Bureau of Labor Statistics Job List

LOJT-1000 List of Jobs Date: 3/4/2011
by
Job Title
Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

(in thousands) 2008-2018 self- openings Median annual significant
employed, due to annual wages source of
growth
2008 and wages quartile* postsecondary
replaceme
nt (Dollars) education or
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent
Accountants and auditors 1,290.60 1,570.00 279.4 21.7 8.1 497.5 59,430 VH Bachelor's degree
Actors 56.5 63.7 7.2 12.8 22.3 20.8 n.a n.a. Long-term on-the-job training
Actuaries 19.7 23.9 4.2 21.4 0 10 84,810 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Administrative law judges,
adjudicators, and hearing officers 14.4 15.5 1.2 8 0 3.8 76,940 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Administrative services managers 259.4 291.7 32.3 12.5 0.2 86.6 73,520 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Adult literacy, remedial education,
and GED teachers and instructors 96 110.4 14.5 15.1 20.4 29.2 46,310 H Bachelor's degree
Advertising and promotions
managers 44.6 43.9 -0.8 -1.7 16.6 10.5 80,220 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Advertising sales agents 166.8 178.9 12.1 7.2 5 45.1 43,480 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Aerospace engineering and
operations technicians 8.7 8.9 0.2 2.3 0.7 1.8 55,040 VH Associate degree
Aerospace engineers 71.6 79.1 7.4 10.4 3.3 22.3 92,520 VH Bachelor's degree
Agents and business managers of
artists, performers, and athletes 22.7 27.8 5.1 22.4 45.8 10.1 62,940 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Agricultural and food science
technicians 21.9 23.8 1.9 8.8 1.8 9.6 33,990 H Associate degree
Agricultural engineers 2.7 3 0.3 12.1 0 0.9 68,730 VH Bachelor's degree
Agricultural inspectors 16.6 18.7 2.1 12.8 0 5.5 41,170 H Work experience in a related occupation
Air traffic controllers 26.2 29.6 3.4 13.1 0 12.3 111,870 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 4.9 5.3 0.4 7.2 0.8 1.2 39,990 H Work experience in a related occupation
Aircraft mechanics and service
technicians 121.5 129.3 7.8 6.4 1.1 31.4 51,390 H Postsecondary vocational award
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging,
and systems assemblers 44.1 48.2 4.1 9.4 0 13.4 44,130 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Airfield operations specialists 8.1 9.2 1.1 13 0 3.8 41,360 H Long-term on-the-job training
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 1

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Airline pilots, copilots, and flight
engineers 76.8 83.3 6.4 8.4 0 32.5 111,680 VH Bachelor's degree
All other assemblers and fabricators 309.9 316 6 1.9 1.4 75.8 27,820 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other communications equipment
operators 3.6 3.2 -0.4 -12.2 2.3 0.8 35,050 H Short-term on-the-job training
All other computer specialists 209.3 236.8 27.5 13.1 3.9 72.6 75,150 VH Associate degree
All other computer specialists 209.3 236.8 27.5 13.1 3.9 72.6 75,150 VH Associate degree
All other engineers 183.2 195.4 12.2 6.7 6.4 50.2 88,570 VH Bachelor's degree
All other engineers 183.2 195.4 12.2 6.7 6.4 50.2 88,570 VH Bachelor's degree
All other entertainers and
performers, sports and related
workers 58.2 65.1 6.8 11.8 38.2 20.8 n.a n.a. Long-term on-the-job training
All other entertainers and
performers, sports and related
workers 58.2 65.1 6.8 11.8 38.2 20.8 n.a n.a. Long-term on-the-job training
All other financial specialists 150.6 166.4 15.8 10.5 0.9 43.2 57,150 VH Bachelor's degree
All other financial specialists 150.6 166.4 15.8 10.5 0.9 43.2 57,150 VH Bachelor's degree
All other first-line
supervisors/managers, protective
service workers 55.6 62.3 6.7 12 7.8 26.8 43,570 H Work experience in a related occupation
All other first-line
supervisors/managers, protective
service workers 55.6 62.3 6.7 12 7.8 26.8 43,570 H Work experience in a related occupation
All other healthcare support workers 200.6 235 34.3 17.1 3 56.7 29,350 L Short-term on-the-job training
All other healthcare support workers 200.6 235 34.3 17.1 3 56.7 29,350 L Short-term on-the-job training
All other helpers, construction trades 27 30.3 3.3 12.3 2.1 8.9 24,970 L Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
All other helpers, construction trades 27 30.3 3.3 12.3 2.1 8.9 24,970 L Short-term on-the-job training
All other human resources managers 63.1 68.9 5.8 9.2 0.6 19.3 96,130 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
All other human resources managers 63.1 68.9 5.8 9.2 0.6 19.3 96,130 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
All other life scientists 13.1 15.2 2.1 16.3 2.5 4.8 61,450 VH Bachelor's degree
All other life scientists 13.1 15.2 2.1 16.3 2.5 4.8 61,450 VH Bachelor's degree
All other managers 898.2 964 65.8 7.3 57.1 297.5 90,230 VH Work experience in a related occupation
All other managers 898.2 964 65.8 7.3 57.1 297.5 90,230 VH Work experience in a related occupation
All other media and communication

equipment workers 20.6 23.1 2.6 12.5 0 7.6 52,930 VH Moderate-term on-the-job training

equipment workers 20.6 23.1 2.6 12.5 0 7.6 52,930 VH Moderate-term on-the-job training
workers 34.3 37.9 3.6 10.4 25.9 11.7 41,570 H Long-term on-the-job training
workers 34.3 37.9 3.6 10.4 25.9 11.7 41,570 H Long-term on-the-job training
All other metal workers and plastic
workers 45 41.7 -3.3 -7.4 4.6 6 32,460 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other metal workers and plastic
workers 45 41.7 -3.3 -7.4 4.6 6 32,460 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other mining machine operators 4.7 4.7 0 -0.4 0.3 0.8 42,890 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other mining machine operators 4.7 4.7 0 -0.4 0.3 0.8 42,890 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other motor vehicle operators 79.6 86.3 6.7 8.4 1 20.6 24,910 L Short-term on-the-job training
All other motor vehicle operators 79.6 86.3 6.7 8.4 1 20.6 24,910 L Short-term on-the-job training
All other physical scientists 27.4 30.4 3 11.1 10.9 10.1 91,500 VH Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

