ cGefqmwdk@yg?)
rqv ppftpdk;&u avmfppf[efudk vlod&Sif=um; olaumif;jyKxm;wm jzpfygw,f?
cGefqmudkawmh cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf (uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;twGuf) arG;jrLxm;wmyg?
avmfppf[efuwqifh axmufvSrf;a&;u zkefusm;pif;&J@ 'Dtajctaeudk
odoGm;ygw,f?
avmfppf[efuwqifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u zkefusm;pif;udk urf;vSrf;ygw,f?
AuyxJu ppfwyfudk zJhxkwfvmcJh&if pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfcGifhjyKr,fvdk@
urf;vSrf;wmyg? yefqdkif;udk tpdk;&uodrf;+yD;awmh - wdk;csJ@vmygw,f/ wjcm;wyfr–;awG
udkvJ 'DvdkyJ urf;vSrf;ygw,f?
(89) ckESpfrSm cGJxGuf=uawmh 'DaxmufvSrf;a&; ay:vpD[m taumiftxnf
ay:vmygw,f? (cGJxGufr_awG bma=umifhjzpfay:ovJqdkwmuawmh 'DaxmufvSrf;a&;
ay:vpDa=umifhvdk@ owÎKcsvdk@ rjzpfygbl;? ygwDA[dk&J@ ed*Hk;csKyfpmwrf;rSm rdrdudk,fudk
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tck 'DtpD&ifcHpmrSm tus,fcsJ@+yD; rwifjyawmhygbl;?)
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cGJxGufvm&if wyfeJ@e,fajrudk wnf&Sd+rJtwdkif; wnf&SdcGifhjyKr,f? wjynfvHk;rSm pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfcGifh ay;r,f? aiGrJawGudk c0gcscGifhjyKr,fqdkwmygyJ?
t"du uawmh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd +zdKcGaJ &;yg? ygwu D +kd zdKcGrJ ,fh olwikd ;f udk
qkvmbftjzpfay;wJh tcGifhta&;yg? EdkifiHa&;oabm vHk;vHk;rygygbl;? EdkifiHa&;jy\em
ay:vm&ifvJ aemufrS&Sif;r,fqdk+yD; a&$@qdkif;xm;wm jzpfygw,f?
62
90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDueJ@ +yD;umprSm jy\emawGay:ygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;tajctaeawG ajymif;vJcJh&if b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJqdkwmudk cGJxGufolawGu
pOf;pm;vmygw,f? pdk;&drfvmygw,f? aemufwufvmr,fh t&yfom;tpdk;&u tck
‘e0w’ eJ@ oabmwlxm;wmawG (pmeJ@ayeJ@ r[kwf/ ESkwfuwdawG) udk zsufodrf;ypf&if
b,fvdkvkyfrvJvdk@ cGJxGufacgif;aqmifawGu Adkvfcif!Gef@udk ar;=uygw,f?
Adkvfcif!Gef@u “tJ'Dvdkvkyf&if cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@aygif;+yD; 'Dtpdk;&udk
jyefwdkuf=uwmaygh” vdk@ ajzygw,f? r&Sif;ygvm;? rSwfcsufay;p&mrvdkatmifudk &Sif;vS
ygw,f?
tck &efuek rf mS / rE aW v;rSm/ awmif}uD;rSm/ zm;uef@ rd;k ukwrf mS / ae&mwumrSm
pD;yGm;a&;awG vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfae=uwm aiGrJawG c0gcsae=uwm[m tJ'D
axmufvSrf;a&; ay:vpDuae jzpfay:vmwJh toD;tyGifhawGyg?
e,fpyfzGH@+zdK;a&;qdkwmudkawmh e0w ua&m cGJxGuftzGJ@ acgif;aqmifawGuyg
tav;teuf&SdvSwm r[kwfygbl;? cGJxGuftzGJ@awGu acgif;aqmifawG&J@ pum;udkyJ
udk;um;yg&ap? “jynfwGif;uArmawGu e,fpyfu udk;uef@awG 0 awGxuf qif;&Jw,f?
ygwu D [dwk ek ;f uajymcJw h mawG r,Hck b hJ ;l ? tckrS ud,
k af wG@ awG@&+yD?” vd@k ajym=uygw,f?
wa,mufESpfa,mufuajymwm r[kwfygbl;? ArmjynftwGif;ydkif; aus;vufawGudk
a&mufzl;ol tm;vHk;uyg?
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vkyfief;awG olwdk@qDrSm vmvkyfwmudk vufawG@ awG@&awmh - “zGH@+zdK;a&;” udk t,Hk
t=unf r&Syd gb;l ? qm;tdww f csKd @e@J qyfjymacsmif; tacsmif; 200 vma&mif;wJh “zG@H +zdK;a&;”
udk jyuf&,fjyK=uygw,f?
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bma=umifh 'Davmufqif;&JovJ´? 'Dar;cGef;awGudk ar;ae=u+yD?
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udkawmh +zdKcGJEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh e0w tay: txkyftydk;}uD; jzpfvmw,f? vGwfvyfpGm
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63
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tck xl;jcm;wmu tar&duefu wa'gifhuae rD;wusnfusnf vkyfaewmyg?
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ajymif;jyefjzpfaevdk@ tar&duefu tckrS u˜ysuf ,˜ysuf vkyfaewm jzpfygw,f?
89 - ckESpfrSm 'Day:vpDudk vkyfwkef;u cGJxGufolawG[m axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@yJ
pum;ajymcJ&h wmyg? bmEdik if aH &;pum;rS rajym&ygb;l ? Edik if aH &;t& em;vnfr_ ,lp&mvJ
rvdck yhJ gb;l ? tck KIA eJ@ aqG;aEG;awmh Edik if aH &;udpP wydik ;f wp ygvmygw,f? ‘trsKd ;om;
nDvmcH’ rSm b,fvdk yg0ifrvJqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;&ygw,f? aqG;aEG;bufuawmh
axmufvSrf;a&;bufu vlawGeJ@yJ aqG;aEG;&wmyg? EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;wJhyHkpH rayguf
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&w,fqdkwmuvJ 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;rS ay:vmwmjzpfvdk@ ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’
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89 ckESpfay:vpDudk wjcm;vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awG twGufyg
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rwufa&;qdkwJ@ EdkifiHa&;pum;uav; eJeJawmh ajymvm&ygw,f? 'gawmifrS Adkvf
armifoifu h ajymawmh wrsKd ; / axmufvrS ;f a&;awGu ajymawmh wrsKd ;yg? aemufq;kH awmh
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tckvdk vkyfwm[m ppf&yfpJa&;vm; (odk@r[kwf) ppf&yfqdkif;a&;vm; qdkwmvJ
jy\emay:w,fv@kd =um;&ygw,f? aemufq;kH awmh ppf&yfqikd ;f a&;vd@k yJ oH;k wmudk =um;&
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65
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‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ rSm wufapawmh txl;a'o trSwf 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 pojzifh
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ajymifajymifwif;wif; =urf;=urf;&rf;&rf; zdtm;ay;ygw,f? 1968 ckESpfawG wkef;uvdk
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awG@aeyg+yD?
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ta=umif;awGa=umifhom uGefjrLepfawG jzpfvm=uwmyg?
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66
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usawmh Edik if aH &;pum; pajym&ygw,f? ‘trsKd ;om;nDvmcH’ qdw k mrSm axmufvrS ;f a&;u
olw@kd vyk cf w hJ mawGukd r¾yfwikd w f ufjyzd@k wjcm;zdw=f um;oifo
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awG awmif;=uygw,f?
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axmufvSrf;a&;[m taumuf}uH&ygvdrfhOD;r,f? 'DudpPudk aemuftcef;rS wifjyygr,f?
csKyf+yD;wifjy&&if EdkifiHa&;t& ajz&Sif;wmr[kwfwhJ +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf
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rsm;rSm vGwfvyfpGm udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcGifh&Sd=uwmudk todtrSwfjyKygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;
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67
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ywfouf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu rlt& axmufcHygw,f? wckowdjyKzdk@ vdkwmudkvJ
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taumuf}uHrq _ w
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tiftm;pkeJ@ ,efnDtpfudk tiftm;pkrsm; t=um;rSm vufeufudkifyÉdyuQwck aygufuGJ
cJhygw,f? 'g[m rdrdtwGif;u vufeufudkif yÉdyuQyg? zkefnDtpfudkbufu ±H_;ygw,f?
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rdrdvlrsdK;twGif;u vufeufudkif yÉdyuQ[m a'ot0dkif;t0ef;t& wpHkw&m
uef@owfxm;vd@k &ayr,fh vlrsKd ;pktcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQ jzpfvm&ifawmh
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tkycf sKyfa&;awG awmif;=uawmh awmif;wJah 'oawG xyfaeygw,f? 'g[m &efr;D yGm;Edik w f hJ
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ygw,f? 'gawG[m taumuf}uHvdkolrsm;twGuf tuGufaumif;awG jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf[m i,fygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;awGu rsm;ygw,f?
a&maxG;,Sufwif aexdkifae=uwmvJ jzpfygw,f?
vlrsdK;wdkif;rSm udk,fydkiftzGJ@tpnf;awG oD;jcm;zGJ@xm;=uygw,f? udk,fydkif
vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;vJ tenf;eJ@trsm; &Sad e=uygw,f/ vH@_ aqmfaoG;xd;k ay;p&m vlrsKd ;a&;
- bmoma&; udpPrsm;uvJ &Sdaeygw,f? rD;yGm;wck usoGm;&if tr_dufup jymom'f
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72
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69
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70
r&ygbl;? tJ'Dtcgus&if ygwDwcsdK@om qefcgwifusef&pfrSmvdk@ wifjycJhygw,f?
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71
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76
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73

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74
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jzpfyHk&ygw,f?
1988§ ckESpfrSm rsdK;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ ay:vmwmudkvJ Adkvfae0if;
taeeJ@ awmfawmfudk tav;xm;+yD; wGufcsufyHk ay:ygw,f? tmCmwvJ xm;ygw,f?
a'govJ xGufygw,f? olwdk@udk Adkvfatmifqef;bufom;rsm;vdk@ jrifygw,f?
“wyf r awmf u d k jyKjyif w nf a qmuf a &;” aºu;a=umf o H [ m tck q d k & if
ausmif;om;vli,fawG&J@ aºu;a=umfoH vlxk&J@qEN jzpfvmyg+yD? ppftm%m&Sifpepf
wdkufzsufa&; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xlaxmifa&; aºu;a=umfoHawGeJ@twlwGJ+yD; ygvm&rSmu
wyfudkjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&; aºu;a=umfoH jzpfygw,f? aoewfudk trdef@ay;EdkifwJh
tm%mudk tajymif;tvJ rvkyfEdkifoa&G@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;[m a&S@odk@ajcwvSrf;wdk;EdkifrSm
r[kwfygbl;?
'Daºu;a=umfoHudk e0wxJu wcsdK@u odyfa=umuf=uygw,f? emvJem=u
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh aºu;a=umfoHudk csufcsif;yJ wkef@jyefavh&Sdygw,f?
'Daºu;a=umfoHudk ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfatmifvJ vkyf=uwm awG@&ygw,f?
wyfrawmfudk “acgif;jzwf+yD; udk,f,l” zdk@ vkyfaewmvdk@ olwdk@uajym=uygw,f?
'J'h ;kd (wJw
h ;kd ) yJajymygr,f? acgi;f jzwfz@kd r[kwyf gb;l ? acgi;f udjk yKjyifajymif;vJz@kd yg?
rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmfacwfuacgi;f rsKd ; jyefjzpfcsiw f myg? tck (e0w) vkyaf eovdk ppfwyfu
Edik if aH wmf&@J txufu Edik if aH &;&J@txufu aewmrsKd ;[m rjzpfoifyh gb;l ? jzpfvJ rjzpfxu kd f
ygb;l ? jynfov l x l uk 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwhJ tpd;k &&J@ vufatmuf
rSm&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk av;pm;vdkufemwJhwyfrawmf jzpf&ygr,f?
aoewfukd trde@f ay;Edik w f hJ tm%m[m ae0if;ppftyk pf k jzpfaewmeJ@ pdev f iG w
f @kd
75
 AdkvfcifnGef@u olwdk@rSm EdkifiHa&; - pD;yGm;a&; - vlr_a&; bmtusyftwnf;rS
r&Sdygbl;vdk@ ajymygw,f? ajAmifvdrfwmyg?
- (NLD) acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;xm; - xdef;odrf;xm;&wm[m EdkifiHa&;
tusyt f wnf;yg? a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd todtrSwrf jyK0Hw h mvJ Edik if aH &;
tusyftwnf;yg? “trsdK;om;nDvmcH ” udk cecea&$@qdkif;ae&wmuvJ
EdkifiHa&; tusyftwnf;yg? 'gawGrS EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;vdk@ rac:&if
bmu EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;vJ?
- ukefaps;E_ef;awG acgifcdkufatmif wufaewm/ o,HZmwawGudk aps;
aygayge@J xkwaf &mif;ae&wm/ Edik if jH cm;aiG vJv,
S af &; udprP mS obm0rus
jzpfaewmeJ@ epfemaewm/ o,HZmweJ@ jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk xdk;tyf+yD;
EdkifiHa&;axmufcHr_&atmif rsufESmcsdKaoG;ae&wmawG[m pD;yGm;a&;
tusyftwnf;r[kwf&if bmu pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;vJ?
- wuUodkvfawG c%c%ydwf - ausmif;om;awGudkjzef@cGJ wuUodkvf
e,fajrawGukd +rdK@e@J a0;&myd@k vkyaf e&wmawG/ tr_xrf; t&mxrf;awGukd
wokw+f yD;wokwf tjywfac:+yD; oifwef;ay;w,fqw kd @J eHrnfe@J ppfwyfukd
csKyfudkifovdk csKyfudkifae&wmuaum - bmvJ - tusyftwnf;
r[kwfbl;vm;?
