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120

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90

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õ[G GG
f4g,mn,s4h4s4,e/f | m — g ~ s¾,s4h4s9,g,jks4mÆm  mÆc |,~ e | h4Ž | m — s }4ˆ/| ,e/s4h |,ˆ g,m
T ‡ T g,h¾g ˆ  | mns¾g,h¾‰  g ˆ s4m

õ
i | j |,Ç s4m S ‡ S f4g ˆ/| mžj  g,mni ~q| m —  g,f4g£h,s4h4mne/f4g ~¬|£~ mngȪ ~q| h4f9g,m 

G
É h | j  g,mni q
~ | f g
4 ¨ ˆ À,j — |,~q| m‚f4g ˆ p |,}4~ e/ | h4i/g µ f4e/g ~ s4h  h | c4e/f | ¨4¨ jkgÍf4e | f4g { m ‡  h |
©ËÊ _‹Ì _ Î
‹
f4g,mnc4e | ,e/–4hÏi/„ — / e  | f g
4 É ¨ { m  h | j  g,mni q
~ | f4g ¨9¨ ˆ À,j — |,~q| mÐf4g ˆ p |,}9~ e/ | h4irgŒÑÒf4e/g ~ 4s h  h | c4e/f |
_ Ê _
jkg,f4e | f4g É ¨4¨ { m ,‡  h | f4g,mnc4e | , e/–4hi/„ — /e  | 4 f g˜Ó4¨ { m 
_
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©žÔ Ì4Õ
µÖ‡ Ñ 

} ¼ g“‰ 4× i | j | Ç sÃf9g } gÁmng ~؈/|

, j  ,
g mni ~q| f4g ˆ À,j — |,~¬| mÂf4g ˆ p , | }4~ /
e  | h4i/gÁÑ — |,~¬| ‰  ,
g l }4| ¿?s ˆ | mÂjke/mnj
/ | m
©
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©

ՂÚ

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© ©
|,ˆ g | /i s ~ e | ª q ~ | h4f4g 

Ü g |݁ h | — s }4ˆ/| ,e/–4hÞf4gÝi | j |,Ç sÃßà§qg,c9g,h4i 4|,ˆ jkg,h4i/g —  g,f4gÝmág ~ e/h4pqe/h4e/i/s f4g”  ‡ 4 s mâe/h4f4e/c4e/f  s4m‚h4s4m
©
e/h4i/g ~ g,m | ,e/g ~ i | — ~ s — e/g,f | f ykÍÜ  — s4h4ª | jks4m™‰  g ˆ/| — ~ s }4|,} e ˆ e/f | f2f4gȉ  g  2 h e/h4f4eãc4e/f  s2f4g ˆ/| — s 4 } ˆ/| ,e/–4h

( ) ( )=
c4g ~ e/pqe/‰  g y g,m X y §mne·ßåg,mŒpqe/h4e/i/sÖmng ~ À G … f4s4h4f4g è g,mŒg ˆ h4•4jkg ~ sÖf9g
ä
= æ
= ¤
ç S

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©
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g,m |˜~q| Ž£–4h |

ä mng ˆ sf9g,h4s9jke/h | — ~ s — s ~ ,e/–4h — s }4ˆ/| ,ers4h |,ˆ  ë s4f4g,jks4mžf4g,pqe/h4e ~ h | c |,~ e |,}4ˆ g

|,ˆ g | i/s ~ e | E ‰  g˜jke/f4g |˜ˆ s4mže/h4f4e/c4e/f  s4mžf4g ˆ/| — s }4ˆ/| ,e/–4h ˆ/| s4 4~q~ g,h4,e | sh4sf9g ˆ/| — ~ s — e/g,f | f … 

