@) 1 us kant na ong mi pela, Nau ol tromwe spia i go na pik i sotwin na em i boi ‘Now Ol tripela kam da (10) Nau, of i stap nau, Yu stap, yu gat bel, na nogat inap spes long wanpela taim, wanpela tai |, bos bilong ol, ol i go toki fulap y ples long we pik isave bek nau, wokim yu wokim wanen ‘en na tromwe long, 1g sola (13) Nau, wanpela lapuin mao, em (14) Nau, of sampela man tok olser insait long haus, no ken kai arasai (15) Ni ing bek long meri ya i gat bel bifo ya. Nau, tupela i tok: “Nu ing yumi mas i go bek long ples, bilong mitupel hhusat kilim disfela pik na tromwe. (1) Nau longa ples, OL j go nau, lukim, na tripela’ man y kamu na olget 20 na lukirn tripela sanap. O14 wokim k: bek na Kaikai i na redi i stap Jong ol man ka ipela wokim go daun, ol na ologeta i stap. 1 i nau, ol tripel ol i go daun na i go, i go daunbilo tru. Bai ol tripe! bipo ya bai kamap olsem deai Literal Morpheme-by-Morpheme Translation (1) Long saim bifo, » kaikai ol man. ailan, drai pela pik i save stap ya, ni me/ before (= ‘past’)/, one + adj./island/, huge + adj./ pig! rs. sub./ used to/ Five/ det./, and/ he/ 3d pers. sub,/ used to/ eat/ p/m (= people") caikai of man nau! wan-pela tal -pela man bitong ol, bos bilong ol, ol i go tok rami mas pain-im nu-pela ailan. He/ 3d pers. sub./ used to/ eat! pl! man (= ‘peopl time/, one + adj./ times then! pl./ man (= ‘men’)/ talk + tr= ‘their’)/ and/ wan-pela m b./ go! find pik, pik ya® bin kaikui man bilong And/ one + adj.! woman’, pi off she (= ‘her")/ before, previous ‘get pregnant’ Egat pik ‘tok ‘em.® Em i go nai 1/ enough/ space! i stap tong vel mew +/ place’, of (= for")! two + adj. cpela kamap bik-pela yang-pela man, ike, thus! 3d pers, subs/ go/ th j./ young + adj./ mant, tucpela stori long, pik ya, husat ya, em ol ‘Bike pela man «long? al Big ~ adj. man/ then’, she/ tell, speak + transitive/ two + adj./ story! prep. who/ det.i, 3d person’ plural/ man (= ‘mer ion") run away! 3d pers. sub. + go/ det. one inn sup ve (ory! prep. (= t0°)/ two + adj./ finish, perf. aspect/ then/,she/ make | transitive spear/ and / show + transitive! two + adj.! prep. (= ‘to*)/ ther sund/ shoot + (ransitive/ and/ they/ shoot + transitive/and/ use + te handle! 200d, (1) Naw bihain nau, em i go so-im ples Long we pik 1 save slip long e ‘Then! afierwards, Iater/ then/, shel 2d pers sub./ go’ show +t place! prep. (Joe. function)/ where/ pig! 34 pers. sub./ used to/ sleep! pre (oc. function)/ it det lap long bik-pela divai na e so-im tu-pela, long pik, drai pel ‘They! 3d pers. sub.! go/ up! prep. (= ‘on")/ big ++ adj./ tree/ and/ she 3d per (prep! pig 1 pig det / ep. (= ‘at?)/ 3d pets. pr 1 bek nau, wok-im planti supia tru." Wok-im pl supia olig ‘Then! they/ 34 spear! very (intensifier), make + t ward! they/ 30 pers. sub.! go ‘on’)/ tree! Fom antap long diwai nau, nara-pela moning nai ya. Platform/ up/ prep (~‘on’)! tree/ then’, another, different + ad}./ morai then, they/ 3d pers. sub/ go/ up/ prep. (= ‘on")/ tree/, det. oli go antap tong di ‘Take + transitive! spear/ and’ the platform! prep. (= ‘on’)/ tree/. they pers sub/ gor and/ 3d pers. sub prep. (= ‘in’)/ water pers. sub,/ ne/ back! = ‘people’)/ det./, baby, child mother! 0 J pers sub,! go/ up/ preposition (= ‘on")/ one + adj. bi ‘au of tri-pela i stap nau, pik ya taik kam, dring wara na waswas. OL tri pela, i tromoe supia na ol samting le Then/ they/ three + adj./ 3d pers stay/ jg! det! about to! come), drink/ water! and/ wash/. They/ three + adj./, 3d pers. sub./ throw/ spear) and/ plur./ something, thing (= ‘things’)/ prop. (= ‘at (him)’) (9) Fn” pik i win olser he (= *The’)/ pig’ 3d pers. sub./ win/ thus, like/ det./, he/ elimb/ up/, and/ platform! below, bottom/ det./ break’. 1 Nau ol tromwe spia i go na pik i sonwin na em tlaik t dai nau.second/ platform/ and/ shoot + transitive! him! prep. (= ‘wi ‘And he/ 3d pers. sub./ die/ then/. pik ya i go know how 0, do / sea work, do + el this + adj./ skin’ of / pig: J boy! det.f, 3d pers. sub./ eome/ down/ prep. (= ‘to’)/ before, previously’ used nwe f go antap le + adj./ skin/ off pig woman/ det./ 3d pers. sul ng ol i ge ime/ then/, they! 3d pers. sub./ take 3d pers. sub.’ go/ prep, ( tan ya na mam ol and/ three + edj them/ two 3d pers. sub, ‘eceding = ‘ever xy/ 3d pers, sub.They/ 3d pers. sub./ come/ then/, they/ 3d pers. sub./ make + transitive/ food, they/ three + adj./ make + transitive/ food/ and/ all/ 3d pers. sub./ stay, be (there)/. Ol man i kam kaikai nau, ol t-pela 0, go taunbilo or, plur.) man (= ‘People’)! 