- tusyftwnf;awGu ajymrukefatmif rsm;ygw,f?
AdkvfcifnGef@ ajymvdkwmu ae0if;ppftkyfpku ppfwyfudk wif;wif;usyfusyf
csKyfudkifxm;Edkifao;wmudk - tusyftwnf;r&Sdbl;vdk@ ajymvdk[ef &Sdygw,f?
wzufuvJ aqG;aEG;bufrsm;udk tusyftwnf;&Sdvdk@ “a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;
+idr;f csr;f a&;” ac:wm r[kwb f ;l / apwem&Sv d @kd ac:wm - tusyu f ikd rf ,fawmh r}uH=ueJ@v@kd
ajymcsifwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
wyfudkjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;vkyfzdk@ tckumv[m tcsdefaumif;jzpfygw,f?
- vlxku a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pku ‘tm%m
uGuv f yfukd 0ifjznfzh @kd ’ tqifoifh &Sad eygw,f? (1988§ wke;f u r&Scd yhJ g?)
- Edik if w
H umu ‘e0w’ ppftpd;k &udk tvdrk &Syd gb;l ? a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
xm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&udkom tvdk&Sd=uygw,f?
- wyfudkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&if tcktcsdef[m emusifr_teJqHk; jzpfEdkif
ygw,f?
80
opPm&Sdwmxuf olwdk@&xm;wJh tqifhae&mtay:eJ@ a&S@wufvrf; tvm;tvmtay:
opPm&Sdae=uwm jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if;aooGm;&ifvJ 'DtcGifhtm%mawGtay: opPm&Sd
ae=uOD;rSm jzpfygw,f? ol@tvdktavsmufawmh b,fjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udkrS vdkvm;rSm
r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhvJ OD;ae0if;aooGm;&ifawmif jyKjyifa&;vkyfzdk@ rvG,fbl;vdk@ wifjy
aewmyg?
vlxktHkºur_jzpfvm+yD; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_udk awmif;qdkvmw,fqdk&ifawmh
tJ'DtcgusrS olwdk@&J@ yHkrSefADZpdwfeJ@ &yfwnfr_awG ay:vmEdkifwm jzpfygw,f?
1988 § ta&;awmfyu kH tjzpftysuu f =kd unfyh g? wcsKd @u pdev f iG w
f @kd vkd vlxu
k kd
t=urf;zufvw kd hJ acgi;f rmolawGjzpfomG ;+yD; wcsKd @uawmh ( awmfawmfrsm;rsm;yg ) vlxek @J
aphpyfajy+idrf;vdk=uygw,f?
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u vlxek @J aphpyfajy+idr;f vdak yr,fh olw@kd [m Edik if aH wmfay:vpD
udk csrw
S Ef ikd w
f hJ taetxm;rSm&S=d uolawG r[kwyf gb;l ? Adv k af e0if;eJ@ eD;pyfwo hJ al wGuom
ay:vpDcs=uwmjzpfygw,f? eD;pyfolawGwdkif;u tm%mydkifvm;qdkawmhvJ r[kwfao;
ygbl;/ Adkvfae0if;&J@ pdwftajctaeudk=unfh+yD; ol@&J@,Hk=unfv$Jtyfr_udk cH&olu ol&J@
E_wfrdef@udk emcH+yD; tvkyfvkyf=u&wmyg? pdefvGif 'DvdkeJ@ orRwjzpfvmwmyg? 'ga=umifhvJ
Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ Adkvfae0if;xHay;pmwapmifrSm Adkvfae0if;teD;rSmae+yD; tvkyfvkyf&
ol[m wynfhvdrRm q&mtmywfvGwfjzpfatmif vkyfwwf&r,f? wcsdK@udpPrSm zmzm
ax;ax; vkyfwwf&r,f? tcsdefqGJwef qGJxm;&r,f - qdkwmawGudk a&;cJhygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;&J@ vufvGwfpy,fay;avh&SdwJh E_wfrdef@udk ay:vpDw&yfvdk wcgw&HrSm rvkyfrd
=uapzdk@ a&;wJhoabmyg?
Adkvfae0if;&J@ E_wfrdef@ursm;ygw,f? ESpfaygif; (30) ausmfrSm olay;cJhwJh
E_wfrdef@awGu renf;ygbl;? wcsdK@u olpdwfaumif;0ifaecsdef ay;wmyg? wcsdK@u olpdwfu
upOfuvsm; jzpfaecsdef ay;wmawGyg?
(Oyrm) or*~taqmuftODudk AHk;cGJwJhudpP? t&rf;uma&m ‘jynfolydkifodrf;wJh
udpP’/ 1967 w±kwfqef@usifa&; t"du±k%f;zefwD;r_eJ@ oltjrifuyfolawGudk zrf;wm
pwmrsdK;awG jzpfygw,f?
ol@E_wfrdef@a=umifh wdkif;jynf&J@b¾mawG ta[moduH jzpfcJhwmawGvJ trsm;
tjym;yg?
wcsKd @Ew _ rf ed @f awGuawmh tuGuq f if+yD;xm;wJh aumufuspw f hJ - pOf;pOf;pm;pm;
ay;wJh E_wfrdef@awGyg?
ol ‘tem;,lw,f’qdkwJh tpnf;ta0;rSm aemufqHk;ajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;u
77
“wyfuypf&if axmifrazgufbl;/ wnfhwnfhypfw,f” qdkwm[m vlowform;pdefvGif
twGuf ay;wJhE_wfrdef@ jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;&J@E_wfrdef@u ay:vpDwck jzpfyHkeJ@ ywfouf+yD; aemufxyf Oyrmav;
wck wifjyvdkygw,f?
1980 ckEpS f jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGt
J wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd ygweD @J y%mr
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;pOfu Adkvfae0if;u udpPwckajymcJhygw,f?
EdkifiH*k%f&nfay;a&; ay:vpDjzpfvmyHkudk ajymwmyg? wae@rSm ol@taeeJ@
ocifwif (wdkif;ausmfjynfausmf yk*~dKvf}uD;/ qdk&S,fvpfocifwifyg?) udkoGm;awG@a=umif;/
tvGeftrif; qif;&Jaewm awG@&a=umif;? 0ef}uD;awG/ 'k - 0ef}uD;csKyfawG vkyfcJhwkef;u
aiGawG&vdkufwm aomufaomufvJ - b,fvdkjzKef;ypfcJhw,fawmh roda=umif;/ zJ±dkuf
ypfw,fawmh =um;a=umif;?
'geJ@ ol@vlawGudk wdkif;jynftwGuf vkyfcJholawG tm%mrJh+yD;oGm;awmh
(tm%mrJah tmif olvyk cf w hJ mudk xnfrh ajymyg) pm;&rJh aomuf&rJh jzpfaew,f? 'Dtwdik ;f
wd@k u=unfah evd@k rjzpfb;l ? apmifah &Smuf=unf±h &_ r,f/ tJ'g Oya'eJ@bmeJ@ =unf+h yD;vkyv f u
kd f
vdk@ ajym&a=umif;/ - 'DvdkeJ@ EdkifiH*k%f&nf y§ 'k§ w qdkwm jzpfvma=umif; ajymygw,f?
'DudpP u|efawmfwdk@udk ajymwJh&nf&G,fcsufu - u|efawmfwdk@udk qG,fwmyg?
Adkvfae0if;[m tuif;yg;ygw,f? tck t"duwifjycsifwmu ppftpdk;&rSm ay:vpDwck
b,fvjdk zpfvmwwfw,fqw kd mudk &Si;f vif;atmifv@kd om jzpfygw,f? olu, kd w
f ikd af jymwm
jzpfvdk@vJ cdkifrmwJh &nf!$ef;udk;um;csuf jzpfaevdk@yg?
EdkifiH*k%f&nfay;wkef;uawmh olwdk@yJ ,lcJh=uw,f? tckusrS (rqv) udk
qef@usif=uw,f? aus;Zl;rodwwfbl;vdk@ rdkuf±dkif;,kwfnHhpGm ‘e0w’ u &efawG@wmudk
‘EdkifiH*k%f&nf’ awG cHae&ygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;[m raoao;oa&G@ E_wfrdef@awG ay;aeOD;rSmyg? ol&J@E_wfrdef@awGu
ae+yD; ay:vpDawG jzpfaeOD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;rSm ordkif;qdkif&m tmCmwawG rsm;ygw,f? wyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,
zcif}uD;qdkwJh pum;udkvJ oludk,fwdkif r&Sufra=umuf ajym0Hholyg? Adkvfatmifqef;u
wyf&J@ yxrzcifqdkwmudk olry,f0Hhao;vdk@ 'Dvdkajymwmyg? tckawmh ‘e0w’ u yxr
zcifudk wpwp z,f&Sm;aeyg+yD? ppftkyfpkrSm tazwa,mufyJ &SdcsifwJhoabmyg?
(e0w) tzdk@ rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&;tajctaet& Adkvfatmifqef;&J@ oduQmudk
csypfzdk@ tavmw}uD; vdkaeygw,f?
'kwd,zcif}uD;bGJ@udk ,lwkef;u wyfwGif;wyfjyifrSm Adkvfatmifqef;udk yxr
78
ae&mu rz,fvdkolawG rsm;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;u 'kwd,ae&mudkom
,lwmyg?
tckawmh tajctaeajymif;oGm;yg+yD? (e0w) u Adkvfatmifqef;&J@ trSwf
vuQ%mawG wyfxJrSm r&Sdapcsifygbl;? wyfjyifrSm&SdwJh rsdK;cspfwyfr–;a[mif;rsm;
(t+idrf;pm;) awGeJ@vJ bDvl;pnf; - vlpnf; uGJovdk jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
tckvuf&Sd (e0w) xJrSm ppfwyfxJrSm Adkvfatmifqef;tay: oHa,mZOf
wG,fEdkifr,fh BIA / BDA / PBF wyfAdkvf wyfom;awGvJ r&Sd=uawmhygbl;?
Adv
k af tmifqef;udzk ,f+yD; Adv
k af e0if;udk ud;k uG,rf ,frh sKd ;qufopfwck wyfxrJ mS
ay:xGef;aeyg+yD? ay:atmifvJ (e0w) axmufvSrf;a&;u vkyfaeygw,f?
zqyv tpdk;&acwfwkef;u qdk&S,fvpfygwDtay: b,fvdkoabmxm;ovJ
qdw k phJ [
H m wyfxrJ mS &mxl;+rJa&;eJ@ &mxl;wd;k a&;twGuf t"dupH jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tckawmh
Adkvfae0if;tay: oabmxm;[m pHjzpfaeygw,f? Adkvfatmifqef;tay: oHa,mZOf
&Sdoljzpf&if - oHa,mZOf&SdwJhpum;ajymrd&if &mxl;wdk;zdk@ rvG,fygbl;?
‘e0w’ vufxufrSm olrsm;awG 'Hk;ysHpD;+yD; &mxl;awGwdk;aecsdefrSm wcsdK@[m
ae+rJwdkif; ausmufcs+yD; &yfae&wmawG awG@Edkifygw,f? 'guvJ wyfuxkwfypfvdkuf&if
vlod&Sif=um;jzpf+yD; *,ufraumif;rSma=umifh wyfxJrSm quf+yD;xm;ae&wmyg?
atmufajcwyfr–;awGudkawmh wyfxJu tjrefqHk; z,f&Sm;+yD;yg+yD?
‘wyfrawmf+zdKcGrJ ,fht}uH - wdk@vufrcH’ qdkwhJ aºu;a=umfoH[m “wyfrawmf
udk jyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;” aºu;a=umfoHudka=umuf&GH@+yD; wefjyefzdk@xkwfvmwm
jzpfygw,f?
‘wyfjyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;’ udk b,fyHkpHeJ@ ajymajym/ b,foluajymajym
ppftkyfpku (axmufvSrf;a&;u) vHk;vHk;onf;rcHygbl;? csufcsif;ta&;,lygw,f?
'Dae&m[m olwdk@&J@ taysmhnHhqHk;ae&m toufAl;ae&mjzpfvdk@ txdrcHEdkifygbl;?
'ga=umifhvJ tvGefrdkufrJ+yD; rvkyfvJrvkyftyfwJh tvkyfawGudk olwdk@
vkyfcJh=uwmyg? OD;wifOD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;=unfarmif/ OD;0if;wifwdk@tygt0if
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmifawG[m ppftkyfpk&J@ toufAl;ae&mudk
tom;Ekae&mudk oGm;xdcJh=uvdk@ tzrf;tqD; txdef;todrf; cH=u&wmyg?
‘pdwfeJ@awmif rypfrSm;ygbl;’ vdk@ 0efcswJhvlawGudk jyefv$wfay;aewmvJ
awG@&ygw,f?
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;vdkufawmh ppftkyfpk[m
EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;}uD;eJ@ wdk;awmhwmygyJ?
79
 e,fcs@J tE &W m,f vufawG@}uHKvmvd@k trsKd ;om;umuG,af &; rvkyEf ikd &f ifawmh
wrsdK;om;vHk;'kuQawG@ygvdrfhr,f?
urBm}uD;[m yd+k yD;r+idrrf ouf jzpfaeygw,f? tajymif;tvJ jrefygw,f? e,fcs@J e@J
Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;a&;0g'&J@ tE W&m,f[m &Sdaeygw,f? zufqpfvufopf qdkwmuvJ
acgi;f axmifxaeygw,f/ tckxad wmh tm&Suzufqpf0g'vufopfuawmh tmabmfjyif
aewkef;yg? aoG;wdk;prf;aewkef;yg? 'gayrJh av#mhwGufvdk@ rjzpfygbl;?