All other physical scientists 27.4 30.4 3 11.1 10.9 10.1 91,500 VH Bachelor's degree
All other plant and system operators 12.7 12.1 -0.6 -4.7 0.7 2.9 48,620 H Long-term on-the-job training
All other plant and system operators 12.7 12.1 -0.6 -4.7 0.7 2.9 48,620 H Long-term on-the-job training
All other precision instrument and
equipment repairers 15.9 16.3 0.4 2.5 16.2 5 48,970 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other precision instrument and
equipment repairers 15.9 16.3 0.4 2.5 16.2 5 48,970 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other production workers 282 287.5 5.6 2 2.9 70.9 26,750 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other production workers 282 287.5 5.6 2 2.9 70.9 26,750 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
All other related transportation
workers 44.3 49.9 5.6 12.7 1.8 21.5 33,000 H Short-term on-the-job training
All other textile, apparel, and
furnishings workers 17.9 15.6 -2.3 -12.7 3.6 2.5 24,650 L Short-term on-the-job training
All other woodworkers 23.3 24 0.8 3.3 51.2 6 24,080 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Ambulance drivers and attendants,
except emergency medical
technicians 22.2 24.5 2.3 10.3 1.7 6.2 22,410 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Amusement and recreation
attendants 263 298 35 13.3 0.6 171.2 17,470 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Animal breeders 14.7 15.5 0.8 5.8 60.2 4.8 27,090 L Work experience in a related occupation
Animal control workers 16.1 17.5 1.5 9.1 0 5.8 30,310 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Animal scientists 3.7 4.2 0.5 13.2 11.9 1.8 56,030 VH Doctoral degree
Animal trainers 47.1 56.7 9.6 20.4 54.3 19 27,270 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Anthropologists and archeologists 5.8 7.4 1.6 28.1 1.5 4.5 53,910 VH Master's degree
Appraisers and assessors of real
estate 92.4 96.6 4.2 4.6 27.2 21 47,370 H Associate degree
Arbitrators, mediators, and
conciliators 9.9 11.3 1.4 14 0 3.2 50,660 H Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Architects, except landscape and
naval 141.2 164.2 22.9 16.2 21.2 46.8 70,320 VH Bachelor's degree
Architectural and civil drafters 118.4 129.1 10.8 9.1 2.9 36.2 44,490 H Postsecondary vocational award
Archivists 6.3 6.7 0.4 6.5 1.7 2.3 45,020 H Master's degree
Art directors 84.2 94 9.8 11.7 60.2 28.7 76,980 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Artists and related workers, all other 21.5 23.2 1.7 7.9 59.2 6.5 51,600 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Astronomers 1.5 1.7 0.2 16 0 0.7 101,300 VH Doctoral degree
Athletes and sports competitors 16.5 18.4 1.9 11.8 17.7 5.1 40,480 H Long-term on-the-job training
Athletic trainers 16.3 22.4 6 37 0.7 11.5 39,640 H Bachelor's degree
Atmospheric and space scientists 9.4 10.8 1.4 14.7 0 3.3 81,290 VH Bachelor's degree
Audio and video equipment
technicians 55.4 62.4 7 12.6 12.4 23.7 38,050 H Postsecondary vocational award
Audiologists 12.8 16 3.2 25 1.3 5.8 62,030 VH First professional degree
Audio-visual collections specialists 6.8 7.5 0.7 10.3 2.9 2.2 43,390 H Bachelor's degree
Automotive body and related
repairers 166.4 167.2 0.8 0.5 12.9 43.8 37,040 H Long-term on-the-job training
Automotive glass installers and
repairers 19.5 19.9 0.4 1.8 7.5 4.4 32,110 L Long-term on-the-job training
Automotive service technicians and
mechanics 763.7 799.6 35.9 4.7 15.9 181.7 35,100 H Postsecondary vocational award
Avionics technicians 18.8 20.8 2 10.6 0.1 5.2 49,310 H Postsecondary vocational award
Baggage porters and bellhops 50.5 56.9 6.4 12.7 1.2 19.5 19,730 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Bailiffs 20.2 21.9 1.7 8.4 0 6.2 37,820 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bakers 151.6 151.9 0.3 0.2 7.6 39.2 23,290 L Long-term on-the-job training
Barbers 53.5 59.7 6.2 11.6 80.6 14 24,050 L Postsecondary vocational award
Bartenders 508.7 549.5 40.8 8 1.1 222 17,770 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Bicycle repairers 10.1 12 1.9 19.3 5.2 4 23,200 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bill and account collectors 411 490.5 79.5 19.3 0.9 156.9 30,630 L Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Billing and posting clerks and
machine operators 528.8 609.6 80.8 15.3 1.7 167.6 30,950 L Short-term on-the-job training
Bindery workers 60.4 48.2 -12.1 -20.1 1.8 8.8 27,390 L Short-term on-the-job training
Biochemists and biophysicists 23.2 31.9 8.7 37.4 2.7 16.2 82,840 VH Doctoral degree
Biological scientists, all other 31.7 37.6 5.9 18.8 2.5 16.1 65,080 VH Doctoral degree
Biological technicians 79.5 93.5 14 17.6 0.3 41.9 38,400 H Bachelor's degree
Biomedical engineers 16 27.6 11.6 72 3.3 14.9 77,400 VH Bachelor's degree
Boilermakers 20.2 24 3.8 18.8 0 8.1 52,260 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Bookbinders 6.1 5.4 -0.7 -12.1 1.8 0.9 31,040 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bookkeeping, accounting, and
auditing clerks 2,063.80 2,276.20 212.4 10.3 6.3 460.4 32,510 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Brickmasons and blockmasons 135.8 151.5 15.6 11.5 27.3 50 45,630 H Long-term on-the-job training
Bridge and lock tenders 4.7 5.1 0.4 8.5 0 2.1 40,640 H Short-term on-the-job training
Broadcast news analysts 7.7 8 0.3 4.1 19.3 2.4 51,260 H Bachelor's degree
Broadcast technicians 38.8 39.4 0.7 1.8 13.2 12.4 32,900 H Associate degree
Brokerage clerks 67.6 65.8 -1.8 -2.6 0.3 19.2 38,710 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Budget analysts 67.2 77.4 10.1 15.1 0 22.3 65,320 VH Bachelor's degree
Building cleaning workers, all other 14.5 16.2 1.7 12.1 5.8 4.5 27,230 L Short-term on-the-job training
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel
engine specialists 263.1 278 14.9 5.7 5.9 75.3 39,390 H Postsecondary vocational award
Bus drivers, school 453.6 481.5 27.9 6.2 1.3 107.1 26,600 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bus drivers, transit and intercity 193.9 209.9 16 8.3 1.2 49.9 33,940 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Business operation specialists, all
other 1,091.10 1,217.00 125.9 11.5 0.6 368.3 59,920 VH Bachelor's degree
Butchers and meat cutters 129.1 131 1.9 1.5 0.6 43.3 28,290 L Long-term on-the-job training
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 131.7 143.7 11.9 9.1 12.6 41.6 28,980 L Long-term on-the-job training
Camera and photographic equipment
repairers 4.6 3.9 -0.7 -15.4 16.4 1.3 34,300 H Long-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Camera operators, television, video,
and motion picture 26.3 28.8 2.4 9.2 26.2 8.9 41,670 H Bachelor's degree
Captains, mates, and pilots of water
vessels 33.1 38.8 5.7 17.3 7.2 19.5 61,960 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Cardiovascular technologists and
Cargo and freight agents 85.9 106.5 20.6 23.9 0.3 40.3 37,270 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Carpenters 1,284.90 1,450.30 165.4 12.9 32 325.4 38,940 H Long-term on-the-job training
Carpet installers 51.1 50.5 -0.6 -1.1 35 13.3 37,030 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cartographers and
photogrammetrists 12.3 15.6 3.3 26.8 2.5 6.4 51,180 H Bachelor's degree
Cashiers, except gaming 3,550.00 3,675.50 125.5 3.5 1 1,719.90 17,660 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Cement masons and concrete
finishers 201 226.8 25.9 12.9 4.7 76.4 35,080 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cementing and gluing machine
operators and tenders 19.8 17.5 -2.3 -11.4 3.2 4.8 27,510 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Chefs and head cooks 108.3 108.5 0.2 0.2 7.6 10.8 38,770 H Work experience in a related occupation
Chemical engineers 31.7 31 -0.6 -2.1 1.3 7.8 84,680 VH Bachelor's degree
Chemical equipment operators and
tenders 53 46.6 -6.4 -12.1 0.1 4.4 45,260 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Chemical plant and system operators 45.1 35.8 -9.3 -20.6 0.7 10.4 52,480 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Chemical technicians 66.1 65.5 -0.5 -0.8 0 13.3 42,120 H Associate degree
Chemists 84.3 86.4 2.1 2.5 0.3 30 66,230 VH Bachelor's degree
Chief executives 400.4 394.9 -5.5 -1.4 21.6 112.5 158,560 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Child care workers 1,301.90 1,443.90 142.1 10.9 32.4 523.1 18,970 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Child, family, and school social
workers 292.6 328.7 36.1 12.3 2.2 109.6 39,530 H Bachelor's degree
Chiropractors 49.1 58.7 9.6 19.5 44.5 18.2 66,490 VH First professional degree
Choreographers 16.2 17 0.9 5.3 14.2 8.3 38,520 H Work experience in a related occupation