3d pers. sub./ come/ eat! then/, they/ three + adj./ somewhat later, after a while/ 3d pers. sub./ go/ down! and/ 3d pers. sub./ go’, 3d pers. sub./ go/ below, decp/ intensifier (with the previous word = ‘very deep’), Bai ol wi-pela i go insait long solwara na, pik ya’ amup olsem drai pela ston, blakpela ston. ‘After a while/ they/ three + adj./ 3d pers, sub. go’ inside/ prep, (= ‘into’ ocean’ and/, pig/ det./ they’ kill + transitive! earlier, before after a somewhat later/ become, grow, appear/ like/ huge ++ adj./ stone/, black + adj./ stone? (20) £m tasol W/ only. ol go, of go daun nai ol kitim bipo ya® NOTES may be (ranslated as ‘then’ in narratives ahout past events, Accor riot a preposition bul a complementizer. 5. Em isa variant of em, the thi 6, ’Sem is a phonological reduetion of ols 7. Yer here is reflexive. 8. Abus is a word meaning bit of meat or game” borrowed Jai, an Austronesian language spoken by 80,000 speakers of Papua New Guinea, 1 go construction: i go,ik ious aspect or directional soi tupeta long of = pela in the Tok ‘abject whic (spears) is the marked by the 1 two" (Sons) is Plans. Note that ordinary adverb would 13. Long, « preposition w ‘mental sense, 14. Bai, according to Sankoff, usualy acts as a future tense marker, b sng used in innovative way as a past punctual marker, Idiomatic ‘Translation ‘Once upon a time, on a certain islund, « huge pig used to live and it used ceat people. Tt used to eat the people, and pple went and said to their big man, their leader, they went and talked to him, He said: “AU right, wwe must find a mew island Then, they got their belongings together and went to seek a new island And one women whose husband had been eaten by the pig was pregnant. She had a child in her belly. Then, she went and asked everybody 10 take her in thei canoe, and th 0 look for another cone!” That's what they said, and she went to another, [but] they said die So she went to the last canoe, and he [the eanoe’s owner] said, “No, mine's full, Thave my own childen and my wife. You go . . "The people said, You slay here, you're pregnant, and there is not enough space for you wo come with us” So they went to look for a new island, and she stayed in the old place Now, one time she gave birth, she gave birth (o two boy babies, inside belly —like, two babies, two boys, males. She gave birth to] two male chil dren, und she worked hard to seck food and game for the two of them. “Thus she kept doing, until the two of them grew en, Once they were growin, she told the (wo of them the stozy of the pig who, that the people had run away from, Having told them the story she made spears and ed them to them and shot them and they shot them and used them, han led them well. Then later, she showed the place at which the pig used to ep. “They went up # hig tree, and she showed the two of them the place that} the pig, the huge pig used to sleep at. So they came back then and made a ge namber of spears Having made «lot of peas they then went end the tree. Onee th mwas in the tree, another 4 then ey went up the ee. Taking the spear hey wen op on te platform in the tree. They pig leaving and then coming back, drinking water and washing in the water. And these three people, the children and their mother, went up a big tree. And the three of them stayed there, and the pig, e t0 drink water and wash. The three threw their spears and things at igh ‘The pig. was winning, He climbed up, and the bottom platform broke. And the three climbed up on a platform high up in the tree, a strong one. And theytheir spears. And ce of them then came down and shot him and broke his head with tone. So there they were, and their mother said to them, “WI fou do ith the ‘ocean. Tt [the ace} off to the other island, and our people will return, 0 they cut the ie, then they threw it into the ocean, und the latter carried it off And there was a tremendous wind, and the water was- -going, asif the sea were raging. In the morning, 1 up and look. And some of the men said, "The women must earry the iren and stay indoors, they mustn't come outside, only the men can 6 outside! ked at the skin of the ing the people before. Now, they went and took this pig ski back to the woman who had id, “Maybe tomorrow or so we cd this pig and threw it been pregnant should go back to 01 away. And in the mo ngs and went home. They poked, and the ir mother, they had ‘come to stand on the beach and look at them, ‘They looked at the canoes and overything. The people ‘The latter had prepared some food, and it was si people to come back and eat. So, fee peuple standing there, ing there ready for all the. -y came [to the beach] and made food returnees]. T id they were all there. Then the people came at the thtee of them went dowa into the sea. They went down, down, down, down to the very depths. The three of them went down into the sea, and the pig that they had killed turned into an enormous stone, a black stone ‘The end.