‘e,f c sJ @ qef @ usif a &;/ trsd K ;om;umuG , f a &;ppf ’ wd k u f a wmh r ,f q d k & if
t"duvdktyfwJh tcsuf}uD; 2 csufudk wifjyygr,f?
yxrtcsufu EdkifiHa&;t& vdktyfcsuf jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHwum (jynfy) u axmufcHr_ &Sd&ygr,f? w&m;&Sd&if ulolrsm;w,f?
qdkwmrsdK;jzpfzdk@ vdkygw,f? tck (e0w) vkyfaewJh - [dkw,faqmufzdk@ ajrae&m -
u|ef;opf/ "mwfaiG@/ oHvGifjrpfa&wdk@eJ@ e0wtay: EdkifiHa&;t& ae&may;r_udk vJ,lwJh/
ukef=urf;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mvJa&; oHcif;wrefcif; y&d,m,fuawmh e,fcsJ@
qef@usifa&;twGuf toHk;0ifvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? t"dutusqHk;u rdrdjynfwGif;u
wrsdK;om;vHk;&J@ axmufcHr_&Sdzdk@yg? w&m;wJhwdkufyGJ - wrsdK;om;vHk;twGufwdkufwJh
wdkufyGJjzpfa=umif; &Sif;ae&ygr,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolawGrSm tawG@t}uHKa&m - oifcef;pmyg&Sd+yD; jzpfygw,f?
oifcef;pmbufuajym&if wrsKd ;om;vH;k taeeJ@ b,fawmhrS rarhEikd pf &m ordik ;f oifcef;pm
&SdcJhygw,f? wrsdK;om;vHk;u|efjzpfcJhwJh oifcef;pm/ aoG;acsmif;pD;+yD; rsuf&nfyifv,f
a0atmif cHcJh&wJh oifcef;pm jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;qHk;±H_;r_&J@ cg;oD;wJh t&omudk
vGwfvyfa&;qHk;&H_;zl;olrsm;om cHpm;wwf=uygw,f?
tawG@t}uHKbufuajym&if ( 1941 - 42 ) t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf JG
&S d c J h y gw,f ? (1945 ) zuf q pf * syef q ef @ usif a &;wd k u f y G J &S d c J h y gw,f ? txl ; ojzif h
zufqpfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk !ïef;vdkygw,f?
ordkif;oifcef;pmrsm;
oifcef;pmbufuajym&if t*Fvyd f - Arm ppfyo JG ;kH yGJ udk ajym&ygr,f? ppfyo JG ;kH yGJ
qdak yr,fh yxrppfyo JG mv#if ppfyeJG @J wlygw,f? usef ppfyJG (2) ck uawmh t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J u
ppfwHcGefv$ifh csDwufoGm;wJh oabmrsdK;yg?
yxr ppfyGJwkef;u jynfyta=umif;tcsufudk txl;jyK wifjyygr,f? td+ENd,u
t*FvdyfudkvdkeD jzpfaeyg+yD? ppfom;trsm;pku td+ENd,om; ukvm;ppfAm&DawGtjzpf
t*Fvyd ef @J twl ygwmyg? ,d;k ',m;tkypf ;kd olawGuvJ Armjynfe,fajrudk cGaJ 0,lcsiw f myg?
84
- aemufqHk;tcsuftaeeJ@ ‘e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; - zufqpfqef@usifa&;’
wdkufyGJawGrSm vufwGJcJh=uwJh ‘wdkufazmfwdkufzuf rsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;’
&Sdae=uao;wm jzpfygw,f?
1936 - 1938 eJ@ 1945 - 48 vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm yg0ifcJh=uol
tm;vHk;udk ‘rsdK;qufa[mif;’ rsm;tjzpf,l+yD; wifjywm jzpfygw,f? tJ'DrsdK;qufa[mif;
rsm;[m vmr,fhq,fpkESpf twGif;rSm Armjynf&J@ EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:u wjzKwfjzKwf
uG,faysmufoGm;=uawmhrSm jzpfygw,f?
tcktcsdefrSmawmh 'DrsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rSm
t"duae&mu &Sdae=uqJ jzpfygw,f? t"duEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;rSm olwdk@[m
t}uHtm; ^m%ftm;eJ@ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;ae=uygw,f? wdkif;jynfrSm }uHKawG@ae&wJh
tusyftwnf;}uD;rsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;a&;rSm olwdk@[m ta&;ygwJh tcef;u¾u
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rsd K ;quf a [mif ; rsm;[m jynf w G i f ; ppf u d k rsd K ;quf o pf o d k @ tarG t jzpf
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udk b,fawmhrS (b,fawmhrS) vufcHrSm r[kwfyg?
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a&G;jc,fcJhwm r[kwfyg? a&G;jc,fp&mvrf;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&G;jc,fEdkifcGifh
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vkyfaqmifcGifhvJ &Sdr,fqdk&if +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udkyJ a&G;vdkygw,f?
'gayrJh ae0if;ppftkyfpk&J@ tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm 'gawGr&Sdygbl;?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwDtwGuf rajymygeJ@ ppftkyfpkcsrSwfwJh pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;awG
atmufrSm w&m;0ifxlaxmifxm;wJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD) twGuf
awmifrS r&Sdygbl;?
81
 (NLD) [m b,folrS rjiif;Edkifatmif vlxkaxmufcHr_ &xm;wmyg? 90 §
ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm tcsKyftjc,f/ t+cdrf;tajcmuf/ twm;tqD;awG=um;xJuae+yD;
tjywftowf tEdkif&vmwJh tzGJ@csKyf jzpfygw,f/ (a&G;aumufyGJrSm 'Dvdk&v'f
jzpfvmwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/ +cHKiHkoHk;oyfwJh oHk;oyfcsufudk (e0w) u a,mifvdk@awmif
r[ygbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk ‘Auy’ uwifvdk@ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmwm/
EdkifiHjcm;uom acgif;aqmiftjzpf vufcHwm - jynfwGif;vlxku vufrcHbl;vdk@
vkyZf mwfcif;oH;k oyfxm;wJh ppftyk pf [ k m a&G;aumufy&JG v'fe@J ywfouf+yD;awmh bmajym
vdk@ ajym&rSef;rod jzpfaeygw,f? (e0w) [m jzpfEdkif&if a&G;aumufy&JG ,f - a&G;aumufyJG
&v'f&,fudk jynfzHk;um;csvdkufcsifygw,f? 90 § ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&J@ oifcef;pmudk,l+yD;
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(NLD) u acgif;aqmifawG[m tck (e0w) rSm AdkvfvkyfaeolawG&J@ t}uD;
tuJa[mif;awGyg? wdkufazmfwdkufzufa[mif;awGvdk@vJ ajymEdkifygw,f? a':atmifqef;
pk=unfqdk&if olwdk@ wyfrawmf zcif}uD;&J@ wOD;wnf;aom orD;yg?
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±dkif;pdkif;armufrmpGm qufqHaew,fqdk&if -
- olaoudk,fao ESpf 40 ausmf wdkufcJhwJh (uwkwfusif; wckpDrSmae+yD;
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- olwdk@udk wdkufzsufypf&r,fh vlwef;pm;&efol (ppfAsL±dku&uf t&if;&Sif)
tjzpfowfrSwfum wdkufyGJ0ifaewJh uGefjrLepfygwDtay: b,fvdk
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awG@a&;ay:vpD (Auy vkyfenf;) vkyfw,fvdk@ pGyfpGJygw,f? wu,fu xdyfwdkufawG@a&;
ay:vpDudk olwdk@vkyfaewmyg?
82
olwdk@pDrH&mudk vdkufrvkyf&if xdyfwdkufawG@a&; vkyfw,fvdk@ pGyfpGJygw,f?
vdkufvkyfaer,fqdk&ifvJ ygwDawG tzGJ@awG zGJ@xm;p&mrvdkygbl;/ tm;vHk;zsufodrf;+yD;
(wpn) vkyfvdkuf±HkyJ &Sdygw,f?
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f ;l xJawmif rxnfyh g?
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(jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD) twGuf rqkwrf epf wdu k yf 0JG ifr,fyh gw/D jynfcsp0f g'udk usio hf ;kH r,fyh gwD
tjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
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'kwd, ta=umif;tcsufu trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;wm0efudk wu,fwef;
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tm;upm; urBmudkv$rf;ap&r,f’ qdkwJh vl&,fp&m aºu;a=umfoHrsdK;[m ratmifjrifvdk@
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ta&;r}uD;vSyg?
83
e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_ tEœ&m,fudk u|efawmfwdk@jynfolawG av#mhrwGufrdzdk@ vdkygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm a&&SnfjynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfaewmuvJ 0ifa&muf
pGufzufvdkolawGtwGuf a&cHajrcH&Sdaewm jzpfygw,f?
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tawG;tac: - ppfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;[m b,fwkef;urS e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ qifE$Ja&;
twGuf r[kwfcJhygbl;? e,fcsJ@udkrSDcdk+yD; uGefjrLepf qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ qifE$Ja&;twGufom
jzpfcJhygw,f?
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0wD taemufzufurf;rSmyJ wnfaqmufxm;cJhwmawGeJ@ tcktcsdeftxd olwdk@ t"du
xm;+yD; oHk;aewJh vufeufawGudk=unfh&if xif&Sm;ygw,f?
wu,fvdk@ e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_ qef@usifa&;ppfwdkuf=u&if jynfol@ppfyGJ
ajymufusm;ppf qif&rSmyg? omrefA[kow k &So
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ta=umif;olwdk@ odaevdk@yg?
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cH&&if awmcdk+yD; ajymufusm;ppf wdkufr,fvdk@ }uHK;0g;zl;ygw,f? yky`g;rSm ajymwmvdk@
xifygw,f? yky`g;a&muf+yD; pdwful;ay:vdk@ xHk;pHtwdkif; awmifpOfa&r& ajymwmawmh
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pum;udk t[kwfxifaeygw,f? tJ'DvlawGudk oGm;pnf;±Hk;awmh oleJ@rvdkuf±Hkru ol@udk
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&ygw,f? aemufawmhvJ &efukefjyefoGm;ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu }uD;}uD;
88
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ppfyGJawG ±H_;+yD;uwnf;u t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk r,SOf0HholawG jzpfaewmyg? txufArmjynf
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w,f? 'gayrJh ol@tay: tmCmwrxm;bJ oleJ@pnf;vHk;cJhygw,f? vuf0J - vuf,m
rcGJbJ pnf;vHk;Edkifor#aom tiftm;rsm;eJ@ pnf;vHk;a&;&,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
85
 zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;rSmvJ 'DvdkyJ vkyfcJhygw,f? tus,fcsJ@+yD; wifjyp&m tJ'DaemufrSm e0w uvJ bk&ifhaemif&J@ ordkif;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfaewm
rvdkawmhyg? awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh Armjynf&J@a0[ifudk umuG,fzdk@ avwyfu jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf
bHk&efoludk OD;wnfwdkufcdkufa&;onfomv#if tc&mtjzpf oabmxm;cJh r&Sdygbl;?
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av;pm;a&;eJ@ a&GaumufyGJ EdkifolawGodk@ tm%mv$aJ y;a&; ajymwm[m e,fcs@J pGufzufr_ pGufzufwm 0if±_yf=uwmawGudk rvdkvm;ygbl;? e,fcsJ@orm;uawmh 'Da'oawGrSm
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86 87
qef@usifa&;orm;wdkif;u ajymygw,f?
ArmjynfrSmom r[kwfygbl;? e,fcsJ@orm;awGeJ@ EdkifiHwumu uGefjrLepf
qef@usifa&;orm;wdkif;u 'DvdkyJ pGyfpGJavh &Sd=uwmyg?
tckvJ e0w ppftpdk;&u rD;avmif&mavyifh vkyfaeygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@
vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;twGif;rSm - ppftpdk;& qef@usifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;twGif;rSm
aoG;uGJaerS - olwdk@tzdk@ tusdK;&SdrSmrdk@ olwdk@tm%mwnf+rJrSmjzpfvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@
tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJaewmudk olwdk@}udKufygw,f? 'ga=umifh rD;avmif&mavyifh vkyf=u
wmyg?
‘ygwDeJ@aygif;&if uGJwwfw,f’ qdkwJh pGyfpGJcsufeJ@ ywfouf&if ygwDeJ@aygif;rS
tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf; uGJ=uwmvm;/ 'grSr[kwf raygif;cifuwnf;u uGJ=uwmvm;qdkwmudk
jyefvSefoHk;oyf=unfhyg? tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm uGefjrLepfeJ@awmh raygif;bl;?
aygif;vdkuf&if tar&duef/ t*FvdyfpwJh taemufe,fcsJ@EdkifiHawG&J@axmufcHr_ &EdkifrSm
r[kwfbl;? ,dk;',m;tkyfpdk;olawG&J@ òijiifr_vJ cH&r,f - qdk+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@awmh
b,fawmhrS raygi;f bl;qdw k hJ pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_u wzuf/ ppftpd;k & qef@usiaf &;bufuo kd m
aZmif;ay;vdo k al wGuvJ bH&k efou l kd OD;wnfqef@usizf @kd q&kd if uGejf rLepfygweD @J aygi;f &r,fv@kd
pOf;pm;wJh awG;ac:r_uwzuf - 'DvdkawG;ac:r_ESpfck&J@ qef@usifwdkufcdkufr_u t&ifqHk;
jzpfay: =uwmcsnf; jzpfygw,f?
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tqifx h d jrifwh ufvm&if uG=J uygw,f? tJ't D cgusrS wzufu uGejf rLepfygweD @J vufw+JG yD;
bHk&efoludk OD;wnfwdkufvmum wzufu vrf;a[mif;twdkif; qufvdkufwm jzpfwwf
ygw,f? tJ't D cgusrS vrf;a[mif;twdik ;f vdu k of al wGu uGejf rLepfu cG+J yD;pnf;±H;k w,fv@kd
ajym=ujyefygw,f? xl;jcm;wJt h ajctae wpHw k &m&S&d ifvJ tawG;tac:wcku ±kwcf sn;f
usqif;oGm;+yD; tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf; wckvHk;[m uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ bHk&efolwdkufa&;twGuf
aygif;pnf;rdvmwmvJ &Sdygw,f? olwdk@ ruGJ=uygbl;? 'gvJ jzpfwwfygw,f? 'gu K.I.O.
