Lecture 6

RADAR
Part 1

By: Zuliana Ismail,201

 Outlines of Lecture

Home
• Introduction
Previous
• RADAR Frequencies
Next
• RADAR Applications
Help • Types of RADAR
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 Introduction

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• RADAR is stand for Radio Detection And
Previous Ranging and was developed prior to World War
II.
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• Today RADAR is extremely important in civil

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aviation.
• It is used by ATC to monitor and control
numbers of aircrafts in airspace as well as by
pilot for weather warning and navigation.
 Radar Frequencies

Home
• Radar operates on UHF and SHF - Super High
Previous Frequency (1 GHz - 30 GHz).
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• RADAR systems are in SHF bands because:

Help a) These frequencies are free from disturbance.

b) Higher frequency, shorter wavelength, RADAR
more effective.(shorter wavelengths are
reflected more efficiently.)
 RADAR Applications

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RADAR has a wide range applications including
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1. Ground RADAR : extensively used by ATC to
Next separate aircrafts.
Help 2. Airborne Weather RADAR: used by pilots. It
provide pilots with information regarding
weather ahead.
 Types of RADAR

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GROUND RADAR
 A) RADAR used by ATC

Home • Ground RADAR used by ATC are used to fix an

aircrafts position which allows ATC to separate
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aircraft and guide the pilot.
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• Three ground RADAR systems used by ATC include

Help 1. En-Route Surveillance Radar (RSR)

2. Terminal Approach Radar (TAR)
a) Primary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
b) Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
3. Surface Movement Radar (SMR)
 1) En-Route Surveillance Radar (RSR)

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• En-Route Surveillance Radars (RSR) are long
Previous range radars which the signal goes to 300 NM.
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• It operates with frequency between 1 to 2 GHZ.

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• It used for airway surveillance to provide range
and bearing of aircraft.
**Surveillance: close observation, especially of a
suspected spy or criminal.
 2) Terminal Approach Radar (TAR)

Home • TAR is a high definition radio detection device which

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provides information on identification, air speed,
direction and altitude of aircraft to assist air traffic
Next controllers to track the position of aircraft in the air
within the vicinity of the airport.
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• This radar gives the air traffic controller a better or
true picture of all aircraft flying in his control zone and
enable him to effect separation of aircraft to a finer
degree than possible with information exchange by
voice communication between the pilot and the
controller.
 2) Terminal Approach Radar (TAR)
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SSR
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Next

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PSR
 TAR
a) Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR)
Home HOW PSR works
Previous • Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) transmits a high
power signal.
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• When a signal strikes an object or target, some signal

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energy is reflected back and is received by the radar
receiver.
• RADAR receiver will plot the direction and the
distance of the target (aircraft) from the radar station.
• Thus, the ATC could know the position of aircraft.
through the RADAR display.
 Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR)

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 Advantages of PSR
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• The advantage PSR is that it operates totally
Previous independently of the target aircraft.
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• Means that no action from the aircraft is
required for it to provide a radar return.
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• But PSR only provide direction and distance of

aircraft.
 Disadvantages of PSR
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• First, the signal can be interrupted by buildings,
Previous hills & mountains.
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• Second, more power must be radiated to
ensure returns from the target.
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• Third, because of the small amount of energy

returned at the receiver, reflected signals may
be easily disrupted. This may cause the
displayed target to 'fade‘ (not clear).
 TAR
b) Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
Home
HOW SSR works
Previous • Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transmits an
interrogation signal which is received by the target
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aircraft.
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• The aircraft transponder sends back a coded reply to
the ground radar equipment.
• From the coded signal, information of the aircraft’s
call sign, altitude, speed and destination.
• SSR requires an aircraft to be fitted with
transmitter/receiver called as transponder.
 How SSR Works?
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• The ground secondary radar transmits 1030MHz signal.

• The aircraft radar receives on 1030MHz and transmits back
0n 1090MHz.
• The transponder reply is more powerful than the reflected
radar signal allowing for far greater range. (250nm).
 SSR
display
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 Secondary Radar Display
What appear on secondary radar display?
Home • Aircraft Identity.
• Altitude
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• Speed
Next • Direction/Destination
• Example
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MH092 FL280
585
• Meaning: Flight Malaysian 092 cruising at 28’000ft
with speed of 585knots
 Advantages of SSR
Home • Requires much less transmitting power to
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provide coverage up to 200 to 250NM.
• Provides more information: aircraft’s identity
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(its code & call sign), indicates aircraft’s
Help altitude, speed & destination.
• Reply signal is much stronger as it does not rely
on returning reflected signals.
 PSR Vs SSR

Home

Previous PSR SSR

1. Transmits a very high power
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radio frequency signal (600
Help kW for subang and 14 kW for
KLIA)
2. Received signal is the
reflections of transmit
signals when hitting aircraft
3. Short coverage (60 nm to 80
nm)
4. Provide aircraft direction and
distance.
1. Transmit low power radio
frequency signal (1 kw)
2. Received signal is a signal
transmitted from aircraft
transponder
3. Long coverage (200 nm)
4. Provide aircraft’s call sign,
altitude, speed and
destination.
 RADAR services for Malaysia:
Kuala Lumpur FIRs
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1. A 200 NM long range En-route SSR located at
Previous Bt. Chin Chin, Genting Highlands, 23 NM east
of Subang -Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport.
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2. A 60 NM PSR co-mounted with a 200 NM SSR

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located to the west of Johor Bahru-Sultan
Ismail Airport runway.
3. A 60 NM PSR co-mounted with 200 NM SSR
located on Bt.Subang, 1 NM west of Subang-
Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport.
 RADAR services for Malaysia:
Kuala Lumpur FIRs
Home
4. A 60 NM Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) co-
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mounted with 200 SSR located at KL International
Airport
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5. A 60 NM Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) co-
Help mounted with 200 NM SSR located on Hill
Chengkuang 1.5 NM NE of Langkawi International
Airport
6. A 60 NM PSR co-mounted with a 200 NM SSR
located to the south of Kota Bharu-Sultan Ismail
Petra Airport runway.
 RADAR services for Malaysia:
Kota Kinabalu FIRs
Home
1. A 60 NM Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) co-
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mounted with 200 NM SSR located on Bukit
Kepayang, 1 NM NE of Kota Kinabalu International
Next Airport;
Help 2. A 60 NM Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) co-
mounted with 200 NM SSR located in Kuching
International Airport;
3. A 60 NM Terminal Primary Approach Radar co-
mounted with a 200 NM SSR located at Miri
Airport.
 3) Surface Movement Radar (SMR)

Home • SMR installed at airport (at top of ATC tower building) to

provide a very accurate radar display in all weathers and
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conditions of visibility. (operate with frequency 18-
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40Ghz)
• SMR radar display can show all of airfield infrastructure
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including aircraft movements on runway, taxiway and
apron.
• It is designed to provide clear display of all aircraft on
runway or taxiway so that ATC can ensure runway are
clear for take-off/landing and also guide aircraft to apron
in order.
 3) Surface Movement Radar (SMR)

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 3) Surface Movement Radar (SMR)

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The surface movement radar (SMR) allows the Air
Traffic Controller to 'see' in real time the aircraft and
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vehicles movements into the airport control area.
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Surface movement radar can improve both safety and

efficiency of airport traffic by providing the ground
controller with a clear picture of the areas or under
poor visibility conditions.