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Civil engineering technicians 91.7 107.2 15.5 16.9 0.7 32.8 44,290 H Associate degree
Civil engineers 278.4 345.9 67.6 24.3 4.3 114.6 74,600 VH Bachelor's degree
Claims adjusters, examiners, and
investigators 294.6 315.5 20.9 7.1 1.6 95.6 55,760 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 348.9 352.5 3.6 1 6.5 127.7 19,450 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Cleaning, washing, and metal
pickling equipment operators and
tenders 18 17.4 -0.6 -3.5 0 3.7 23,980 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Clergy 670.1 755.2 85.1 12.7 0.1 217.7 41,730 H Master's degree
Clinical, counseling, and school
psychologists 152 168.8 16.8 11.1 34.1 59.9 64,140 VH Doctoral degree
Coaches and scouts 225.7 281.7 56 24.8 16.2 99.2 28,340 L Long-term on-the-job training
Coating, painting, and spraying
machine setters, operators, and
tenders 107.8 111.3 3.5 3.3 5.7 31.8 28,400 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 22.1 16.5 -5.6 -25.2 0.4 3.4 27,730 L Short-term on-the-job training
Coin, vending, and amusement
machine servicers and repairers 43.8 46.9 3.1 7 7.7 17.7 29,930 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Combined food preparation and

serving workers, including fast food 2,701.70 3,096.00 394.3 14.6 0.1 967.2 16,430 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Commercial and industrial designers 44.3 48.3 4 9 26.7 17.6 57,350 VH Bachelor's degree
Commercial divers 2.4 2.5 0.1 5.8 0 0.5 46,340 H Postsecondary vocational award
Commercial pilots 39.2 46.5 7.3 18.5 12 20.6 65,340 VH Postsecondary vocational award
Commercial pilots 39.2 46.5 7.3 18.5 12 20.6 65,340 VH Postsecondary vocational award
Community and social service
specialists, all other 115.8 134 18.2 15.7 0.3 42.7 37,670 H Bachelor's degree
Community and social service
specialists, all other 115.8 134 18.2 15.7 0.3 42.7 37,670 H Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Compensation and benefits
managers 40.5 43.9 3.4 8.5 0.6 12.1 86,500 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Compensation and benefits
managers 40.5 43.9 3.4 8.5 0.6 12.1 86,500 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Compensation, benefits, and job
analysis specialists 121.9 150.6 28.7 23.6 1.6 60.5 53,860 VH Bachelor's degree
Compensation, benefits, and job
analysis specialists 121.9 150.6 28.7 23.6 1.6 60.5 53,860 VH Bachelor's degree
Compliance officers, except
agriculture, construction, health and
safety, and transportation 260.2 341 80.8 31.1 1.4 108.5 48,890 H Long-term on-the-job training
Compliance officers, except
agriculture, construction, health and
safety, and transportation 260.2 341 80.8 31.1 1.4 108.5 48,890 H Long-term on-the-job training
Computer and information scientists,
research 28.9 35.9 7 24.2 4.6 13.2 97,970 VH Doctoral degree
Computer and information scientists,
research 28.9 35.9 7 24.2 4.6 13.2 97,970 VH Doctoral degree
Computer and information systems
managers 293 342.5 49.5 16.9 3.3 97.1 112,210 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Computer and information systems
managers 293 342.5 49.5 16.9 3.3 97.1 112,210 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Computer hardware engineers 74.7 77.5 2.8 3.8 1.3 23.5 97,400 VH Bachelor's degree
Computer hardware engineers 74.7 77.5 2.8 3.8 1.3 23.5 97,400 VH Bachelor's degree
Computer operators 110 89.5 -20.5 -18.6 0 12.4 35,600 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Computer operators 110 89.5 -20.5 -18.6 0 12.4 35,600 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Computer programmers 426.7 414.4 -12.3 -2.9 5.5 80.3 69,620 VH Bachelor's degree
Computer programmers 426.7 414.4 -12.3 -2.9 5.5 80.3 69,620 VH Bachelor's degree
Computer software engineers,
applications 514.8 689.9 175.1 34 2.7 218.4 85,430 VH Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