SSPP pwmawGeJ@ uGefjrLepfygwD wyfaygif;pk zGJ@cJhwmrsdK;yg? apmapmydkif;awGwkef;uqdk&if
jynfol@&Jabmf[m tjzL - t0g uGJ+yD;rS aygif;jzpfwmrsdK;vJ &Sdygw,f?
csKyf+yD;ajym&&ifawmh ygwDeJ@aygif;vdk@uGJwm r[kwfbJ tawG;tac:t&
vrf;pOft& uGJ=u&if;u ygwDeJ@ aygif;pnf; rdvm=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk uGJ=uwm[m
u|efawmfwdk@&J@wm0ef vHk;0r[kwfyg? ya,m*vJ rygyg?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ qENtppftrSefudk wifjy&&if uGJ=uwm - cGJ=uwmudk
rvdkvm;yg? ppftpdk;&udk wpkwaygif;wnf; wdkufa&;twGuf aygif;pnf;rdwmudkom
92
us,fus,f ta&;r,lygbl;? aemufawmh at;at;aq;aq;yJ oufwrf;twdkif;ae+yD;
uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f?
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a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJh tpd;k &w&yf &S&d ygr,f? jynfoal wGrmS 'Dru kd a&pD &S&d ygr,f?
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &Sd&ygr,f? ppfwyfudk jyKjyif+yD; jzpf&ygr,f/
aoewfudk trdef@ay;EdkifwJh tm%m[m ae0if;ppftkyfpk vufxJrSm&Sdaeor#
'gawGtm;vHk; bmrSjzpfvmEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;?
ppfwyfudk b,fvdkjyKjyifrvJqdkwmudkawmh tcdkiftrm tao;pdwf pOf;pm;
xm;wm ygwDrSm r&Sdao;ygbl;? tckt}uHjyKcsifwmuawmh Adkvfatmifqef;vufxufu
wyfwGif;tawG@t}uHK &SdcJh=uolawGeJ@ vuf&SdppfwyfxJrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfwJh
wyfjyKjyifa&;udk vdkvm;wJh wyfr–;}uD;rsm; pkaygif;+yD; tajz&Sm=u&if tajzaumif;
awG@r,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
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wmawGudk vdkuf+yD;tm;vHk;ðyjyif&rSm jzpfaevdk@yg/ EdkifiHa&;u¾/ pD;yGm;a&;u¾/
ppfa&;u¾/ tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾/ EdkifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;u¾ pwmawGrSm Adkvfae0if;
rawmfrw&m; vkyfxm;cJhwmawGudk jyKjyif&rSmjzpfvdk@ tvGefrsm;rSmyg?
wyfudkjyKjyifcJh=uwJh EdkifiHwumu tawG@t}uHKawGudkvJ avhvm&rSmyg?
ArmjynftwGuf tusdK;&Sd&if oHk;=unfh&r,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f?
ygwDwnfaqmufa&;
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jynfhpHkvHkavmufygw,f? vufawG@vdkufem+yD; rvkyfcJhwmeJ@ (rvkyfEdkifcJhwm) awGa=umifh
ygwDwGif; tusyftwnf;awGjzpf+yD; ygwDtiftm;awG z±dkz&J usqif;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
+yD;cJhwmawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ‘ed*Hk;csKyfpmwrf;’ rSm yg+yD;jzpfvdk@ tus,frwifjyawmhyg?
tckwifjyrSmu a&S@odk@csDwufa&;twGuf ta&;ygr,fh udpPwcsdK@udkom wifjyygr,f?
ygwD&J@ 55 ESpfoufwrf;twGif;rSm Oya'wGif;ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcJh&wJh
umv[m 1945 rS 1948 xd (3) ESpf rjynfyh gb;l ? usew f hJ umv}uD;wckv;kH [mOya'yrSm
&yfwnfcJhwm jzpfygw,f? ajratmufvkyfief;umveJ@ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ qifae&wJh
umv jzpfygw,f?
Oya'wGif;ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfEdkifzdk@twGuf tcGifhoifhwdkif; ygwDu t}udrf}udrf
}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhygbl;?
89
 u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwu D b,favmufyJ qEN&&dS dS - ae0if; ppftyk pf u k jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J aqmifwJh wyfaygif;pkvJ jzpfoifhygw,f? qdkvdkwmu vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;&J@
ywfoufwJh ay:vpDawG csrSwfxm;EdkifwJh taetxm;rSm&Sd&if Oya'wGif;ygwDtjzpf awmwGif;eJ@ jynfyu (Oya'yu) wyfaygif;pkoufouf/ +rdK@ay:u (Oya'wGif;u)
&yfwnfa&;[m rjzpfEdkifygbl;? tiftm;pkawG&@J wyfaygi;f pkoufouf r[kwb f J tm;vH;k pkpnf;Edik o f r#ppk nf;+yD; zG@J pnf;a&;
zqyv tpd k ; &acwf u vJ jynf w G i f ; ppf u d p P r S m Ad k v f a e0if ; wd k @ vl p k u yJ jzpfygw,f?
ay:vpDawG csaewmyg? OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@vlpk rdk;aumif;aepOfrSmjzpfjzpf - olwdk@wawG u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm wyfaygif;pk zGJ@pnf;a&; tawG@t}uHKawG trsm;}uD;
tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ ab;a&mufoGm;wJhtcgrSmjzpfjzpf - ppfwyfxJu Adkvfae0if;wdk@vlpkom &Sdzl;ygw,f? vuf&SdtajctaeeJ@ udkufnDoifhavsmf+yD; - vufawG@tvkyfjzpfr,fh o¿mef
jynfwGif;ppfay:vpD csae=uwmyg? rsdK; jzpfoifhygw,f?
olw@kd &@J ay:vpDtcsKyfu ‘+rdK@ay:uaeawmxJarmif;yd@k - ppfa&;t& acsre_ ;f ypf’ wyfaygif;pk&J@ vkyfief;pOfw&yfudkvJ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; a&;qGJoifhygw,f? tJ'D
zdk@yg/ aemufqufwGJ ay:vpDu ‘awmxJrSmyJ tjywf&Sif;ypf - +rdK@ay:twufrcHeJ@’ qdkwJh vkyfief;pOfudk tajccH+yD; wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ@pnf;a&; jzpfygw,f?
ay:vpDyg? OD;ausmf+idrf;csrSwfcJh+yD; Adkvfae0if;u taumiftxnfazmfaewJh ay:vpD[m vkyfief;pOf&J@ ausm&dk;[m ppftpdk;& qef@usifa&;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usif
'gygyJ? a&;eJ@ ppfAsL±dku&uf,Eœ&m; qef@usifa&; - 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& - 'Drdkua&pDpepf -
'ga=umifh ygwDOya'wGif;rSm &yfwnfa&;[m ‘ae0if;ppftkyfpk’tm%mydkif 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ wyfrawmfudk jyKjyifwnfaqmufa&;wdk@ jzpfoifhygw,f?
jzpfaeoa&G@ rjzpfEdkifyg? txufyg vkyfief;pOfausm±dk;ukd r¾dkifjyK+yD; tjcm;oifhawmf&m vkyfief;rsm;udk
Oya'yrSm a&&Sn&f yfwnfomG ;a&;udo k mv#if ar#mrf eS ;f +yD; ygwuD kd wnfaqmuf wdk;csJ@a&;qGJoGm;oifhygw,f?
&ygr,f? 'Dae&mrSm yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wifjyzdk@ &Sdygw,f?
ygwDudk uspfvpfodyfonf;pGm zGJ@pnf;Edkifzdk@ vdkygw,f? ta&twGufxuf u|efawmfwdk@ygwD[m ygwDpwifxlaxmifwJh (1939) ckESpfuwnf;u rdrd
t&nftcsif;jrifhrm;a&;udk t"duxm;&ygr,f? rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;eJ@ tm;jznfhoGm; vkyfief;pOfudk vlod&Sif=um;wifjy+yD; jzpfygw,f? rdrd&J@vkyfief;pOftay:rS rnfodk@aom
&ygr,f? tajctae ta=umif;tcsufa=umifhrS aoGzDrnf r[kwfyg?
vkyf&r,fh vwfwavm vkyfief;awGu/ ygwD&J@ oufwef;wavsmufrSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ vkyfief;pOfudk qef@usif&efjyKr_
u? Oya'yygwDtjzpf &yfwnfum vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ vkyfief;eJ@ ajratmuf rsm;udk t+rJwrf;}uHKawG@cJh&ygw,f? ocifApdef*dk%f; - vuf,mqdk&S,fvpfrsm;eJ@ tjcm;
vkyfief;wdk@udk aygif;pyf+yD; vkyfoGm;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? aom uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;orm; toD;oD;u w&Hrvyf qef@usifcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f?
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JG ¾efrmS vJ vufeufuikd w f u kd yf o
JG ¾efe@J 'Drukd a&pD&&Sad &; vlxw k ukd yf JG vufeufuikd w f u kd yf u
JG mv twGi;f rSmvJ 'Djy\em wnf&cdS yhJ gw,f? wcgw&HrmS
o¾efwdk@udk aygif;pyfqifE$J&ygr,f? 'Djy\emudk ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhayr,fh rajz&Sif;EdkifcJhwJh tcsdefuydkrsm;ygw,f?
c? 1988 § 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk rwdkifrDeJ@ ta&;awmfyHkumvawGrSm bH&k efou l w kd ukd &f mrSm aygi;f pnf;+yD;wdu
k &f if yd+k yD;xda&mufw,fqw kd m tm;vH;k
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qufvuf+yD; bH&k efopl pftpd;k &udk qef@usiaf &;rSm yd+k yD;eD;eD;uyfuyf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd zf @kd azgufjyefa&; tpdk;&tqufquf oufqdk;&SnfaewmudkvJ tm;vHk;u jrif=uygw,f?
vHk;yef;=u&ygr,f? 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJrSm tjyeftvSef tjrifzvS,fa&;/ tjyeftvSef vufeufuikd w f u
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vkyfoGm;&ygr,f? tvkyfwl yl;wGJvkyfa&;oabm jzpfygw,f? vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm; uGefjrLepfrsm;eJ@ aygif;pnf;rdrSmudk e,fcsJ@
*? tajctae &ifhrSnfhvmwJh tcsdefrSm wyfaygif;pkwck zGJ@&ygr,f? wyfaygif;pk orm;u rvdkvm;ovdk (e0w) uvJ rvdkvm;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhvJ oGm;ykyfavvGifh
wckudk v#dK@0Suf+yD; (zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wkef;uvdk) zGJ@oifhygw,f? wjynfvHk;vuQ%m ajym=uavh &Sdygw,f? uGefjrLepfeJ@aygif;&if uGJwwfw,fqdkwJh pum;udk uGefjrLepf
90 91
 ygwDpnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;a&; jy\em?
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ qifE$JaewJh ae&ma'oawGrSm pnf;±Hk;zGJpnf;a&;[m yHkpH
wrsdK; jzpf&ygr,f? ajratmufvkyfief; vkyfaewJh ae&ma'orSm yHkpHwrsdK; jzpf&ygr,f?
pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;a&; yHkpHawGudkvJ odyf+yD;awmifhwif;usyfwnf;raezkd@ owdðy&
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ajymif;&if ajymif;ovdk vdkufavsmnDaxG vdkuf+yD;ajymif;vJEdkifygw,f? ajratmufpnf;±Hk;
zG@J pnf;a&;o¿mefrS vufeufuikd w f u
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tmumo ody`HynmrSm aumhyg;eD;uyfpf - *,fvDvD,dk - e,lwefwdk@ awG@&Sd
ajymqdkcJhwJhtwdkif; &yfaewm r[kwfygbl;? ykd+yD;jrifhjrifhwuf a0;a0;jrifEdkifav ao;ao;
jrif+yD; tEkpdwf=unfhEdkifavav wdk;yGm;aeavav jzpfygw,f? ody`Hynmb¾mwdkufudk
topftopfeJ@ jznfhae&wmyg?
obm0ody`HynmrSmvJ 'g0ifeJ@wif &yfraeygbl;?
rmhufpf0g'[mvJ tJ'Doabmtwdkif; jzpfygw,f?
96
vdkvm;ygw,f?
uGefjrLepfrsm;[m tEkyÉdavmr&kyf0g'orm;awG jzpfygw,f? b,fjzpfay:
ajymif;vJrr_ mS rqdk twGi;f ydik ;f ta=umif;&if;u t"du/ jyifyta=umif;u omrnvd@k ,lq
ygw,f?
tjyiftyu aphaqmfr_[m twGif;ydkif;yÉdyuQ &SdaerSom tpGrf;jyEdkif+yD; tusdK;
oufa&mufr_ &SdEdkifygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ e,fpyfrScGJxGufa&; ta&;tcif;udkyJ OyrmjyKygr,f?
e,fpyfrS tiftm;pkrsm; ygwrD S cGx J u G =f uwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J oH;k oyfcsuu f
u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif;u twGif;ydkif;ta=umif;&if;a=umifhom 'DudpP}uD; jzpfvm&wmvdk@
oHk;oyfygw,f? twGif;ydkif; ta=umif;&if;omt"du jzpfygw,f?
jyifyu aphaqmfr_ rygbl;vm;qdkawmh ygygw,f/ trsm;}uD; ygygw,f? 'gayrJh
'g[mt"du r[kwfygbl;? omrnom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ u|efawmfwdk@ ed*Hk;csKyfcsuf
u axmufvSrf;a&;&J@ +zdKcGJa&;ay:vpDa=umifh/ jyifyu vlrsdK;a&;pdwf"mwfoGif;+yD;
aoG;cGaJ y;ae=uwmawGa=umifh - bma=umifn h ma=umifq h +kd yD; tjyifyta=umif;rsm;tay:
tjypfyHk rcsygbl;? tjypfudk udk,fhtwGif;rSmom &Smygw,f?
qdkAD,uf,leD,H +ydKuGJr_}uD;tay: oHk;oyfcsufudk a&S@ydkif;rSm wifjycJhygw,f?
twGif;ydkif; ta=umif;&if;rsm;udkom t"duxm; wifjycJhwm awG@&rSmyg? tar&duefeJ@
taemufe,fcsJ@orm;awG&J@ jyifyu aphaqmfr_awGudk t"du rxm;ygbl;?
tar&duef e,fcsJ@orm;&J@ Armjynfay:vpD[m worwfwnf;&SdcJhwm
r[kwfygbl;? tajymif;tvJawG &Sdygw,f? tJ'D tajymif;tvJawG tay:rSm rSD+yD;awmh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD qef@usifa&;t&Sdef twuftusvJ &Sdwwfygw,f?