ì | c |,~ e |,}4ˆ g |,ˆ g | i/s ~ e | i/g,h4f ~ À ˆ/| f4e/mni ~ e }4 ,e/–4h š

ö ö

( )= ( )=
ô ó
í ò
= ò

( )=
ïð
ò õ ö
íî ñ

( )= ( )=
÷ ô ó ÷
ò
= −ò
g,m™f4g,,e ~ lV2g,m  h | c |  ‰  gÈi/s4j | mn– ˆ s2f4s4m™c |,ˆ s ~ g,m š §qmneÙg ˆ e/h4f4e/c4e/f  s2c4g ~ e/pqe/ | y ,s4h — ~ s }4|,} e ˆ e/f | f
ä
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‡ ¨Ä§q 4| h4f4sÄh4s”c4g ~ e/pqer | y ,s4h — ~ s }9|,} e ˆ e/f | f
ä  bdmni/s”g,mkg,‰  e/c |,ˆ g,h4i/g | f9g,,e ~ ‰  g’V”i/e/g,h4g  h |
© _ Š
‹
f4e/mni ~ e }4 ,e/–4h } e/h4s4jke |,ˆ ,s4h — |,~ À,jkg,i ~ s4m ‡ ä
š V4ø£ùȧ lä 
_ _ ©

( )
Ü  s4h4ª | jks4mú‰  gû,s4h4mnerf4g ~q| jks4m  h | j  g,mni ~¬|û|,ˆ g | i/s ~ e | V V V f4gûi | j |,Ç s þ ÁÜ e
— ÿ
<


a x ` ý ý ý x ü
pqs ~ j | jks4m g ˆ g,mni | f4„/mni/e/,sËj  g,mni ~q|,ˆ V V l­g,m V g,c4e/f4g,h4i/g ‰  g g,mni | c |  jke/f4g g ˆ h4•4j“g ~ s
= a + ` + ý ý ý + ü
f4g”e/h4f4e/c4e/f  s4mâf4g ˆ/| j  g,mni ~q| f4g”i | j |,Ç s ‰  gÄc4g ~ /
e pqe/ | h ˆr| ~ s — e/g,f | f y“¹ë s ~kˆ sÛi | h4i/s — s ~ m 

  
S —
mne/ª;h4e/pqe/ | f4s g,m  h | c |    ‡ | f4e/mni ~ e }4 ,e/–4hÆg,m } e/h9s4jke |,ˆ ,s4h |£~ À,jkg,i ~ s4m ‡ š Èø£ùȧ S lä  s4i |,~


— S ä
©
‰  gŒg,mni/sÞg,mni/ÀŒf9g |   g ~ f9sÏ,s4h ˆ sÞc4e/mni/sÏg,h ˆr| € „ | ë ÓÏf4s4h4f4gÝmng Ç4|,ˆ À }9| j“s4mЉ  g ˆ/| f4e/mni ~ e }4 ,e/–4h

( )
} e/h4s4jke |,ˆ   j — ˆ g ˆ/| — ~ s — e/g,f | f ~ g — ~ s4f  ,i/e/c |­š ˆ/| m  j | f4g S c |  e/h4f4g — g,h4f4e/g£h4i/g,m V V V ,s4h
a x ` ý ý ý x ü

f4e/mni ~ e }4 ,e/–4h } e/h4s4jke |,ˆ  Vâø£ùȧ S 

lä
©
g,m™i | j } e × h } e/h4s4jke |͈ ,s4h — |,~ À,jkg,i ~ s4m    ü
S ‡ ä  bdhËg ˆ — ~ g,mng,h4i/g
a

 | mns ˆ s4m
S
 mns4hÄi/s4f4s4m“e/ª 4|£ˆ g,m | š
S
 =_ ∀ÿ
 ¼ g |   g ~ f4s’,s4hÄg,mni/s4l ˆ/|
=
c |,~ e |,}4ˆ g |,ˆ g | i/s ~ e | ô


_

f4g,pqe/h4e/f |­š 
ô
=
~ g — ~ g,mng,h4i |Ȉr| — ~ s — s ~ ,e/–4h2f9gÈe/h4f4e/c4e/f  s4m f4g ˆ/| j  g,mni ~q| ‰  gÈc4g ~ e/pqe/ | h ˆ/| — ~ s — e/g,f | f

ÿ
y l4g,mni/sg,mnl4g,m ˆ/| — ~ s — s ~ ,er–4hj  g,mni ~q|,ˆ 

Å4½
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 } mng ~ c4g,jks4mà‰  g
ö
mne/g,h4f9s
ö
V4ø£ùȧ lä g,m  ( ) =  V ä  l f | f4s ‰  
g Èø£ùȧ S lä l i | j } e × h g,m