applications 514.8 689.9 175.1 34 2.7 218.4 85,430 VH Bachelor's degree
systems software 394.8 515 120.2 30.4 2.7 153.4 92,430 VH Bachelor's degree
systems software 394.8 515 120.2 30.4 2.7 153.4 92,430 VH Bachelor's degree
Computer support specialists 565.7 643.7 78 13.8 1.2 234.6 43,450 H Associate degree
Computer support specialists 565.7 643.7 78 13.8 1.2 234.6 43,450 H Associate degree
Computer systems analysts 532.2 640.3 108.1 20.3 5.7 222.8 75,500 VH Bachelor's degree
Computer, automated teller, and
office machine repairers 152.9 146.2 -6.7 -4.4 19.8 26.3 37,810 H Postsecondary vocational award
Computer-controlled machine tool
operators, metal and plastic 141 150.3 9.3 6.6 0 36.9 33,330 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Concierges 20.8 23.7 2.8 13.7 1.2 8.2 27,180 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Conservation scientists 18.3 20.5 2.2 11.9 1.8 4.1 58,720 VH Bachelor's degree
Construction and building inspectors 106.4 124.2 17.9 16.8 7.5 39.7 50,180 H Work experience in a related occupation
Construction and related workers, all
other 59.7 66.3 6.6 11.1 8.5 26.6 32,550 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Construction laborers 1,248.70 1,504.60 255.9 20.5 21.3 339.4 28,520 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Construction managers 551 645.8 94.8 17.2 60.9 137.7 79,860 VH Bachelor's degree
Continuous mining machine
operators 11.2 10.6 -0.6 -5.5 0.3 1.9 45,940 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Control and valve installers and
repairers, except mechanical door 44.5 43.9 -0.6 -1.3 0.4 6.8 47,040 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Conveyor operators and tenders 41 37.2 -3.8 -9.3 0 11.9 29,010 L Short-term on-the-job training
Cooks, all other 18 20.9 2.9 16.3 1.4 7.5 23,060 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cooks, fast food 566 608.4 42.4 7.5 1.4 187.2 16,880 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Cooks, institution and cafeteria 391.8 429.7 37.9 9.7 1.4 138.1 22,210 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cooks, private household 4.9 5.1 0.2 4.3 0.3 1.5 24,070 L Long-term on-the-job training
Cooks, restaurant 914.2 984.4 70.3 7.7 1.4 304.2 21,990 L Long-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Cooks, restaurant 914.2 984.4 70.3 7.7 1.4 304.2 21,990 L Long-term on-the-job training
Cooks, short order 171.4 171.5 0.1 0.1 1.4 43.9 19,260 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Cooks, short order 171.4 171.5 0.1 0.1 1.4 43.9 19,260 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Cooling and freezing equipment
operators and tenders 9.9 9.9 0 -0.4 0 2 25,060 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cooling and freezing equipment
operators and tenders 9.9 9.9 0 -0.4 0 2 25,060 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Correctional officers and jailers 454.5 497.5 42.9 9.4 0 143.6 38,380 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Correctional officers and jailers 454.5 497.5 42.9 9.4 0 143.6 38,380 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Correspondence clerks 14.2 12.2 -1.9 -13.8 0 4 30,630 L Short-term on-the-job training
Correspondence clerks 14.2 12.2 -1.9 -13.8 0 4 30,630 L Short-term on-the-job training
Cost estimators 217.8 272.9 55.2 25.3 2 103.6 56,510 VH Bachelor's degree
Cost estimators 217.8 272.9 55.2 25.3 2 103.6 56,510 VH Bachelor's degree
Costume attendants 5.1 5.8 0.7 13.8 0.6 3.3 26,250 L Short-term on-the-job training
Costume attendants 5.1 5.8 0.7 13.8 0.6 3.3 26,250 L Short-term on-the-job training
Counselors, all other 33.4 37.8 4.4 13.1 5.9 11.1 39,930 H Master's degree
Counselors, all other 33.4 37.8 4.4 13.1 5.9 11.1 39,930 H Master's degree
Counter and rental clerks 448.2 461.9 13.7 3.1 0.9 133.5 20,900 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Counter and rental clerks 448.2 461.9 13.7 3.1 0.9 133.5 20,900 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food
concession, and coffee shop 525.4 574.4 49 9.3 0.2 434.9 17,520 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food
concession, and coffee shop 525.4 574.4 49 9.3 0.2 434.9 17,520 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Couriers and messengers 122.4 122 -0.4 -0.3 18.3 28.1 23,330 L Short-term on-the-job training
Couriers and messengers 122.4 122 -0.4 -0.3 18.3 28.1 23,330 L Short-term on-the-job training
Court reporters 21.5 25.4 3.9 18.3 14 7.1 49,710 H Postsecondary vocational award
Court reporters 21.5 25.4 3.9 18.3 14 7.1 49,710 H Postsecondary vocational award
Court, municipal, and license clerks 122.1 132.1 10 8.2 1.5 44.6 33,200 H Short-term on-the-job training
Court, municipal, and license clerks 122.1 132.1 10 8.2 1.5 44.6 33,200 H Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Craft artists 13.6 14.6 1 7.2 60.4 4 29,080 L Long-term on-the-job training
Craft artists 13.6 14.6 1 7.2 60.4 4 29,080 L Long-term on-the-job training
Crane and tower operators 43.9 40.9 -3 -6.8 0.5 10.2 41,870 H Long-term on-the-job training