&efukefrSm&SdwJh tpdk;&u w±kwfjynfqef@usifa&;eJ@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
qef@usifa&;udk wufwufºuºuvkyfae&if e,fcsJ@orm;[m tJ'Dtpdk;&udk yHkatm+yD;
axmufcHygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdk@ - vl@tcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;wdk@udk bmrSrajymygbl;?
tpdk;&&J@ jynfwGif;ppfwdkufa&;rSmvJ wufwufºuºu tultnDay;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
tcgrsd K ;rS m qd k & if ppf t pd k ; &ud k vuf e uf u d k i f w d k u f a ewJ h vl r sd K ;pk t if t m;awG u d k
&Sdw,fvdk@awmif oabmrxm;ygbl;? tar&duefjynfxu J dkawmif acgif;aqmifawG 0ifcGifh
ray;ygb;l ? ,d;k ',m;ppfwyfuom yx0DEikd if aH &;oabmt& uGejf rLepf'v D id_ ;f wm;qD;a&;
wHwdkif; uma&;twGuf qufqHygw,f?
1988 ckESpf aemufydkif;usrSom tajymif;tvJ jzpfvmwmyg? 'gvJ 'Drdkua&pD
ta&;awmfyHk&J@ aus;Zl;yg? 'Dtajymif;tvJ[m ,m,Dtajymif;tvJ jzpfygw,f? xm0&
93
tajymif;tvJvdk@ xifrSwfrSm;=u&if jy\emawG@=uygvdrfhOD;r,f?
1988§ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfykH txGwt f xdyaf &mufaepOfu axmufvrS ;f a&;
&J@ xdyfydkif;eJ@ ppftkyfpkwGif;rSmajym=uwJh pum;wcGef; &Sdygw,f? “b,fol±dkufvdkufw,f
qdkwmudk t±dkufcH&oleJ@±dkufvdkufoluom odvdkufw,f? wjcm;olawGu rodvdkuf=u
bl;” qdkwJhpum;yg?
“±dkufol AuyeJ@ cH&olppftpdk;&” uom odvdkufw,f/ vlxk}uD;u rodvdkuf
=ubl;qdkwJh oabmyg?
'ga=umifh axmufvSrf;a&;u oufaocHtaxmuftxm;awGudk t±l;trl;
vdkufvH&SmazG+yD; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJawG t}udrf}udrfvkyfum wifjyaewmyg?
tar&duefe,fcs@J uvJ 1988§ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyu kH kd ol@pw
d }f udKuf yHo
k iG ;f zd@k
- ol@tuGufxJ 0ifvmapzdk@qdk&if ta&;awmfyHkudk ‘e0w’u uGefjrLepfeJ@ wGJzufxm;
wmudk r}udKufEdkifygbl;?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwq
D w
kd m r&Sad wmhb;l ? uGejf rLepfukd vuf!;d_ xd;k jyraeeJ@v@kd
ajymygw,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD r&Sdawmhbl;vdk@ EdkifiHjcm;pme,fZif;awGrSmvJ
owif;orm;wcsdK@u a&;=uygw,f? tar&duefe,fcsJ@&J@ oHa,mifvdkuf+yD; jynfwGif;rSm
wcsdK@wavuvJ ajym=uygw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wnf&Sdaew,f/ rwnf&Sdawmhbl;qdkwmudk }udKufovdk
qH;k jzwfEikd yf gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u bmrS0if+yD; pGuzf ufrmS r[kwo f vdk pGuzf ufp&mvd@k vJ
oabmrxm;ygbl;?
wckyJ tav;teuf wifjyygr,f? u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ bHk&efolppftpdk;& qef@usif
a&;tvkyfudk twlwGJvkyf&if- u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ tqifhae&mudkawmh wenf;enf;eJ@
todtrSwfjyK&ygr,f? uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;vJ rvkyfzdk@ vdkygw,f?
axmufvrS ;f a&;[m aumufuspyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfq&kd if b,fou l owfowf
- owfapcsifygw,f?
1988 pufwifbmv&J@ [dkbufawGwkef;u ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;orm;
'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;orm;wdkif;[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; vrf;
toG,foG,feJ@ qufpyfr_ &Sd=uygw,f? ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifwJh wjynfvHk;qdkif&m
tiftm;pk[m usGefawmfwdk@ygwDom&Sdawmh te,fe,ft&yf&yfu uGsefawmfwdk@ygwDeJ@
qufpyfywfoufvm=uwm rqef;ygbl;? ‘rqv’ vkyf&ifvkyf/ rvkyf&if ‘Auy’ yJ vkyf
p&m &Sad ewmyg? u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J ywfoufqufpyfro d wl ikd ;f vJ uGejf rLepfjzpfrvm=uygb;l ?
v_yf&Sm;r_wckr[kwfwckrSm olwdk@[m tzrf;cH=u&ygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;&J@
94
ppfa=umjcif; cH=u&ygw,f?
tJ'Dppfa=umcsufawGudk tckjyefazmf+yD; olwdk@[m uGefjrLepfawGyJvdk@ vuf!_d;
xdk;jyaeygw,f? b,foluowfowf ‘uGefjrLepf’ ao&if+yD;a&mqdk+yD; vkyfaewmyg?
u|efawmfwdk@ygwD[m ArmjynfrSm 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pD
awmfveS af &;udk tOD;qH;k qifEcJ$ w hJ yhJ gwD jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J 'rD ukd a&pD[m vlwef;pm;
4 &yf (tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ vlvwfwef;pm;eJ@ jynfcspt f &if;&Si)f twGuf 'Dru kd a&pD
jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfol@'Drdkua&pD jzpfygw,f? 'gudk b,fwkef;urS v#dK@0Suf
xm;wm r[kwfygbl;?
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD r[kwfbJ - tajccH'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;twGufom
wdkufwhJ wdkufyw GJ dkif;udkvJ b,foluwdkufwdkuf wufwufºuºu axmufcHrSm jzpfygw,f?
bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tajccH'Drdkua&pD &Sdaewm[m ppftpdk;& &Sdaewmxuf tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;/ tvwfwef;pm;eJ@ jynfcspft&if;&Sifrsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdvdk@yg?
e,fcsJ@orm;awGuawmh uGefjrLepfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDudk ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usif
buf t&mrsm;tjzpf oabmxm;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfrS 'Drdkua&pD
tppftrSefvdk@ olwdk@,lqygw,f? e,fcsJ@orm;u 'Dvdkajymwm[m ol@ &yfwnfr_t&
ajymwmjzpfvdk@ obm0usygw,f? aoonftxd 'Dtwdkif; olwdk@&yfwnfoGm;rSmyg?
olwdk@&J@ todtrSwfðyr_udkvJ u|efawmfwdk@ awmif;qdkaewm r[kwfyg?
jynfwGif;tiftm;pk (u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ tvkyfwlwGJvkyfr,fhtiftm;pk) awGudk
awmh u|efawmfwdk@udk ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&; - ppftpdk;& qef@usifa&;- ppfAsL±dk
ua&pD ,Eœ&m;qef@usifa&; - (ppf 3 ppf qef@usifa&;) vkyfaewJh 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk
tjzpf todtrSwfðyzdk@ awmif;qdkygw,f?
uGefjrLepf0g'qef@usifa&;t,ltq &Sd=uwm &Sdyg/ 'gudk ruef@uGufygbl;/
uGefjrLepf0g'eJ@ ygwDwnf&SdcGifhudk todtrSwfrðywmudkawmh u|efawmfwdk@ vufrcHEdkifyg?
u|ef a wmf w d k @ ay:vpD u uG e f j rLepf e J @ uG e f j rLepf q ef @ usif o l w d k @ tajccH ' D r d k u a&pD
abmiftwGi;f rSm +idr;f csr;f pGm,SOòf yifz@kd jzpfygw,f? tajccH'rD u kd a&pDtcGit hf a&; cHpm;cGiu hf kd
¹cif;csufxm;wm u|efawmfwdk@ oabmrwlEdkifyg?
uGejf rLepfe@J aygi;f &if 'grrS [kwf uGejf rLepf0g'qef@usiaf &;/ w±kwjf ynf qef@usif
a&;udk rvkyf&if e,fcsJ@orm;awGu òijiifwwfw,fqdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ odygw,f?
em;vnfr_vJ &Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwdk@u tvkyfwlwGJvkyfolrsm; - r[mrdwfrsm;
- wyfaygi;f pktzG@J 0ifrsm;udk axmufxm;a&;ay:vpDuykd g csrw S u
f sio hf ;kH aewm jzpfygw,f?
95
 rD;usKd ;armif;ysuef @J wdu k &f awmhvJ wdu
k &f wmxuf a&Smif&wmu rsm;ygw,f?
ppfwyfudkudkif+yD; awmcdkvmwmrS r[kwfwm/ jyif+yD;qif+yD; udk,fóuufwJhtcsdefrSm
wdkuf&wmrS r[kwfwm - 'DvdkyJ jzpf&rSmyg?
1988§ 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHku &JabmfawGudk u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fcsif;pmEdkif
wm[m u|efawmfwdk@udk,fwdkif ñuHzl;vdk@yg?
awmfvSefa&;orm;wdkif;[m awmfvSefwJhtawG;tac:udk ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;
tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&ygr,f? pdwfysuftm;i,fwJh tawG;tac:u t±H_;ay;a&;udkom
jzpfapygw,f?
awmfvSefwJh tawG;tac:udk ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;tjzpf ajymif;Edkifygw,f? rmhufpf
u‘awmfvSefwJh tawG;tac:[m vlxk}uD;udk csKyfudkifrdwmeJ@wòyifeuf {&mr ±kyf0wˆK
tiftm;}uD; jzpfvmw,f?’ vd@k qdzk ;l ygw,f? 'g[m tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'tjrif jzpfygw,f?
awmf v S e f a &;orm;awG t aeeJ @ vuf & S d t ajctaerS m vk y f E d k i f w mawG eJ @
vkyfp&mawG trsm;tjym; &Sdygw,f? rSefuefwJhvrf;pOfudk tajccH+yD; pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;wm
vkyf=u&if tcuftcJ[lor# ausmfeif;EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
ygwD0ifopf odrf;oGif;a&; jy\em?
ygwDu csrSwfxm;wJh ‘t0ifcuf+yD; txGufvG,fap&r,f?’ (0ifwJhtcgrSm
ygwD&J@zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm owfrSwfxm;wJhtwdkif; wif;wif;usyfusyf aocsmpGmpdppf+yD;rS vufcH
w,f? r,Hk=unfawmhbl;qdkwJhtcgrSm vG,fulpGmeJ@ EkwfxGufoGm;Edkifw,f?)
ygwDpnf;rsOf;Oya'twdkif; usifhoHk;&ygr,f? ygwD0if jzpfvdkolrsm;udk ynmay;r_
- pdppfr_ - prf;oyfr_udk pepfwus vkyf&ygr,f?
ygwD [ m t"d u tm;jzif h ajratmuf v k y f i ef ; ud k vk y f a qmif a e&wJ h
vuf&t dS ajctaerSm tcgtm;avsmpf mG xkwjf yefr,fh ajratmufvyk if ef;qdik &f m pnf;urf;
enf;vrf;rsm;udkvJ wif;wif;usyfusyf vdkufemap&ygr,f?
ygwD0iftm;vHk;udk oHr%dpnf;urf; vdkufemwJh/ oEMdXmefcdkifrmjywfom;wJh/
tusifhoduQm jzLpifwJh olrsm;jzpfzdk@ awmif;qdk&ygr,f?
ppf (3) ppfudk qef@usif&mrSm pHjyrsm; jzpf=u&ygr,f?
ygwD u d k Ed k i f i H a &;t& - tawG ; tac:t& yd k r d k p nf ; vH k ; nD n G w f a tmif
wnfaqmuf&mrSm wufºuwJhtcef;u yg0if=u&ygr,f? uGefjrLepf wa,muf[m
ygwD&yfwnfcsuf =uHhcdkif&ygr,f? ygwDnD!Gwfa&;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fol jzpf&ygr,f?