 ( ) =  
  =  (
) =
_ © ©

ô ÿ¬ò
=ò
l g,mÁf4g,,e ~ ô g,m  h’g,mni/e/j | f4s ~ e/h4mng,mnª | f4s’f4g ò  bdmni/sÄg,mÁf4g

ÿ ÿ ö ÿ

g,m — =
=  
g ~q|£~ —  g,m ô 
ü
ó
=
ó lÁg,mÞf9g,,e ~ lÁg,m ˆ/| g,m — g ~¬| h4Ž | j  g,mái ~q|,ˆ ‰  g m |,} g,jks4mÞg,m  h

ÿ ÿ

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a
=
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ë g ~ s | f9g,jkÀ,mnlg,m p¬À,,e ˆ c9g ~ ‰  g ô g,m g,mni/e/j | f4s ~ ,s4h4máe/mni/g,h4i/g2§qs‚,s4h4c4g ~ ª4g,h4i/gËg£h — ~ s }4|,} e ˆ e/f | f f4g ä

§qc4g ~   € „ |  bdhg£pqg,,i/s4l4irg,h4g,jks4mž‰  g
ö ö
 ( )= ô ò l — g ~ si | j } e × hg,m
©

 ( ) =  
  =
©
ö

ô
`
ÿ¬ò ò
ò

( − )= ( −ò ) 

ÿ ÿ ÿö

bdh4i/s4h4,g,m %!#"$ ( ô ô
−ò ≥ ) = %!#"$
ò
( − ) = ò
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ÿ
→∞ →∞
,s4h — ~ s }4|,} e ˆ e/f | f 
_

¼ g,mng | jks4mÝ,s4h4mni ~q e ~ h e/h4i/g ~ c |,ˆ sÖf4gÏ,s4h4pqe | h4Ž | f4g ä  bdm ~¬| Ž£s4h |,}4ˆ g }4| m |,~ h4s4mŒg,h g ˆ g,mni/e/j | f4s ~

e/h4mng,ª | f4s ô ‹¶ s4h4mne/f4g ~q| jks9mž,s4jks — e/c4s4i/g |˜ˆ/| c |,~ e |,}9ˆ g |,ˆ g | i/s ~ e |

+ )* .-
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_‹©


(− )
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%
) * = / 2 + /  + 10 010 + /   3  4 3
] ]
( )
V [ V [
bdhg,pqg£,i/s š Ü e/g,h4f4s l4g,m ^\ Y ‡ ^\ Y ä
−ä
& & &
_
= ä
=
32 =
S
Z
32 =
S
Z
S

ë s ~ˆ si | h4i/s š

J %
;
> ? − I = MNO 3 KL
B >? − % 3 2 : J % EC 9 D F %EGEH 8 (6 7 5 )
5 I < MNO ; 3
l

( −@ )
=
= =
@ :A@ 3 2 : KL
‰  g‚h4s”g,mks4i ~q| QP ,s4m | ‰
=
 g ˆ/| pq– ~ j 4ˆ/| f4g ¼ g ”s4e/c ~ g
Š
ì | — ˆr| ,g‚f4g,f  ,e/f | g,h ˆ/|Q € „ | ë Å ,s4jks  h |

| — ˆ e/ | ,e/–4hf4g ˆ i/g,s ~ g,j | f9g ˆoˆ „/jke/i/g˜,g,h4i ~q|,ˆ 

b ˆ — e/c4s4i/g —  g,f9g — s4h4g ~ mngkg,h  h | pqs ~ j | jkÀ,m€,s4h4c4g£h4e/g,h4i/g2mne i/g,h9g,jks4m g,h‚  g£h4i | ‰  g,lmng£ª;•4hÐc4e/jks4m

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ª ~¬| h4f4g,mƒg,m >? =

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@ >?
_
f4g,mn,s4h4s4,e/f4s — s ~ m  g,mni/e/j | f4s ~ š
ä