Crane and tower operators 43.9 40.9 -3 -6.8 0.5 10.2 41,870 H Long-term on-the-job training
Credit analysts 73.2 84.2 11 15 0 24.3 55,250 VH Bachelor's degree
Credit analysts 73.2 84.2 11 15 0 24.3 55,250 VH Bachelor's degree
Credit authorizers, checkers, and
clerks 63.8 65.6 1.8 2.8 0.6 19.9 30,390 L Short-term on-the-job training
Credit authorizers, checkers, and
clerks 63.8 65.6 1.8 2.8 0.6 19.9 30,390 L Short-term on-the-job training
Crossing guards 69.9 76.5 6.6 9.5 0.2 25.6 22,790 L Short-term on-the-job training
Crossing guards 69.9 76.5 6.6 9.5 0.2 25.6 22,790 L Short-term on-the-job training
Crushing, grinding, and polishing
tenders 41.2 40.6 -0.6 -1.4 1.4 7 29,910 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Crushing, grinding, and polishing
tenders 41.2 40.6 -0.6 -1.4 1.4 7 29,910 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Curators 11.7 14.4 2.7 23 1.9 6.2 47,220 H Master's degree
Curators 11.7 14.4 2.7 23 1.9 6.2 47,220 H Master's degree
Customer service representatives 2,252.40 2,651.90 399.5 17.7 0.4 1,108.40 29,860 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Customer service representatives 2,252.40 2,651.90 399.5 17.7 0.4 1,108.40 29,860 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cutters and trimmers, hand 24.2 21 -3.2 -13.1 0.8 5.2 23,670 L Short-term on-the-job training
Cutting and slicing machine setters,
operators, and tenders 75.2 71.6 -3.6 -4.8 0.8 16.1 28,800 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Cutting, punching, and press
tenders, metal and plastic 236.8 203.5 -33.3 -14.1 0 46.8 28,160 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Dancers 13 13.9 0.9 6.8 14.5 6.9 n.a n.a. Long-term on-the-job training
Data entry keyers 284.3 266.9 -17.4 -6.1 2.4 59.2 26,120 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Database administrators 120.4 144.7 24.4 20.3 0.6 44.4 69,740 VH Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Demonstrators and product
promoters 102.8 110.1 7.3 7.1 19.4 36.9 23,260 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Dental assistants 295.3 400.9 105.6 35.8 0 161 32,380 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Dental hygienists 174.1 237 62.9 36.1 0.1 98.4 66,570 VH Associate degree
Dental laboratory technicians 46 52.4 6.4 13.9 6.2 15.3 34,170 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Dentists, all other specialists 6.9 7.9 1 14.7 27.1 2.9 137,970 VH First professional degree
Dentists, general 120.2 138.6 18.4 15.3 28 51.8 142,870 VH First professional degree
Derrick operators, oil and gas 25 19.3 -5.8 -23 0.1 4.3 41,920 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Designers, all other 15 16.5 1.5 9.7 26.6 6.1 43,830 H Bachelor's degree
Desktop publishers 26.4 20.4 -5.9 -22.5 0 4.4 36,600 H Postsecondary vocational award
Detectives and criminal investigators 112.2 130.9 18.7 16.6 1.1 41.6 60,910 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Diagnostic medical sonographers 50.3 59.5 9.2 18.3 0.8 16.5 61,980 VH Associate degree
Dietetic technicians 25.2 28.7 3.5 13.9 0.2 9.9 26,080 L Postsecondary vocational award
Dietitians and nutritionists 60.3 65.8 5.6 9.2 8.8 25.7 50,590 H Bachelor's degree
Dining room and cafeteria attendants
and bartender helpers 420.7 444 23.3 5.6 0 205.7 16,740 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Directors, religious activities and
education 80.4 90.6 10.2 12.6 0 26.4 36,100 H Bachelor's degree
Dishwashers 522.9 583.4 60.4 11.6 0.1 275.7 17,040 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance 195.7 190.7 -5 -2.6 2 40.3 33,850 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Door-to-door sales workers, news
and street vendors, and related
workers 181.6 154.7 -26.9 -14.8 94.7 33.1 20,990 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Drafters, all other 21.2 21.7 0.5 2.3 2.9 5.1 44,930 H Postsecondary vocational award
Dredge operators 2.2 2.4 0.2 7 15.7 0.8 34,740 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Drilling and boring machine tool
setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic 33 24.2 -8.9 -26.9 0.1 2.7 30,850 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Driver/sales workers 406.4 424.1 17.7 4.4 8.2 90.4 22,260 L Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Drywall and ceiling tile installers 151.3 171.7 20.5 13.5 18.8 37 37,700 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Earth drillers, except oil and gas 23.3 25 1.7 7.2 14.1 5.7 38,240 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Economists 14.6 15.5 0.9 5.8 7.9 5 83,590 VH Master's degree
Editors 129.6 129.2 -0.4 -0.3 12.1 33.9 49,990 H Bachelor's degree
Education administrators, all other 31.4 38.9 7.5 23.9 4.4 16.9 71,630 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Education administrators,
elementary and secondary school 230.6 250.4 19.8 8.6 4.7 88.8 83,880 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Education administrators,
postsecondary 124.6 127.4 2.8 2.3 3.9 40.1 80,670 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Education administrators, preschool