100
ta&;t}uD;qHk; owdðy&rSmuawmh topfawG@&Sdw,fqdk+yD; tajccHudk
jiif;y,frypfrdzdk@ jzpfygw,f?
pOf;pm;awG;ac:enf;udk owdðy?
ygwD0ifrsm;[m ‘t&m&mudk twnfðy- t&m&mudkjiif;y,f’ wJh pOf;pm;
awG;ac:r_rsdK; r&Sdzdk@ vdkygw,f? ‘rSm;w,f qdk&ifvJ tm;vHk;rSm; - rSefw,fqdk&ifvJ tm;vHk;
rSef’/ tJ'grsdK;[m wu,fhvufawG@rSm r&Sdygbl;?
vDeifu e,fcs@J pepfusr;f udk a&;cJw h m &mpkEpS w f cke;D yg;&Scd yhJ g+yD? tJ'u
D sr;f rSmygwhJ
tESpfom&udk r,lrdbJ - tJ'Dusrf;u tqdktrdef@wcsdK@eJ@ pm&if;Z,m;awG acwfrrDawmh
wmudkom ,lrd+yD; ‘t&m&mudk jiif;y,f’ wmrsdK;[m rSm;ygw,f? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh
‘t&m&mudktwnfðy’ rd&ifvJ rSm;wmygyJ?
tcgtm;avsmf p G m tcd k u f t wef @ umvuav;wck r S m jzpf v mwmud k
wavmuvHk;qdkif&m trSefw&m;tjzpf xifrSwfrSm;rd&if tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpfwwfygw,f?
om"u uav;wck wifjyygr,f? pdefvGifðywf+yD; a'gufwmarmifarmif orRw
jzpfaewJh tcsed uf rEœav;[m 'Dru kd a&pDwcH g;}uD; yGiahf ewJu
h mv jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dwcgawmh
ppftpdk;&udk aemufqHk;ydwf wdkufyGJwdkuf&wmyJqdk+yD; vlxk}uD;[m cg;pnf;+yD; qefðywf
aomufum qENjyyGJ}uD;awGw+cdrfh+cdrfh usif;y=uygw,f? vlxkrSm atmifyGJcHpdwfawG
jynfhv#rf; aeygw,f? 'g[m jzpfoifhjzpfxdkufpGm obm0uspGm jzpfaewmyg?
qENjyyGJuav;wckrSm yk*~dKvfwa,mufu wufºupGm rdef@cGef;ajymygw,f?
ajymwJhtcgrSm taqmwvsif a,bk,sðyrdwJh trSm;wck usL;vGefoGm;ygw,f? tJ'gu
awmh “armfpDwkef;&J@aoewfajymif;0u EdkifiHa&;tm%mxGufw,fqdkwm ArmjynfrSm
awmh rSm;oGm;+yD” vdk@ a=unmvdkufygw,f?
‘&&if&-r&&ifcs’ qdw k t hJ rSeb
f ufu wifjyaeolawGukd acsyzd@k 'Dy*k Kd~ vf E_wv f eG f
ajcvGef ajymvdkufwmyg?
&ufydkif;twGif;rSmyJ ‘EdkifiHa&;tm%m[m aoewfajymif;uxGufw,f’ qdkwJh
trSefw&m;udk (e0w) u vufawG@jyvdkufygw,f?
aoG;eJ@&if;vdkuf&wJh oifcef;pmyg? EdkifiHa&;tm%m e0w&J@ aoewfajymif;u
xGuf+yD;wJhaemuf wjynfvHk;rSm (e0w) u vufpm;acsyGJ}uD; vkyfygw,f? tcktxdvJ
vkyfaeygw,f? e0w&J@ ‘wnfaqmufa&; - ðyjyifa&;’ [lor#[m ‘vufpm;acsa&;’
qdkwJhapwem ygaewmcsnf; jzpfygw,f?
97
 o¿mefavm*spf pOf;pm;enf;udk qef@usif=u? ta0;uvluvJ o¿mefom jrifwwfygw,f?
tESpfom&udk ypfy,f+yD; o¿mefudkom tav;xm;wJh pOf;pm;enf;vdk@ wdrfov†mzHk;+yD; rqvxJ 0if=uolawG jynfwGif;rSmvJ renf;ygbl;? wcsdK@vJ
vG,fvG,fyJ t"dy`m,fzGifhyg&ap? t*wdav;yg; vdkufpm;+yD;0ifwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
o¿mefavm*spf pOf;pm;enf;eJ@ pOf;pm;+yD; vkyfcJhwmrSm pHcsdefwif&r,fh ta0;u (tif'dkeD;&Sm;u) &Jabmfwa,mufuawmh “cifAsm;wdk@qDu Adkvf
yk*~dKvfuawmh OD;§Adkvf ae0if; jzpfygw,f? ae0if;u odyw f ;kd wufw,f? usKyfw@kd qu D ql[mwdek @J awmh wjcm;pDy”J vd@k ajymzl;ygw,f?
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD/ jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@ppf/ jynfol@qdkif/ oluvJ ta0;u=unfh&awmh o¿mefudkomjrif+yD; tESpfom&udk rjrif&vdk@yg?
jynfolydkif/ qdk&S,fvpft&if;tESD;/ a&S@aqmifvli,f pwmawGyg/ ukefatmifoma&;&&if wwd,uGef*&uf tpD&ifcHpmrSmygwJh Armjynf[m udkvdkeDwydkif;vuQ%m
pmrsufESm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ukefEdkifygw,f? &Sdw,fqdkwJh oHk;oyfcsuf[m o¿mefavm*spfyJvdk@ pGyfpGJolvJ &Sdygw,f?
uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ ygwD&J@vrf;pOfudk o¿mef0g'eJ@ &ifqdkifzdk@ vkyfvdkufwmyg? ol@wifjycsufu “Armjynf[m e,fcsJ@aºu;awGa=umifh udkvdkeDwydkif;vuQ%m
'DemrnfawG[m zrf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f &So
d vm;qdak wmh/ &Syd gw,f? tay:,Hom &Sy+f yD; &Sdwmvdk@ oHk;oyf&if/ tar&duef[m e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrjzpfbJ t}uD;qHk; udkvdkeDwydkif;EdkifiH
awG;wwfolrsm;/ ±dk;txHkxdkif;olrsm;eJ@ Armjynfta=umif; ravhvmzl;ol EdkifiHjcm;rS jzpfua&maygh/ tar&duefrSmu aºu;trsm;qHk;yJ” vdk@ ajymygw,f?
tcsdK@yk*~dKvfrsm;udk zrf;pm;Edkifygw,f? tJ'Dtwdkif;omqdk&if ygwDA[dk[m o¿mefavm*spfawG;ac:enf; trSm;udk
rqv ygwDqdkwmudkyJ =unfhyg/ wu,fav;eufwJh awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf&J@ rSm;w,fwJh?
o¿mefawG ,lxm;ygw,f? oabmw&m;pmwrf;awG ygwDzGJ@pnf;yHkawG - Xme}uD;awG A[dkudk olpGJwJhyk'fru ol@udk jyefywfaewmudk owdðyrd[efawmh rwlygbl;?
- ygwDausmif;awG - nDvmcHawGeJ@ [dwf[efawG xkwfxm;ygw,f? tESpfom&usrSom ae@jyefwdk;,l+yD; ta=umfvSnfha&mif;&ol tay:wifwJhaºu;eJ@ vkyfief;wdk;csJ@
Avmjzpfaewmyg? om"u uav;wck wifjyygr,f? csifvdk@ b%fuaºu;,lwJh vkyfief;&SifolaX;}uD;&J@ taºu;[m taºu;csif;wlayr,fh
zqyvtzGJ@ tuGJtjyJjzpf+yD; ppfwyfu tm%modrf;oifh rodrf;oifhudk tESpfom&csif; rwl=ubl;qdkwmudk vlwdkif;odygw,f? olvJodrSmyg/ 'gayrJh pGJcsuf
qdk&S,fvpfppfAdkvfawG pOf;pm;ae=ucsdefu Adkvfr–;tqifh&Sd ppfAdkvfwOD;u ajymygw,f? wifcsifvGef;wma=umifh (odk@r[kwf) olvkyfaeustwdkif; wpHkwOD;udk rsufESmvdktm;&
“u|eaf wmfu ausmif;om;or*~vJ rvkyzf ;l bl;? ppftwGi;f uvJ ppfAv kd u
f av; vkyfcsifaZma=umifh o¿mefavm*spf jzpfoGm;yHkygbJ?
b0eJ@ tdENd,ygoGm;wm - 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepfvJ rjzpfcJhbl;/ qdk&S,fvpfvJ rjzpfcJhbl;? ygwAD [du k vuf&AdS rmjynf&@J udv k ekd w
D ydik ;f vuQ%m[m 'k§ ppf}uD; rjzpfru
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ppf+yD;vdk@ jyefvmppfr_xrf;awmh u|efawmfhatmufu ppfAdkvfawGu wa,muf+yD; udkvdkeDwydkif;vuQ%mawGvdkyJ tJ'D (o¿mefawG) twdkif;&Sdaew,fvdk@ b,fwkef;urS
wa,muf &mxl;awG ckew f ufomG ;=uw,f? =unfv h ukd af wmh tm;vH;k qd&k ,
S v
f pfawGcsn;f rwifjycJhygbl;/ ‘pyful;rwful;’ tqifhvdk@ owfrSwf&mrSm - e,fcsJ@pepfusrf;xJrSmygwJh
yJ? usKyfwdk@ wyfrif;vJ 'DvdkyJ” vDeifwifjycJhwJh ‘pyful;rwful; tqifh’ qdkwmrsdK;eJ@awmif rwlbl;vdk@ twdtvif;
“aemufwcg acwfysuf&ifawmh topfay:wJh ygwDxJ 0ifypfr,f? 'grS wifjycJhwm jzpfygw,f?
&mxl;wufrSm”wJh? pdwfysuftm;i,fwJh tawG;tac:awG t0ifrcHeJ@-
tJ'pD pfAv
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f m rqv ay:vmawmh xdyo f ;D wOD; jzpfaeygw,f? ol@pOf;pm;csuf u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ (55) ESpfwm c&D;[m =urf;wrf;ygw,f? wcgw&HrSm
udk taumiftxnf azmfvdkufyHkygyJ? xGuf&yfvrf; r&Sdawmhovdk cHpm;&wmvJ trsm;tjym;yg?
tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK;awGeJ@ zGJ@xm;wJhygwD[m bmemrnfwyfxm;xm; tESpfom& bDtdkifat wyfzsuf&wkef;u - zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wyf zsuf&wkef;u
uawmh ppfAsL±dku&ufygwDyJ jzpfaerSmyg? xGu&f yfvrf;ydwo f vdk cHpm;&r_awG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 48§rwfvwke;f u tajctaeawG[mvJ
o¿mefwck ,lvdkuf±HkeJ@ tESpfom& ajymif;roGm;ygbl;? pdwfysuftm;i,fp&myg? tzrf;cH&olawGuvJ trsm;tjym; - tzrf;rcH&bJ tajy;
teD;uyf+yD; =unfh&ayr,fh wdrfov†mzHk;aeolu o¿mefudkom jrifovdk aumif;vdk@ vGwfvmolawGuvJ wu,fhudk t0wfwxnf udk,fwckeJ@ vufAvmyg?
98 99
 c? 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHktwGuf (tydkif;oHk;)
vwfwavmvkyfief;wm0efrsm; jy\em? taxGaxGjy\emrsm;
ygwDrS vwfwavm vkyfief;wm0efrsm; (rl=urf;) udk a&;om;+yD; 'Drdkua&pD u? ArmjynftwGuf zGH@òz;a&; vrf;a=umif;?
tiftm;pk toD;oD;odk@ wifjyxm;ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJ+yD; jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufum 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0I
tJ'Dvkyfief;wm0efawGuawmh atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygw,f? wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_&Sdaom tcgusrSomv#if zGHòz;a&;odk@ wu,fwrf; csDwuf
Edkif=urSm jzpfygw,f? 'gomv#if wckwnf;aomvrf;a=umif; jzpfygw,f?
vwfwavm vkyfief;wm0efrsm; (e0w) &J@ ‘e,fpyfa'o zGHòz;a&; - jidrf;csrf;a&;’ qdkwmuvJ awmifra&muf
ajrmufra&muf jidrf;csrf;a&;yg?
1? jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJ+yD; jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufa&;? raphpyfbl; tðywfwdkufr,fvdk@ajym+yD; ‘tðywfwdkufjidrf;csrf;a&;’ ‘vufeufcs
2? ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ ppftpdk;&ESifh ppfAsL±dkua&pD ,Eœ&m;wdk@udk zsufodrf;+yD; jidrf;csrf;a&;’ vkyfvmvdkufwm tckusawmh vlrsdK;pktiftm;pk wcsdK@eJ@ “vufeufudkif
ppfrSefonfh ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifa&;? xm;wJh jidrf;csrf;a&;” “aiGrJudk c0gcscGifhay;wJh jidrf;csrf;a&;” eJ@ wpcef;&yfaeygw,f?
3? azmufjyefaom Oya'rsm;/ trdef@a=umfjimpmrsm;ponfwdk@udk zsufodrf;+yD; EdkifiHa&;t& rajz&Sif;bl;qdkwJh e0w[m 'DvlrsdK;pk tzGJ@awGeJ@ a'oEœ&
jynfolvlxk. tajccH'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;wdk@udk av;pm;todtrSwfðya&;? ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; jy\em ('g[m Edik if aH &;jy\emppfppf jzpfygw,f?) aqG;aEG;ae&yg+yD?
(vl@tcGifhta&;wGif t"duESifh yxrtusqHk;onf vl@touf&Sifaea&;ESifh tvkyf EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@ ajz&Sif;&ygawmhr,f? tm;vHk; - vHk;csmvnfukef=uawmhrSmyg?
vkyfEdkifcGifh &a&; jzpfonf?) jynfwGif;ppf[m yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ qufvufjzpfay:aeOD;rSmyg?
vGyfvyfpGma&;om;ajymqdkcGifh/ ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ pk±Hk;pnf;a0;cGifh/ toif;tyif; ArmjynftaeeJ@ rzGH@òz;bJ jzpfae&wmudk tusOf;csKyf+yD;ajym&if t"dutm;jzifh
zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfcGifh/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh/ pmay;pm,lvkyfcGifhwdk@udk &&Sda&;? ta=umif;tcsuf (2) csuf &Sdw,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f?