X z
œ −ä ß2§q¨4l 
=
(− )R
_‹©
X z X z
_
S

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5 −S
— — — —
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š

Å
Î
 ~€‚„ƒ†…1‡ ˆ†‰„Š ‹„Œ1Š ‡ €‰„ˆ‡ Ži‘ƒ†’„‡ ‰‚6Š ƒ“‡ „Š ƒ†…i”‰„• –—Œ’„ƒ“ˆ–——˜E‡ ‰1‚™i‰ š-›‚œ ‰e

JJ
(− ) (− ) OMNM V T 5 S U
°

[ 2  ]=
±²³ X/z T X z X z
T X z X z
®
Φ 2 LK = −
2 2
y z y z _ Xãz _ ,s4h 
− U
+ U


x ± x ®
S S ¯
− − −

y XWYZ Z[Y\ .] ¢ ¡ c4e/e/e hÄp |,}4~ e/ | h4i/gâf9gâ,s4j s4h4g,h4irg,m“,s4j ~q|⁠h ˆ s4i/gâf4gâf4e/m — s4mne/i/e/c4s4m“f4gâmng,ª  h4f |

[-
ä 4S — —
©ƒÊ
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,s4h ¨4¨f4e/m — s4mne/i/e/c4s4mžg ˆ g,ª;e/f4s4m |,ˆo| Ž |,~ ‡ g,h4  g,h4i ~q| ‰  g ½ ¨f4g˜g ˆ/ˆ s4mžg,mni/À,hp |,ˆrˆ/| f4s4m 
_‹Î Ì
| ¶ |,ˆ  4ˆ/|,~ he/h4i/g ~ c |,ˆ sf9g˜,s4h4pqe | h4Ž | f4g ˆ Å4Å — |,~¬|Ȉ/| — ~ s — s ~ ,e/–4h s }4ˆ/| ,e/s4h |,ˆ ä 

[-
—
© Õ
}

ˆ/|
_^
©
— ~ s
¼ gƒ‰ 4×

— s ~ ,e/–4h
i | j

— s
|,Ç

}4ˆ/| ,e/s4h |£ˆ

s“f4g } g ~ Àƒg 9i ~q| g ~ mng

g,hjkÀ,mžf4g˜¨
ˆ/|

¨
j

½


,s4h
g,mni ~¬|ƒ|

 h Å
p¬e/h“f4gƒ‰ 

f4g˜,s4h4pqe | h4Ž |
g ˆ/| — ~ s — s ~ ,e/–4h“j  g,mni ~q|,ˆ h4s“f4e/pqe/g ~¬| f4g

Ì4Õ Ú

b
©
ˆ i | j |,Ç sf4g ˆ/| j  g,mni ~q| g,m : = a5 `.6.b 6 §qj  g,mni ~q| ª ~q| h4f4g

> ? = c 6 6 d U.b ©

5a`.6.6
ì | ~ s s ~ ,e/–4hj  g,mni ~¬|,ˆ g£m
— —
=
b ˆ h4e/c4g ˆ f4g˜,s4h4pqe | h4Ž | g,m 5 − S = 6 d e.e S 6 d 65 SU 6 d 6.6 b 5 − SU 6 d e.e b 
→ = → = → =
¼ g ˆ/| ‘ |,}4ˆ/| f9g ˆ/| h4s ~ j |,ˆ g,mni | h4f |,~ e/Ž | f | §qc4g ~ i |,}4ˆ/| m |,ˆ pqe/h |,ˆ f9gg,mni/g ˆ e }4~ sf4g  € „ | m c9g,jks4mȉ  g ˆ/|

jh i fEfEg = Φ(Ujh i fEfEg ) =

©
mns ˆ/ ,e/–4hf4g ¨ Å4Å g,m É Ó  bdh4i/s4h4,g,mžg ˆ e/h4i/g ~ c |,ˆ s }4 mn | f4s2g,m š
U
ý Ì ý Ì

d .
U b U d .
b l 6 d U.b 5 6 d U.b d .U b U d b.l 6 d U.b 5 6 d U.b p d U.U.U d U.k
7 76 n 6 76 e ]
[m ? 2 m ?  ] = rsq 6 − 5a(`.−6.6 ) + 5a(.` −6.6 ) o = [
l4g,mni/sg,m