and child care center/program 58.9 65.8 6.9 11.8 4.2 24.6 39,940 H Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Education, training, and library
workers, all other 113.3 131.2 17.9 15.8 2.8 42.9 35,510 H Bachelor's degree
Educational, vocational, and school
counselors 275.8 314.4 38.6 14 5.8 94.4 51,050 H Master's degree
Electric motor, power tool, and
related repairers 23.7 24.9 1.2 5.1 2.1 9.4 35,280 H Postsecondary vocational award
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians 164 160.4 -3.6 -2.2 0.7 31 53,240 VH Associate degree
Electrical and electronic equipment
assemblers 213.3 182 -31.3 -14.7 0.4 32.9 27,490 L Short-term on-the-job training
Electrical and electronics drafters 33.6 33.9 0.3 0.8 2.9 7.5 51,320 H Postsecondary vocational award
Electrical and electronics installers
and repairers, transportation
equipment 16.1 16.7 0.7 4.1 0 3.4 44,450 H Postsecondary vocational award
Electrical and electronics repairers,
commercial and industrial
equipment 78 81 2.9 3.8 0 16.4 48,430 H Postsecondary vocational award

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
Electrical and electronics repairers,

powerhouse, substation, and relay 23.4 26.1 2.7 11.5 0 6.7 61,040 VH Postsecondary vocational award
Electrical engineers 157.8 160.5 2.7 1.7 1.6 38.9 82,160 VH Bachelor's degree
Electrical power-line installers and
repairers 113.9 119 5.1 4.5 1.4 45.5 55,100 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Electricians 694.9 777.9 83 11.9 9.3 250.9 46,420 H Long-term on-the-job training
Electromechanical equipment
assemblers 62.1 55.7 -6.4 -10.3 0.4 9.6 29,360 L Short-term on-the-job training
Electro-mechanical technicians 16.4 15.6 -0.8 -4.9 0.7 3.1 46,310 H Associate degree
Electronic equipment installers and
repairers, motor vehicles 19.7 19.7 0 0.2 0.4 3.4 27,640 L Postsecondary vocational award
Electronic home entertainment
equipment installers and repairers 51.2 56.8 5.5 10.8 25.8 14.3 32,080 L Postsecondary vocational award
Electronics engineers, except
computer 143.7 144.1 0.4 0.3 1.6 33.4 86,370 VH Bachelor's degree
Elementary school teachers, except
special education 1,549.50 1,793.70 244.2 15.8 0 596.5 49,330 H Bachelor's degree
Elevator installers and repairers 24.9 27.1 2.3 9.2 0.1 9.2 69,380 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Eligibility interviewers, government
programs 119.5 130.5 11 9.2 0 38.8 39,310 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Embalmers 8.5 8.9 0.4 5.2 2.5 4.5 38,100 H Postsecondary vocational award
Emergency management specialists 12.8 15.6 2.8 21.7 0.6 5.6 50,460 H Work experience in a related occupation
Emergency medical technicians and
paramedics 210.7 229.7 19 9 0.4 62 29,330 L Postsecondary vocational award
Employment, recruitment, and
placement specialists 207.9 265.9 58 27.9 1.6 112.3 45,470 H Bachelor's degree
Engine and other machine
assemblers 39.9 36.7 -3.2 -8 3.2 8.4 32,660 H Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
Engineering managers 184 195.4 11.3 6.2 0.6 48.7 115,270 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Engineering technicians, except
drafters, all other 76.6 80.6 4 5.2 0.7 18.5 56,850 VH Associate degree
Entertainment attendants and related
workers, all other 44.1 53.3 9.2 20.9 0.6 32.1 19,540 VL Moderate-term on-the-job training
Environmental engineering
Environmental engineers 54.3 70.9 16.6 30.6 0.6 27.9 74,020 VH Bachelor's degree
Environmental science and
protection technicians, including
health 35 45.2 10.1 28.9 1.7 25.2 40,230 H Associate degree
Environmental scientists and
specialists, including health 85.9 109.8 23.9 27.9 2.4 48.4 59,750 VH Master's degree
Epidemiologists 4.8 5.5 0.7 15.1 2.5 1.7 61,360 VH Master's degree
Etchers and engravers 12 12 0 0 12.1 0.7 27,500 L Long-term on-the-job training
Excavating and loading machine and
dragline operators 75.7 82.1 6.5 8.6 15.9 28.5 35,200 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Executive secretaries and
administrative assistants 1,594.40 1,798.80 204.4 12.8 1.3 419.2 40,030 H Work experience in a related occupation
Explosives workers, ordnance
handling experts, and blasters 6.3 6.5 0.2 4 0 1.3 41,960 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Extraction workers, all other 8.4 7.8 -0.6 -7.3 4.6 1.4 38,450 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Extruding and drawing machine
and plastic 90.7 86 -4.7 -5.2 0 17.8 29,760 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Extruding and forming machine
setters, operators, and tenders,
synthetic and glass fibers 14.1 9.3 -4.8 -33.9 0 1.5 31,160 L Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Extruding, forming, pressing, and
compacting machine setters,
operators, and tenders 83.3 95.8 12.5 15 0 29.6 28,960 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Fabric and apparel patternmakers 8.2 6 -2.2 -27.2 12 0.9 37,760 H Long-term on-the-job training
Fabric menders, except garment 1.1 0.8 -0.3 -29.8 17.9 0.2 28,470 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Fallers 11 10.7 -0.3 -2.9 31.1 3 30,490 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Farm and home management
advisors 13.1 13.2 0.2 1.2 2.6 3 41,530 H Bachelor's degree
Farm equipment mechanics 31.2 33.4 2.1 6.9 6 8.1 31,860 L Long-term on-the-job training
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural
managers 248.1 262.7 14.6 5.9 0 64.9 56,230 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Farmers and ranchers 985.9 906.7 -79.2 -8 100 60.3 33,550 H Long-term on-the-job training
Fashion designers 22.7 22.9 0.2 0.8 26.8 7.2 61,160 VH Associate degree
Fence erectors 33.6 38.2 4.6 13.6 26.7 8.3 28,050 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators 30.3 28.9 -1.4 -4.6 1.4 6.8 28,030 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
File clerks 212.2 162.6 -49.6 -23.4 1.7 51.6 23,800 L Short-term on-the-job training
Film and video editors 25.5 28.6 3 11.9 26.3 9.3 50,560 H Bachelor's degree
Financial analysts 250.6 300.3 49.6 19.8 4.6 95.2 73,150 VH Bachelor's degree
Financial examiners 27 38.1 11.1 41.2 0 16 70,930 VH Bachelor's degree
Financial managers 539.3 580.5 41.2 7.7 5.3 138.2 99,330 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Fine artists, including painters,
sculptors, and illustrators 23.6 25.7 2.1 9 59.9 7.4 42,650 H Long-term on-the-job training
Fire fighters 310.4 367.9 57.5 18.5 0.2 152.8 44,260 H Long-term on-the-job training
Fire inspectors and investigators 14.7 16.1 1.4 9.3 0 5.4 53,030 VH Work experience in a related occupation
First-line supervisors/managers of
construction trades and extraction
workers 698.1 805.3 107.3 15.4 19 242.2 58,140 VH Work experience in a related occupation
correctional officers 43.5 47.2 3.7 8.5 0 19.4 57,380 VH Work experience in a related occupation

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
fire fighting and prevention workers 55.2 59.7 4.5 8.2 0 32.5 67,440 VH Work experience in a related occupation
food preparation and serving
workers 833.3 888.5 55.1 6.6 3.2 134.4 28,970 L Work experience in a related occupation
helpers, laborers, and material
movers, hand 183.5 190.2 6.7 3.6 0.8 38.5 41,970 H Work experience in a related occupation
housekeeping and janitorial workers 251.1 263.9 12.8 5.1 23.3 38.9 33,980 H Work experience in a related occupation
landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers 217.9 250.3 32.4 14.9 50.4 56 39,920 H Work experience in a related occupation
mechanics, installers, and repairers 448.5 467.6 19.1 4.3 0.4 136.5 57,300 VH Work experience in a related occupation
non-retail sales workers 506.8 531.2 24.4 4.8 45.6 129.5 68,100 VH Work experience in a related occupation
office and administrative support
workers 1,457.20 1,617.50 160.3 11 1.4 489 45,790 H Work experience in a related occupation
personal service workers 213.2 245.9 32.7 15.4 37.8 90.8 34,910 H Work experience in a related occupation
police and detectives 97.3 105.2 7.8 8.1 0 50.5 75,490 VH Work experience in a related occupation
production and operating workers 681.2 645.5 -35.7 -5.2 4.6 91.9 50,440 H Work experience in a related occupation
retail sales workers 1,685.50 1,773.90 88.4 5.3 30.6 450.1 35,310 H Work experience in a related occupation