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tiftm;pkrsm;tay: rw&m;oif;a=unm wcsufu jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ wdkuf±dkufywfoufwJh ta=umif;tcsuf/
xm;jcif;rsm;tm; jyefvnf ±kyo f rd ;f ay;a&;/ zsuof rd ;f jcif;cHxm;&aom Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf aemufwcsufu jynfwGif;ppfe@J oG,f0dkuf+yD; ywfoufwhJ ta=umif;tcsuf?—
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;cGifh ðya&;? jzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; jyefv$wfa&;? tusOf;om;rsm;tm;cE<mudk,ft& jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J wdu k ±f u
kd yf wfoufwhJ ta=umif;tcsuaf wGukd tao;pdwv f u kd f
vnf;aumif;/ pdwf"mwft&vnf;aumif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif; rðya&;? &if trsm;tjym; &Sdygvdrfhr,f? aumufumiifumajym&&if ²²²
4? trsdK;om;aoG;cGJr_udk qef@usif+yD;/ trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk wnf 2zufppfwyfrsm;&J@ ppfp&dwfrsm; - ppfa=umifh aoa=uysufpD;&r_rsm;/ vkyftm;
aqmufa&;? aumif;wJh vli,fvlvwfrsm;&J@ xkwfvkyfa&; pGrf;tm;qHk;±_H;r_ - acsmqGJvdk@ xkwfvkyfa&;
trsdK;om;aygif;pHk jynfolrsm;tay: zdESdyfr_/ ppfðyr_/ vk,ufowfjzwfr_ rSefor# vkyftm;qHk;±H_;r_pwmawG jzpfygw,f?
tm;vHk; csufcsif;&yfpJa&;? qif;&Jww hJ ikd ;f jynfu (tpd;k &wyfwckxJ ajym&ifawmif) ppfom;oH;k ode;f ausmef @J
trsKd ;om;vlenf;pka'orsm; wd;k wufz@HG òz;a&;udk &nf&, G cf su&f &dS /dS ajcvSr;f &S&d jdS zifh rSDcdkolawG teJqHk;woef;udk au|;arG;ðypkae&ygw,f?
aqmif&Gufa&;? Ta'orsm;wGif trsdK;om;jynfolrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfjc,f&ef &nf&G,fcsuf wdik ;f jynfrmS &Sw d hJ arG;uif;p uav;up+yD; ouf}uD;&G,t f rkd sm;txd tm;vH;k u
twGuf tvGeftu|H csxm;aom ppfwyfrsm; jyef±kyfa&;? &SmazGau|;arG;ðypkae&wmyg? t=urf;tm;jzifh vl 40 wdkif;u ppfeJ@ywfoufwJh vl
trsdK;om;vlenf;pk jy\emudk wef;wla&;ESifh aoG;pnf;a&;/ tjyeftvSef wa,mufudk au|;arG;ðypkxm;&wmyg?
tusdK;&Sda&;tay: tajccH+yD; vlrsdK;pkHjynfolw&yfvHk;.qENESifhtnD wnf&Sdaeaom pm&if;Z,m; tao;pdwf pepfwusðypk&if aiGukaÉaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfrSmyg?
104 101
 oG,0f u kd w
f hJ ta=umif;tcsuaf wGuawmh t"dutm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;
euef;wvHk; rodolawGu vufwnfhprf; pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDawG usifhoHk;=uwmyg?
ppftkyfpk&J@ ‘jynfolydkif’ vkyfaqmifcsufa=umifh qHk;±_H;&wmawG - y&rf;ywm
pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh qHk;±_H;&wmawGudk pm&if;Z,m;ðypkvdkuf&if jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh
wdkuf±dkufqHk;±_H;&wmawGxuf tqeJ@csD+yD;rsm;rSm aocsmygw,f?
rqv acwfwkef;uawmh [dkua&eHawG@Edk; - 'Dua&eHawG@Edk;eJ@ a&eHodkuf
wl;cJyh gw,f? e0w acwfusawmh &wemajruausmufawG &Smygw,f? a&eHvJ wl;ygw,f?
tcktxdawmh pD;yGm;jzpf rxGufao;ygbl;? =uH&mr&awmh tdrfaygifajraygif+yD;vkyfwJh
pD;yGm;a&;rsdK;eJ@ tdrfwdkifc|wfa&mif;wJh pD;yGm;a&;rsdK; ²²² tJ'Dvrf;udk vdkufaeygw,f? ESpf&Snf
uefx±dkufay;+yD; (wnfaqmuf - oHk;pGJ - vufv$J) ay;a&;pepfeJ@ [dkw,fawGaqmuf
wmeJ@ obm0t&if;tjrpfawG pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfa&; ukef=urf;awGudk xkwfa&mif;
ae&wmudk ajymwmyg?
vlawGaoa=u&wmrSmawmif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh aoa=u&wmawGxuf
jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ wdkuf±dkufrywfoufwJh iwfvdk@ - tpm;qif;&Jvdk@ ao=u&wmawG -
a&=unf&mjrufE&k m pD;yGm;&Sm=u&if; zsm;emvd@k ao=u&wmawG/ òr@ay:u vlxq k ENjyyGrJ mS /
awmxJawmifxrJ mS ppfwyfu ypfowfv@kd aoa=u=u&wmawGu ydrk sm;r,f xifygw,f?
1988§ckESpftwGufqdk&ifawmh jynfwGif;ppfa=umifhxuf qENjyyGJrSm aoa=u
&wm[m tq q,feJ@csD+yD; &Sdygw,f?
txufrSmwifjycJhwJh ta=umif;tcsuf 2 csuf&Sdaeoa&G@ zGH@òz;a&;&SdrSm
r[kwfygbl;? 'gudk ,wdjywf ajymEdkifygw,f?
wdkif;jynfawG&J@ ordkif;jzpfpOfrSm - wcgaemufusvdkuf&if ordkif;eJ@csD+yD;
wauG@}uD; trDvdkuf&ifawmif rrDawmhwmudk zwfzl;=urSmyg?
Armjynf&J@ vufawG@udkyJ =unfhyg? *syefjynfacwfrDa&; óu;yrf;vmwJh tcsdefeJ@
ArmjynfrSm acwfrDa&;vkyfwJhtcsdef[m twlwlavmufyg? acwfrDa&;vkyfwJh ar*sDacwf
[m 1867 urS p+yD;vkyf&wmyg?
rwlwmuawmh Armjynfu ppf (2) yGJ ±_;H +yD; wdik ;f jynfw0ufyJ useyf gawmhw,f?
yx0D taetxm;t& *syefjynf&@J wnf&rdS u _ Armjynfxuf uHaumif;w,fv@kd qd&k rSmyg?
ArmjynfrmS vJ *syef{u&mZf rwfq[ k w D v kd kd tod^m%fyiG v
hf if;wJh ya'o&mZf
uaemifrif;om; (tdraf &S@rif;) &Syd gw,f? taemufEikd if rH sm;od@k ynmoifrsm; v$wyf gw,f?
b,fvdkynmawmfoifawG a&G;cJh=uovJ - qdkwmrSmawmh *syefeJ@Arm uGmoGm;yg+yD?
EdkifiHjcm;xGuf+yD; ynmoif&atmifoifolxuf Armjynfu aiGrSm+yD; tavvdkufaeolu
102
(rSwfwrf;awG=unfhawmh) rsm;yHk ay:ygw,f? ynmawmfoif a&G;=u&mrSm uaemifrif;u
eJeJ - wjcm;ya'o&mZfawGu rsm;rsm;a&G;+y;D v$w=f uyHk ay:ygw,f? rSww f rf;awG rzwfrv d @kd
(r&SdwmvJ jzpfEdkifygw,f) rodEdkifygbl;?
ynm&vm+yD; acwfrDa&;vkyfEdkifol tenf;tyg;&SdwmuvJ vGwfvGwf
u|wfu|wf}uD; rvkyfEdkif=u&Smygbl;? rEœav;udk t*Fvdyfodrf;awmh oH&nfóupufu
wydkif;wp}uD;yg?
wdkif;jynfw0ufom usefayr,fh - tod^m%fyGifhvif;olrsm; - ynm&Sifrsm;
&Sdae&if wdkif;jynf tckavmuf acwfaemufrusygbl;?
tckawmh tod^m%facwfaemufuswJh - ya'o&mZfpnf;pdrfudkom irf;irf;
wuf ,pfr;l aecsiw f hJ olawGa=umifh bmrSrjzpfajrmufcyhJ gb;l ? Edik if jH cm;v$wvf ukd w
f hJ rª;om;
- rwfom; ynmawmfoifawGuvJ ya'o&mZfrif;ysdKrif;vGifawG tjzpfeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;u
tavvdkufwmom wwfajrmufvmygw,f? wdkif;jynf&J@ uH=urRmygyJ?
tJ'u D =H urRm[m tckxd oHo&m&Snaf eygw,f? *syefe@J uawmh r,SOo f mawmh
vdk@ r,SOfcsifygbl;? ,SOf&if,SOfEdkifao;wJh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGudkawmif tckawmh rrDawmh
ygbl;? Adkvfatmif}uD; rsuf&nfusw,fqdkvJ usavmufp&mygyJ?
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolawGudk pmemwJh tdrfeD;csif;jynfolawGu ar;ygw,f?
ArmjynfrSm txnfpuf - rD;jcpfpuf - qyfjympuf - "mwfcJ - oGm;wdkufaq; - bD; -
rSef - oGm;yGwfwHpwJh tajccHvloHk;ukefypPnf;awGvkyfwJh pufawG r&Sdbl;vm;wJh? tajccH
ukef=urf;awG &Sdaeom;yJwJh? bma=umifh EdkfifiHjcm;u 0,foHk;ae=uovJwJh?
'Dar;cGef;udk ppftm%m&SifpepfrSm ,pfrl;aewJh tm%mydkifppfAdkvf}uD;awGuyJ
ajz=uyg? rif;wkef;rif; - oDaygrif;acwfu acwfrDzGH@òz;a&;vrf;ay: ra&mufcJhwm ya'
o&mZfpnf;pdraf wGe@J ,pfr;l aeolawGu w&m;cHjzpfw,fq&kd if - 'Dae@wikd ;f jynfrzG@H òz;wm
ppftm%m&SifawG w&m;cHyg?
19 &mpkESpf tukefavmufrSm Armjynfudk jzwfwufoGm;wJh *syefjynfeJ@ 20
&mpkESpf tv,favmufrSm jyefawG@=uygw,f? olu zufqpfe,fcsJ@ - Armjynfu
zufqpfu|efb0?
ordkif;wauG@rDatmif rvdkufEdkifayr,fh - ordkif;wauG@rSm jyef+yD;qHk&ñuH&avh
&Sdwmudk ajymwmyg?
wdkif;jynfudk cspfwmvJ olwdk@udk b,folrSrrD - wdkif;jynfudk b,fawmhrS opPm
razmufqdkwmvJ yg&J@? tJ'gudk aºu;a=umfaeolrsm;u wckwnf;aomyGifhaewJh zGH@òz;a&;
vrf;udk bma=umifhrvdkufEdkif=uwmvJ? bma=umifh rvdkuf0Hh=uwmvJ?
103
rdrdwdk@&J@ wHqdyfcwfESdyfzdk@ óu;pm;=uwmcsnf;jzpfygw,f?
1988§'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif; jzpfysufcJhwmawG - EdkifiHa&;
tiftm;pktoD;oD; v_yf&Sm;cJhyHkawGudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&if wHqdyfcwfzdk@ óu;pm;=uwmudk
txift&Sm;awG@Edkifygw,f?
1988 ckESpfwGif;u vrf;ray:rSm - tckawmh awmawmifawGxJrSm -
pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u - 0ifae=uolrsm;rSm pdk;&drfpdwfwck t+rJ&Sdwwfygw,f?
tJ'guvJ obm0usus jzpfay:vmwmyg? tJ'Dpdk;&drfpdwfu ‘igwdk@ wdkufyGJ&J@ atmifoD;
atmifyGifhudk =um;uae tjrwfxkwf acgif;yHkjzwfoGm;&if’ qdkwJh pdk;&drfpdwfyg?
'Dpdk;&drfpdwfrsdK;[m oHk;&mjynfhwkef;u/ bDtdkifatwkef;u zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
wkef;u vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifpOfwkef;uvJ ay:ygw,f?
‘igw@kd t±d;k yHak y:rSm tacsmiform;awG acgi;f aygi;f pwvlvel @J wufxikd =f u&if’
qdkwJh pdk;&drfpdwf[m ta=umif;rJh pdk;&drfpdwfawmh r[kwfygbl;? 1948 uae tck 1994
txd tacsmifvdkufolawG acgif;aygif;pwvlvleJ@ tm%mukvm;xdkifrSm xdkif+yD;
Armjynf}uD;udk qGJESpfae=uwm txift&Sm;yg?
1988 rwdik rf u D wnf;u ygw&D @J om;aumif;orD;aumif; tajrmuftjrm;[m
ppftpdk;&udk &ifqdkifwdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uygw,f? 1962 uae 1988 txd 26 ESpftwGif;rSm
uGefjrLepfawG[m wjcm;wufºuolrsm;eJ@wGJ+yD; wdkuf=u&if; aoa=u'%f&m&=u/
axmufvSrf;a&; ppfa=uma&;pcef;rsm;rSm aovkarsmyg; ESdyfpufcHcJh=u& - udkudk;u|ef; -
tif;pdef f - rEœav; - o&ufpwJh axmifawGxrJ mS n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufc=H u&ygw,f? axmifxJ
rSm usqHk;cJh&olawG- 'kudQwjzpfoGm;&olawGvJ renf;ygbl;?
1988§tHºk ur_}uD; ay:vmzd@k a&m/ tHºk ur_twGi;f rSma&m tHºk ur_t+yD;rSmyg (tJ'D
umv uav;twGif;rSmwif) &maxmifr#aom ygwD&J@ om;aumif;orD;aumif;rsm;[m
pGe@f vw
$ pf eG @f pm; vkycf =hJ u&ygw,f? usq;kH =u - aoG;ajrus=u - axmifwef;us=u&ygw,f?
ta&;awmf y H k } uD ; ay:ayguf v mapzd k @ / ta&;awmf y H k } uD ; &J @ t&S d e f t [k e f
jrifhvmapzdk@ - ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&J@ atmifoD;atmifyGifhawGudk xdef;odrf;umuG,fzdk@
pGefv$wfpGef@pm;cJh=uwmyg?
'D pGe@f vw$ pf eG @f pm;&r_awGtwGuf ygwu D b,fawmhrS aemifw&rSm r[kwyf gb;l ?