.t
°

[ 2  ]=
²
y z y z ³± ¨ É4É4É ¨ É 4Å ® 
x ý x ý ¯

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S

>? ©
g,mni ט|˜ h | f4e/mni | h9,e | ¨ ¨ ½ f4g ˆ/| — ~ s — s ~ ,e/–4h — s }4ˆ/| ,ers4h |,ˆ ä
Ì4Õ
l4g,mžf4g,,e ~}4 má | jks9m S i |,ˆ ‰  g

X
( X z
− ä
≤
¨
ý
¨ ½
)= ¨
ý
Å  bdmni/s —  g,f4g — s4h4g ~ mág š > (− w d w.x ≤ > ? − ≤
w d .w x w d
) = u.v 

@
Ì

| } |
¼ e/c4e/f4e/g,h4f4s s ~ (− ) š

z y{z
—

[
^\ Y

(− h  Ef ~Eg h  fE~Eg ) =
\ ¨ ¨ ½ X z ¨ ¨ ½ Y
X \ − ý −ä ý Y X œ ¨ Å
≤ ≤ = U
≤ ≤U
(− ) (− ) (− )
] ý Ì
\ X z X z X z X z X z X z Y
\ _ _ _ Y
Z
S S S

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7š
= Mš» ′
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M œ» ′
¾
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â ñóӇÕ&×5Ó × Ö Õ
ì Ô ô Û Ó Õ&×5Ô ×5õ!Ó Ë êIâ Ì Ö Ë â å š ñ å œ Ê&Ë ê Ë Ë
ô Ô ï Ó Õ&×÷ö

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8×  Ö Õ í Ô Ì Ô Ö Ë ô Ú Õ Ö Õ
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¼ 

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Ö Ô í Ô Õ&Ø.Õ Ö Õ - â&ã Ì Ô ï Õ&ã Ö Õ
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Ÿ
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ì Ô ô Û Ó Õ&×5Ô × Ì Ú ã â
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 Ë ê Ë Õ&×hÚ Ì Ó Õ&×5Ó  Ú Õ,Ô Ì ï Ë ã Ú Ê Ø.â,â&ãQô â&Ø &ê|Õ&Ó Ø Ë ý & ñ Ö Õ&× Ê&Ë Ì Ë Ê Õ&ê Ë × < ‘ Ò Ê&Ë Ì ×5Ô Ö &Õ Ø.â&ê Ë × &Ê Ë ê Ë ô Ô ï Ë Ó Õ,â
ã â
ï â&Ø.Ô â&Ù ã Õ,â&ã Õ&â&Ó Ë Ø.Ô â
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Ö Ë Ì Ö Õ # & = > À
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Î = − Î ) − =Ð
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ö â&êIÙ 6$Ô"D I Ì ô Ë Ö &Õ I ê ËI ×
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 Ì Ó Ë Ì Ê Õ&× ä 6 I
å & = Ï Ç & − ý & = -I B A I − - = B ø
# &É ′ - B - - BÁ