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
transportation and material-moving
machine and vehicle operators 217.6 209.5 -8.1 -3.7 0.8 37.7 51,320 H Work experience in a related occupation
Fish and game wardens 8.3 9 0.7 8.3 0 2.7 48,930 H Associate degree
Fishers and related fishing workers 35.6 32.9 -2.7 -7.7 55.5 9.2 27,950 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Fitness trainers and aerobics
instructors 261.1 337.9 76.8 29.4 9.2 123.8 29,210 L Postsecondary vocational award
Flight attendants 98.7 106.7 8 8.1 0 30.1 35,930 H Long-term on-the-job training
Floor layers, except carpet, wood,
and hard tiles 21.2 21 -0.2 -1 35 5.5 36,410 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Floor sanders and finishers 12.2 13.6 1.4 11.3 35.1 4.6 32,050 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Floral designers 76.1 74.2 -1.9 -2.5 27.1 23.4 23,230 L Short-term on-the-job training
Food and tobacco roasting, baking,
and drying machine operators and
tenders 18.1 18.2 0.1 0.3 3.7 5.3 26,640 L Short-term on-the-job training
Food batchmakers 100.5 109.2 8.8 8.7 1.7 32.9 24,170 L Short-term on-the-job training
Food cooking machine operators and
tenders 39.3 40.8 1.5 3.8 0 12.8 22,880 L Short-term on-the-job training
Food preparation and serving related
workers, all other 50.9 50 -0.9 -1.7 0 25.6 19,530 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Food preparation workers 891.9 929.6 37.8 4.2 0.5 357 18,630 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Food scientists and technologists 13.4 15.6 2.2 16.3 12.5 6.9 59,520 VH Bachelor's degree
Food servers, nonrestaurant 189.8 209.1 19.3 10.2 0.3 51.8 19,380 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Food service managers 338.7 356.7 18 5.3 42 83.7 46,320 H Work experience in a related occupation
Forensic science technicians 12.8 15.3 2.5 19.6 1.7 8 49,860 H Bachelor's degree
Forest and conservation technicians 34 36.9 2.9 8.6 1.6 17.5 32,000 L Associate degree
Forest and conservation workers 12.9 14 1.1 8.5 1.2 4.5 22,850 L Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Forest fire inspectors and prevention
specialists 1.8 2 0.2 8.4 0 0.7 31,380 L Work experience in a related occupation
Foresters 11.5 12.9 1.4 12.1 1.8 2.6 53,750 VH Bachelor's degree
Forging machine setters, operators,

and tenders, metal and plastic 28.1 22.6 -5.5 -19.5 0 5.5 31,000 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Foundry mold and coremakers 15 13.2 -1.8 -12 0.7 3.1 29,400 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Funeral attendants 34.5 43.6 9.1 26.2 2.5 25.5 22,110 L Short-term on-the-job training
Funeral directors 30 33.6 3.6 11.9 12.8 9.6 52,210 VH Associate degree
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle
operators and tenders 24.5 22.8 -1.7 -7 8.3 2.5 31,840 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Furniture finishers 26.5 27.7 1.2 4.5 21.8 7.2 26,890 L Long-term on-the-job training
Gaming and sports book writers and
runners 16.2 18.3 2.1 13.2 0.9 9 19,690 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Gaming cage workers 16.9 15.1 -1.8 -10.4 0 3.2 24,890 L Short-term on-the-job training
Gaming change persons and booth
cashiers 22.3 20 -2.3 -10.4 1 10 21,980 L Short-term on-the-job training
Gaming dealers 91.1 108.4 17.3 19 0.9 55.9 16,310 VL Postsecondary vocational award
Gaming managers 6.2 6.9 0.7 11.8 38.6 2 68,290 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Gaming service workers, all other 14.1 15.7 1.6 11.7 0.8 7.6 24,090 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Gaming supervisors 40.9 45.7 4.8 11.8 36.6 14.1 45,500 H Work experience in a related occupation
Gaming surveillance officers and
gaming investigators 9.3 10.4 1.1 11.7 1.3 3 28,850 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Gas compressor and gas pumping
station operators 4.3 3.4 -0.9 -20.6 0.6 1.2 44,610 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Gas plant operators 14.9 14.3 -0.6 -4.2 0.7 3.4 55,760 VH Long-term on-the-job training
General and operations managers 1,733.10 1,730.80 -2.3 -0.1 0.9 502.2 91,570 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Geographers 1.3 1.6 0.3 26.2 1.5 1 66,600 VH Master's degree
Geological and petroleum
technicians 15.2 15.4 0.2 1.5 0 5.5 53,360 VH Associate degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Geoscientists, except hydrologists
and geographers 33.6 39.4 5.9 17.5 2.4 15.4 79,160 VH Master's degree
Glaziers 54.1 58.3 4.2 7.7 7.4 23.9 35,580 H Long-term on-the-job training
Graders and sorters, agricultural
products 33.4 33.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 6.9 18,850 VL Work experience in a related occupation
Graphic designers 286.1 323.1 36.9 12.9 26.3 124.8 42,400 H Bachelor's degree
Grinding and polishing workers,
hand 40.1 43.2 3.1 7.6 1.4 9.9 25,710 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and
buffing machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic 92.7 77.9 -14.8 -15.9 2.4 13.6 29,460 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Grounds maintenance workers, all
other 21.1 23.6 2.5 11.8 21.5 5 22,390 L Short-term on-the-job training
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and
cosmetologists 630.7 757.7 127 20.1 43.5 219.5 23,140 L Postsecondary vocational award
Hazardous materials removal
workers 42.5 48.8 6.3 14.8 0.1 17.8 37,310 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Health and safety engineers, except
mining safety engineers and
inspectors 25.7 28.3 2.6 10.3 0.7 9.2 72,490 VH Bachelor's degree
Health diagnosing and treating
practitioners, all other 49 55.4 6.4 13 25.4 15.3 65,880 VH Bachelor's degree
Health educators 66.2 78.2 12 18.2 0.3 26 44,000 H Bachelor's degree
Healthcare practitioners and
technical workers, all other 59 68.4 9.4 15.9 0.7 29.1 43,630 H Bachelor's degree
Healthcare technologists and
technicians, all other 81.8 97.1 15.3 18.7 5.7 32 37,950 H Postsecondary vocational award
Heat treating equipment setters,
plastic 23.2 20.7 -2.5 -10.6 0 10.5 32,030 L Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Heating, air conditioning, and
refrigeration mechanics and
installers 308.2 394.8 86.6 28.1 15.5 136.2 39,680 H Postsecondary vocational award
Helpers-Brickmasons, blockmasons,
stonemasons, and tile and marble
setters 50.8 59.1 8.3 16.4 2.2 18.9 27,440 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Carpenters 79.8 98.5 18.6 23.3 2.1 35.3 25,390 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Electricians 105.6 131.6 26 24.7 2.1 48 26,390 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Extraction workers 26.2 21.2 -5 -19.2 0 4.5 32,730 H Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Installation, maintenance,
and repair workers 150.9 163.5 12.6 8.3 0.6 85 23,830 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Painters, paperhangers,
plasterers, and stucco masons 19.4 18.7 -0.7 -3.4 2.1 4 23,360 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Pipelayers, plumbers,
pipefitters, and steamfitters 80.3 100.9 20.6 25.7 2.1 37.3 26,480 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Production workers 484 483.7 -0.3 -0.1 0 84.6 21,790 L Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers-Roofers 18.7 16.9 -1.8 -9.4 2.1 3.9 23,870 L Short-term on-the-job training
Highway maintenance workers 145.9 158.3 12.4 8.5 2.6 52 34,000 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Historians 4.1 4.5 0.5 11.5 1.5 2.5 54,530 VH Master's degree
Hoist and winch operators 2.8 2.6 -0.2 -8 1.5 0.8 36,400 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Home appliance repairers 49.6 50.6 1.1 2.2 26.8 8.7 33,910 H Long-term on-the-job training
Home health aides 921.7 1,382.60 460.9 50 1.8 552.7 20,460 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant,
lounge, and coffee shop 350.7 373.4 22.8 6.5 0.2 266.8 17,510 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 230.2 261.7 31.5 13.7 0 109.5 19,480 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Human resources assistants, except
payroll and timekeeping 169.7 160 -9.7 -5.7 0.1 48.1 35,750 H Short-term on-the-job training
Human resources, training, and labor