*k%f,laerSmyg? ygwD0ifwdkif;[m awmfvSefa&; ol&Jaumif;0g'udk pdkufxloGm;=uwJh
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; ygwD0if trsdK;orD; - trsdK;om;rsm;udk avhvmtwk,loGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f?
aemifvmr,fh wdkufyGJtqufqufrSmvJ pGef@v$wfpGef@pm; vkyfaqmif=uOD;rSm
108
jy\emt&yf&yfudk nd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;oGm;a&;?
5? vuf&Sdtpdk;& ppfwyftm; ppftkyfpkwpk. cg;ydkufaqmifwyftjzpfrS
EdkifiHawmf. ppfwyftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJypfa&;?
ppfwyftwGif; vGyfvyfpGm EdkifiHa&;avhvmcGifh/ aqG;aEG;cGifhðya&;?
ppfAsL±dku&ufrsm; }uD;pdk;jc,fvS,faeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udkifief;tm;vHk;
zsufodrf;ypfa&;/ rnfonfhta=umif;ESifhr# ppfAsL±dkua&pD ,Eœ&m;taeESifh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;vkyfcGifh r&Sda&;?
EdkifiHawmf. ppftiftm;udk EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;tajctae - EdkifiH.tenf;qHk;
vdktyfr_ tajctaewdk@t& xdef;!d‡av#mhcsypfa&;?
6? jynfolvlxk.pm;0wfaea&;udk bufpHk jr‡ifhwifay;a&;?
ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&;udk pDrHudef;wus vkyfudkifa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;
tajctae pm&if;Z,m;wdk@udk jynfolvlxkxH rvdrfnm rxdrfcsefbJ wifjya&;?
wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;wGif ppftkyfpkESifh ‚wdk@. todkif;t0dkif;rsm;tm;
tkyfpnf;cGifh/ jc,fvS,fcGifh rðya&;/ ‚wdk@udk OD;pm;ay;jcif; rðya&;?
wu,fwrf; trSDtcdkuif;+yD;/ wu,fwrf;zGH@òz;wdk;wufonfh trsdK;om;
pD;yGm;a&;w&yfudk tqifh&Sd&Sd wnfaqmufa&;?
7? EdkifiHjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk v#dK@0Sufrxm;bJ jynfolvlxktm; today;a&;?
trSDcdkuif;+yD; wufºuonfh =um;aea&;0g'udk usifhoHk;a&;?
8? tvkyform;rsm;. aexdkifpm;aomufr_ tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;atmif
vkyfa&;?
jrifwh ufaeaom ukeaf ps;E_e;f ESihf tnD vkycf rsm;wd;k ay;a&;? vkycf iG o
f m,ma&;/
vlr_zlvHka&; tcGifhta&; tygt0if cHpm;cGifhrsm; jynfh0vHkavmufa&;?
tvkyfvufrJhrsm;udk u,fq,faxmufyHha&;?
tvkyt f xGuEf e_ ;f jrifrh m;a&;? wbufwiG v f nf; vkycf iG o f m,ma&;ESihf vHðk cHa&;
twGuf tmrcHa&;?
vkyfief;cGifwGif a,mufsm;ESifh rdef;r vkyfief;wlv#if vpmtygt0if tajccH
cHpm;cGifhrsm; wef;wla&;?
tvkyform;rsm; OD;pD;onfh tvkyform;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh&a&;?
9? aus;vufa'o&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf jzpfay:
wd;k yGm;Edik af p&efEiS hf v,f,mxkwv f yk rf _ wu,fwrf; wd;k wufEikd &f eftwGuv
f nf;aumif;/
pufrv _ ,f,mjzpfxeG ;f a&;twGuf ajr,mðyjyifa&;udk ajcvSr;f &S&d /dS tpDtpOf&&dS /dS cGjJ cm;r_&&dS dS
105
taumiftxnfazmfa&;? 12? òr@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;.pm;0wfaer_ wdk;wufvmatmif pDpOfay;a&;/
ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepfudk vHk;0zsufodrf;a&;/ o¿meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh wnf&Sdae w&m;ojzifh pD;yGm;&SmcGifhudk tmrcHa&;?
aom oD;pm;crsm;zsufodrf;a&;/ v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&;? jynforl sm;. td;k tdr&f yfuu G t f wGi;f od@k ppfwyfEiS yhf v
k yd t
f ygt0if tkycf sKyfa&;
ppftm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf ppftpd;k &udk tusKd ;ðyonfh ajr,may:vpD/ ajr,mOya'/ tydkif;rsm;u w&m;rJh0ifa&muf &SmazGr_/ aESmuf,Sufr_ rSefor# wm;jrpfydwfyifa&;?
ponfrsm; tukeftpif zsufodrf;a&;? rdrdqENrygbJ ZGwftwif; tdk;tdrfajymif;a&$@cdkif;r_rsm; &yfpJa&;?
v,f,mpdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfr_tm; rcsKyfjc,fruef@owfa&;/ v,f,mxGuf 13? puf±Hktvkyf±Hk ydkif&Sifrsm;/ vkyfief;&Sifuav;rsm;ESifh ukefonfyGJpm;rsm;.
oD;ESHrsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;cscGifhðya&;? pufr_vufr_ESifh ukefoG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufapa&;?
qif;&Jonfh v,form;rsm;tm; tcsut f vuf uef@owfrr_ ygbJ twd;k E_e;f eJeJ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHvkyfudkifcGifhrsm;udk ppftkyfpkESifh taygif;ygrsm;twGufom uef@owf
jzifh trawmfa=u;xkwaf y;a&;/ wu,fwrf; jyefrqyfEikd o f nfh trawmfa=u;a[mif;rsm; xm;jcif;rsm; zsufodrf;a&;?
udk av#mfypfa&;? t&if;tESD; acs;iSm;&&Sda&;/ ukef=urf;&&Sda&;/ xGufukefrsm; a&mif;cs&mwGif
acs;iSm;Edkifolrsm;vnf; acs;iSm;csifatmif qif;&Jom;rsm;vJ tusdK;&Sdatmif acsmarmajyjypfatmif vkyfay;a&;?
oifhwifhaom twdk;E_ef;xm; owfrSwfcsuf&Sdonfh twdk;E_ef;qdkif&m jyXmef;csufwck jynfyESifh ukefoG,fr_udk yk*~vdursm; yg0ifvkyfudkifcGifh &a&;?
csrSwfay;a&;? ukefonf}uD;rsm;/ pufydkif&Sifrsm;/ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
v,f,mtvkyform;rsm; tygt0if tajccHv,form;xk. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifh ðya&;?
tumtuG,fay;rnfh v,form;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh&a&;?
10? rqv ynma&;pepfudk qufcHxdef;odrf;xm;aom vuf&SdAsL±dku&uf txufyg vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk jyifqif - jznfhpGuf - ðzwfy,fcsifwmrsm;&Sd&if
ynma&;pepfudk zsufodrf;+yD; trsdK;om;qefaom/ ody`Henf;usaom vlxkvuQ%m rnfonfh tzGJ@tpnf; - woD;yk*~vrsm;eJ@rqdk u|efawmfwdk@ n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;vdkygw,f?
aqmifom ynma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_xlaxmifa&;? 1988§ ckEpS f 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH uD; ayguu f aJG y:xGuv f mwJt
h cgrmS t"du
ynmwwf tvkyv f ufrjhJ y\em ajz&Si;f ay;a&;/ vGwv f yfpmG ynmqnf;yl;cGihf OD;wnfcsufjzpfwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf - ppftpdk;&udk ðzwfcsa&;twGufom OD;pm;ay;+yD;
&a&;? ta=umif;trsKd ;rs;kd a=umifh rwwfombJ Edik if jH cm;od@k a&muf&adS e&onfh ynm&Sirf sm; (OD;wnfcsufra00g;atmif) EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkom tav;ay;cJhygw,f?
udk trsKd ;om;zG@H òz;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wufºupGm yg0ifvmEdik af &;twGuf vrf;zGiahf y;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkudk a&&SnfwdkufyGJ qif=u&awmhr,fhtcgrSm Oya'y -
ausmif;om;xktusdK;udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh ausmif;om;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf; Oya'wGif; wdkufyGJ0if&awmhr,fh tcgrSmawmh - EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;omru
cGifhðya&;? pD;yGm;a&; - vlra_ &; awmif;qdck suaf wGtwGuyf g wdu k yf 0JG ifz@kd vdt
k yfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ausmif ; q&mtygt0if ynma&;0ef x rf ; rsm;. pm;0wf a ea&;ES i f h tckwifjywJh (rl=urf;) rSm pD;yGm;a&; - vlr_a&;awmif;qdkcsufawG twGufyg xnfhoGif;
ynma&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;? ‚wdk@.tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh- rjynfhpHkao;yg? txl;ojzifhqdk&if tckwifjyxm;wJh awmif;qdkcsuf
tumtuG,fay;rnfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhðya&;? rsm;rSm e0w &J@ ‘trsdK;om; nDvmcH’ rusif;yrDua&;wmjzpfvdk@ tJ'DudpPawG rygbJ
11? q&m0ef/ tif*sief , D m/ a&S@ae ponfrsm;ESihf pma&;pmcsD tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ jzpfaeygw,f?
twwfynmonfESifh pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm;wdk@. pm;0wfaea&;/ avhvma&;ESifh a&&SnfwdkufyGJ0if&awmhr,fqdk&if vlxk&J@- pm;r_ - 0wfr_ - aer_udk *±kðy&yg
aexdkifr_b0wdk@udk tmrcHcsuf&Sdatmif vkyfay;a&;? vdrfhr,f?
ynm&yf t vd k u f / vk y f i ef ; tvd k u f / or*~ t oif ; tzG J @ rsm; vG w f v yf p G m u|efawmfwdk@&J@ rsufarSmufvlr_b0}uD;wckvHk;rSm t&m&m[m vlwef;pm;
zGJ@pnf;cGifhðya&;? wHqdyf cwfESdyfxm;wmcsnf; jzpfygw,f? oufqdkif&m vlwef;pm; vl@tv$mrsm;uvJ
106 107
 jzpfygw,f?
'Dvkd pGe@f pm;=uwm - pGe@f vw$ =f uwm[m jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDa&;qDo@kd tqifq h ifh
csDwufa&;twGuf jzpfygw,f?
tck u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu wifjywJh vwfwavmvkyfief;wm0efrsm;[m
1? tajccHvkyfief;pOfqdkif&m jy\emrsm; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkuae u|efawmfwdk@jynfolawG &&SdvdkwJh (&vJ&&SdxdkufwJh) vdkvm;
2? qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;jy\em awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jzpfygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGuvJ tJ'DjynfolawGeJ@ xyfwlyJ jzpfygw,f?
3? r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; txufrSmwifjycJhwJh vwfwavmvkyfief;wm0efrsm; taumiftxnf
4? e0w ajymwJh ‘e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;’ eJ@ e,fcsJ@orm;awGajymwJh ‘vl@tcGifhta&;’ azmfa&;udk vuf&SdtcsdefrSmvnf;aumif;/ aemif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yf ay:xGef;vmwJh
5? jynfwGif;ppfjy\emrSm b,folw&m;cHvJ tcgrSmaomfvnf;aumif; u|efawmfwdk@ vHk;yef;oGm;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
6? jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;jy\em us,fjyef@wJh v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wdkif;rSm - wyfaygif;pk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm &yfwnfr_
7? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDjy\em trsdK;rsdK; - tawG;tac:tzHkzHk - tjriftoD;oD; &Sdwwf=uygw,f?
8? 1988§vlxktHkºur_}uD; (odk@r[kwf) 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk tm;vHk;udk pkpnf;Edkifzdk@qdk&if bHkvkyfief;pOf &Sd&ygr,f?
9? 1988 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkudk ðcHiHkoHk;oyf ed*Hk;csKyfvkyfcg oifcef;pmxkwf,la&; tck u|efawmfwdk@ wifjywm[m ‘bHkvkyfief;pOf’ wck jzpfay:a&;twGuf
10? wyfrawmfu tem*wfEdkifiHa&;rSm OD;aqmifa&;jy\em óu;pm;csuf - 'Drdkua&pD wdkufazmfwdkufzufrsm;odk@wifjycsuf jzpfygw,f?
11? e0w vkyfaewJh ‘e,fpyfa'ozHG@òz;a&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;’ ay:vpDtay: aemufw}udrftHkºur_[m e0w u b,favmufyJ zdESdyfaeae - taES;eJ@tjref
u|
u|efefawmfwdk@&J@oabmxm; jyefay:vmOD;rSmyg? 'g[m rkcsoabm jzpfygw,f? b,fawm/h b,fvdk/ bmudkta=umif;
12? wdkif;jynfwpnf;wvHk;wnf;&Sda&;/ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk wpnf;wvHk;wnf;&Sda&;jy\em ðy+yD; jzpfr,fqdkwmawmh óuwifrajymEdkifyg?
13? wyfudkðyjyifwnfaqmufa&;jy\em u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS 1988§ ckEpS w f ek ;f u bHv
k yk if ef;pOf r&Scd yhJ g? tck bHv
k yk if ef;pOfwck
14? wyfudkðyjyifwnfaqmufa&;vkyfzdk@ tckumv[m tcsdefaumif; jzpfygw,f? &Sdxm;zdk@vdkygw,f?
15? ygwDwnfaqmufa&; &Jabmfwdk@-
16? taxGaxGjy\emrsm; tpD&ifcHpm 'Dr#ygyJ?
- ArmjynftwGuf zGH@òz;a&;vrf;a=umif;
- vwfwavm vkyfief;wm0efrsm; u|efawmfwdk@ygwDrSm tcuftcJbufu wifjy&ifvJ tcuftcJawG trsm;}uD;
yg?
tcG i f h a umif ; eJ @ tvm;tvmaumif ; buf u ajym&if v J ajymp&mawG
tajrmuftjrm;yg?
tcuftcJudkausmfeif; - tcGifhaumif;eJ@ tvm;tvmaumif;udk wdk;csJ@+yD; -
ordkif;ay;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifoGm;=uygpdk@? ?

109