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Ÿ 6
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6 À
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WX Õ Ê ì â ðnË ã â ì Ô ô “ Û Ó Õ&×5Ô × Ì Úuã â , ' ä ý & = - â&ã Ì Ô ï Õ&ã = 8;: 8$9 ×5Ô!Õ&ã!ï â&ã Ë ØYÜ &  Ú Õ Ó Ë êIâ Õ&ã!Õ&×5Ó â Ö  ×5Ô Ó Ô Ê&Ë
Ÿ s
å & ï Õ&Ø.Ô í Ô Ê â Ü & ≥ ] B ZE[$\ ^$_`ba$_cdRefcgh_gikj$_e ga$_l d"m$n"_he o$gl"p tuv − ] B ZE[$\ w ] B ZE[$\ qr x4y
z mm$j$_` n"e pcg` pcgl"cj$l"gh{)p$` Ü & = ] B |$} cg_~cl"ghe g{)_m$n"_~i j_e g~a$_l€d"m$n"_e o$gl"p‚_mchp$m$` _cj$_m$cdRg
e _cƒ$g„hg{)p$`bgl m$d"o$_l Ÿ = 8;: 8$9 l"gƒ$d"…$†$n"_` d"`ba$_‡$j$_ ý & = ˆ y
‰Š‹ŒŒŽ‰Ž \
Z$y
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cš p$m$i d"gm$„hg − Ÿ = 8 : —$9 …$ge gl"p$`b…$gek˜h{)_n"e p$` ' ™&
œ›_gl"d"„hg
j$mn"_` nž…$ghe g
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a_
ek_h ;ek_` d"†$m¡_`Ÿm$j$l"gglžm$d"o_lža$_
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\fy
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cš p$m$i d"gm$„hg − Ÿ = 8 : —$9 …$ge gl"p$`b…$gek˜h{)_n"e p$` ' ™&
œ›_gl"d"„hg
j$mn"_` nž…$ghe g
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¤ Èk¥ ü&þ5ü È$# ÿ ý$b5ú$¦ þ5ü1 ý#þ5ü # Ü ý€ ü
þ5ü“§!þ5ü5ÿ"¨ È . (Å ) = ý ' + ý & Î
z mo$_„–a$_©ƒ$gch_e@d"m$i _he _hm$cd"g`ª` p š e _©l"p$`ª…$ghe ˜{)_nRe p$`ªd"m$a$d"o$d"a$j$gl"_` ý '  ý & …$j$_a$_©d"m$n"_ek_` ge m$p`
š š
ƒ$gc_e l"p«` p e _¬l"g­e _hcn"g¬a_¬e _h $e _` d"†$m«cp${)…$l"_n"g­…$ghe g¬j$m«ogl"p$ea$ga$p«a_¬l"g­o$ge d"g l"_¬a_n"_e {)d"m$®"` n"d"cg
d"¯ m$a$_…$. _m$a$d"_m$n"_4ý y ý
_g (Å = ) = ' + & Î = _l‘o$gl"p$eª‡$j$_£n"p${)gl"gek_cn"g£a$_£e _h ;ek_` d"†$m ý ' + ý & Î _m Î = Î = y°±` _hg
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…$e p$…$d"_a$ga$_`b`µ_º$gl"ga$g`Ÿ_m¡gl ` d" ;j$d"_m$n"_n"_pe _{)g4»
å ü&ú þ5ü&û8ý‘¼½¯ d_m‘_l{)p$a$_l"p‘l"d"m$_gl…$e p š g š d"l"®"` n"d"cp Å = ý ' + ý & Î + % l"go$ge d"g š l"_)gl"_gn"p$e d"ga_)e j$d"a$p
n"d"_m$_‘a$d"` n"e d š j$cd"†$m7m$p$e {¾ghl“» % ¿ À (8 ™ ” ‘  ) ^b_m$n"p$m$ch_` ² Ç = = Ï Ç ' + Ï Ç & Î = n"d"_m$_‘a$d"` nRe d š j$cd"†$m7m$p$e {)glÁcp$m
_` …$_e gm$„hgoge d"gm$„hga$gap$`b…$p$e»
d" . (² Ç = ) = ý ' + ý & Î = à _` n"d"{)ga$p$efd"m$` _`µ ;gap€a$_l"ge _hcn"ga$_
e _h ;ek_` d"†$m . (Å = ) = ý ' + ý & Î = _m Î = Î = 
s
vt q
t (Î = − Î )
"d d" Ä (² Ç = ) = t È Z + ç
q<  y
q ‘
tu (Î = − Î )
= =& rq

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Ž _{´y
Æ j$_ ² Ç = = Ï Ç ' + Ï Ç & Î = n"d"_m$_€a$d"` n"e d š j$cd"†$m¸mp$e {)glœ` _€o_€a$_€d"m${)_a$dRgn"p¸…$j$_`
_`cp${ š d"m$gcd"†$m¸l"dRm$_glœa$_
l"g`@o$ge d"g l"_`‘gl"_gn"pe d"g` Ï Ç '  — ˜ & ^Á‡$j$_^Á`µ_h ;Ç$m©_l å ü&ú þü&û8ý©È ^Án"d"_m$_m–a$d"` n"e d š j$cd"†$m©m$p$e {)glÉ^Áa_
š
š š š
gcj$_š e a$p‚cp$m‚l"p–o$d"` n"p–_m‚l"gªš Êj$®"g7˖a$_lcj$e ` p–a_70š e p g d"l"d"a$ga$_` ^j$m–oge dRg š l"_ªgl"_hgn"p$e d"gª‡$š j_7_`
cp${ d"m$gcd"†$m€l"d"m$_gl a_oghe d"g l"_`bglR_gn"p$e d"g`Ÿcš p$m€a$d"` nRe d j$cd"†$m€m$p$e {)gl n"d"_m_n"gh{ d"Ìm€j$m$ga$d"` n"e d j$cd"†$m
m$Æ p$e {)gl à …$e p$…$d"_a$ga¡e _ý …$e pa$ý j$cn"d"o$ga$š _l"ga$d"` n"e d j$cd"†$m¡m$p$e {)gl"
j$_l"g_` …$_he gm$„hg_` ' + & Î = n"g{ d"Ìm€` _a$_{)j$_` n"e g
i ˜hcd"l"{)_m$n"_4»
. (² Ç = ) = . (Ï Ç ' + Ï Ç & Î = ) = . (Ï Ç ' ) + . (Ï Ç & )Î = = ý ' + ý & Î = à a$ga$pª‡$j$_^+` _h ;Ç$m7_l å ü&ú þ5ü&û8ýfÍ Ï Ç '  — ˜ & ^+` p$m
_` n"d"{)ga$p$e _`bd"m$` _`µ ;ga$p$`ba_ ý ' ™ý & ^$e _` …$_hcn"d"o$g{)_m$n"_Ây
Æ j$_a$ga$_{)p$` n"ekgefcj˜l _`Ÿl"go$ge d"gm$„hg4y
Ä (² Ç = ) = Ä (Ï Ç ' + Ï Ç & Î = ) = Ä (Ï Ç ' ) + Î =  Ä (Ï Ç & ) + \ Î = ù!ú$Î (Ï Ç ' w Ï Ç & )
o$d"{)p$`b_m€_l å ü&ú þ5ü&û8ý€Ï ‡j$_4»
Ä (Ï Ç & ) = # & <  cp$m # & Z
‘ Âç =
Î= Î 
= =& ( − )
Ä (Ï Ç ' ) = # ' <  
c $
p m # ' = Z +Â ç Î 
‘ È Î= Î 
= =& ( − )
‰ a$_{)˜`…$j$_a$_a_{)p$` n"e gek` _à gj$m$‡$j$_m$p)age _{)p$`lRga$_{)p$` n"e gcd"†$m³¡` d"{)…$l"_h{)_m$n"_l"p)gc_…$n"ghe _{)p$` 
‡$j$_4»
ù!ú$Î (Ï Ç ' w Ï Ç & ) = # ' & <  cp$m • ' & −Ð
‘ = Âç
Ð =ÑÐ 
= =& ( − )
¶·j$_h ;p$^
s
vt q
Ä (² Ç = ) = tt Z +Â ç
Î 
+Â ç
Î =
−Â ç
\ Î =Î q <  _`ba$_cd"e ^
tu È Î= Î  Î= Î  Î= Î  q ‘
= =& ( − ) = =& ( − ) = =& ( − ) rq
s
vt q
Ä (² Ç = ) = tt Z +Â ç
(Î = − Î ) q<  =Ô Ò Ó Õ < ‘ cp$m Ô ÒÓ Õ Z (Î = − Î ) Ö
= È +Â ç
ut È (Î = − Î ) rq
q ‘
(Î = − Î )
= =& = =&

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þ5üا!þ5ü5ÿ"¨ È . (Å ) = ý ' + ý & Î
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² Ç = = Ï Ç ' + Ï Ç & Î = ¿ å (ä Û + ä Ú ã ß â á Ý Þ æ à Ü Ù ) $… p$a$_{)p$`bi p$e {)geœ_l …$d"o$p$n"_

ç Ýæ ² Ç ß − . (² Ç ß ) ² Ç ß − (ý Û + ý Ú Î ß ) è
= Ä (² Ç ß ) = < Ü Ù Ô Ý Þ æ ¿ (ˆ w Z )
¯ d a$_` cp$m$p$c_{)p$` à Ü Ù j$` g{)p$`b` j€_` n"d"{)ga$p$efd"m$` _`  $ga$p
Ù
é ′ a$_i d"m$d"a$p€…$p$e É ′Ù = Z  ê (Å ß − Å ) cp$m Å = Z  ê Å ß cp$m$`µn"e j$d"{)p$`b_l …$d"o$p$n"_4»
È −\ ß Ú È ß Ú
= =

å ì í = ² Ç − (ý ð + ý ï Î ) ‡$j$_n"d"_m$_a$d"` n"e d š j$cd"†$m Ü a$_ ¯ n"j$a$_m$n cp$m Èñ \¡ ;e ga$p$`Ÿa$_l"d š _e n"gaf» å ì í ¿ Ü ó ò y
ë î É ′ Ô ì íî ë −
ë
Š p$m«_` n"p$`¾…$d"o$p$n"_`¾…$p$a$_{)p$`¾cp$m$` n"e j$d"ed"m$n"_e o$gl"p$`³a$_¬cp$m$i d"gm$„hg¬p«a$d"` _ºgeôn"_` n"`¾a$_¬ƒ$d"…$†$n"_` d"`õyö0p$e
ò š ì
_“’“_{)…$l"p­` d+a$_` cp$m$pc_{)p` à ÷ ^·_m g` _³g ù ø ¿ Ü ó −ò …$p$a$_{)p$`ôcp$m$` n"e j$d"eÁj$m´d"m$n"_e ogl"p­a_¾cp$mi d"gm$„hg
…$ge gl"g
e _cnRga$_ek_h ;e _` d"†$m . (Å ) = ý ð + ý ï Î _m Î = Î gl m$d"o$_l a$_cp$mi d"gm$„hg ž − ú a$_l"gi pe {)g4»
î

Ž ü ý ð üþý ã û
( + ï ) − ó − ò
− ò á ′â ( ð + ï ã ) + ó − ò
− ò á ′Œ ‹
ì í ÿ é ü ý ü ý û ì í ÿ é
î ï î ï
£¤¥ ¢  
a$p$m$a$_ û ó −ò
− o$_e d"i d"chg4»  £ ù ì í ÿ ≤ û ó −ò
− ¡   = ž − ú  
ï ò ï ò
 ó ò  ó
É ′ò = Z Z
È − \ (Å î − Å ) cp$m Å = È Å î y
z ` n"p€_` ^$cp$m$` î n"=e ï j$d"{)p$`bj$m€d"m$n"_e o$gl"p£n"gî l =ï‡$j$_

 Ž üþý
( ð + ï ã ) − û ó − ò
− á ì í ′ ≤ ä ð + ä ï ã ≤ ( ð + ï ã ) + û ó − ò
− á ì í ′Œ ‹ = ž − ú
ü ý ÿ é þ
ü ý ü ý ÿ é
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µ¹ σ¹

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ð¬ú ð¬úíðLû
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áâã ïð áâî
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ØÙ ÚiÚ«Û ØÙ ÚiÚ«Û

Ü¬Ý Þ\ß«àsáâã µ = 10 á âîwàëüì¬Ýëüß µ = 10
Ü¬Ý Ü\ß¬à µé σ àëíì¬Ý ì¬ß åç æ
åè æ µê σ

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“ ’ J 
!
µ σ ≤ ≤ µ σ ¹
 ‹ ‘
‘ “ ! ’ J ´
 ‹ µ  σ ≤
≤ µ  σ“ ¹ !’ J 
µ σ ≤ ≤ µ σ ¹

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ASO({iYW= J 

/10 23

µ .
68,3%
µ -σ µ +σ
95,4%
µ -2σ µ +2σ
99,7%

µ -3σ µ +3σ

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