relations specialists, all other 224.6 271.9 47.2 21 1.6 105.9 55,710 VH Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Hydrologists 8.1 9.6 1.5 18.3 2.4 3.8 71,450 VH Master's degree
Industrial engineering technicians 72.6 77.4 4.8 6.6 0.7 18.5 47,180 H Associate degree
Industrial engineers 214.8 245.3 30.6 14.2 0.7 85.4 73,820 VH Bachelor's degree
Industrial machinery mechanics 287.7 308.6 20.9 7.3 2.2 62.4 43,670 H Long-term on-the-job training
Industrial production managers 156.1 144.1 -11.9 -7.7 1.3 54.7 83,290 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Industrial truck and tractor operators 610.3 627 16.7 2.7 0.2 198.6 29,070 L Short-term on-the-job training
Industrial-organizational
psychologists 2.3 2.9 0.6 26.3 33.6 1.3 77,010 VH Master's degree
Information and record clerks, all
other 226.9 200.1 -26.7 -11.8 0.5 64.3 33,600 H Short-term on-the-job training
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers,
and weighers 464.7 447.8 -16.9 -3.6 1.3 77.9 31,240 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Installation, maintenance, and repair
workers, all other 169.9 185.5 15.6 9.2 17.4 41.8 34,240 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Instructional coordinators 133.9 165 31.1 23.2 2.9 60.6 56,880 VH Master's degree
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling,
and wall 27.6 31.7 4.2 15.2 1.5 13.2 31,900 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Insulation workers, mechanical 29.8 35.5 5.8 19.4 1.5 15.5 37,340 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Insurance appraisers, auto damage 11.7 11.7 0.1 0.5 1.6 3 53,440 VH Postsecondary vocational award
Insurance claims and policy
processing clerks 253.8 254.4 0.7 0.3 0.9 33.8 33,100 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Insurance sales agents 434.8 486.4 51.6 11.9 22.4 152.6 45,430 H Postsecondary vocational award
Insurance underwriters 102.9 98.7 -4.3 -4.1 0 30 56,790 VH Bachelor's degree
Interior designers 71.7 85.6 13.9 19.4 26.7 35.9 44,950 H Associate degree
Interpreters and translators 50.9 62.2 11.3 22.2 26.1 23.4 38,850 H Long-term on-the-job training
Interviewers, except eligibility and
loan 233.4 269.9 36.4 15.6 0.6 92.1 28,140 L Short-term on-the-job training
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners 2,375.30 2,479.40 104.1 4.4 5.6 553 21,450 VL Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Jewelers and precious stone and
metal workers 52.1 54.8 2.8 5.3 53.6 13.5 32,940 H Postsecondary vocational award
Job printers 45.7 42.2 -3.5 -7.6 8 1.7 33,710 H Long-term on-the-job training
Judges, magistrate judges, and
magistrates 26.9 26.2 -0.7 -2.6 0 5 110,220 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Kindergarten teachers, except special
education 179.5 206.5 27 15 1.6 63 47,100 H Bachelor's degree
Laborers and freight, stock, and
material movers, hand 2,317.30 2,298.60 -18.7 -0.8 1.1 745.8 22,660 L Short-term on-the-job training
Landscape architects 26.7 32 5.3 19.7 21.3 9.8 58,960 VH Bachelor's degree
Landscaping and groundskeeping
workers 1,205.80 1,422.90 217.1 18 22 362.2 23,150 L Short-term on-the-job training
Lathe and turning machine tool
and plastic 55.7 40.8 -14.9 -26.7 0 9.1 32,940 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 235.4 242 6.6 2.8 5.9 47.6 19,010 VL Moderate-term on-the-job training
Law clerks 37.7 42.9 5.2 13.9 14 10.8 37,130 H Bachelor's degree
Lawyers 759.2 857.7 98.5 13 26.2 240.4 110,590 VH First professional degree
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic 8.3 7.3 -1 -11.6 0 1.6 34,920 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Legal secretaries 262.6 311 48.4 18.4 1.4 83.8 39,860 H Associate degree
Legal support workers, all other 48.1 53.4 5.3 11.1 13.7 12.4 50,250 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Legislators 67.6 68.1 0.5 0.7 0 19.7 16,920 VL Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Librarians 159.9 172.4 12.5 7.8 0.3 54.5 52,530 VH Master's degree
Library assistants, clerical 122 135.5 13.5 11.1 0 64.2 22,630 L Short-term on-the-job training
Library technicians 120.6 131.2 10.6 8.8 0 64.7 28,820 L Postsecondary vocational award
Licensed practical and licensed
vocational nurses 753.6 909.2 155.6 20.7 1.2 391.3 39,030 H Postsecondary vocational award
Life, physical, and social science
technicians, all other 64.7 73.3 8.6 13.3 1.6 36.4 40,050 H Associate degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other
recreational protective service
workers 115.2 128.2 12.9 11.2 0.2 90.8 18,450 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Loading machine operators,
underground mining 4.4 4.1 -0.3 -7.4 15.3 1.3 42,720 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Loan counselors 32.4 37.6 5.3 16.3 3.4 8.8 37,470 H Bachelor's degree
Loan interviewers and clerks 210.4 219.4 9.1 4.3 1 60.9 32,470 H Short-term on-the-job training
Loan officers 327.8 360.9 33 10.1 3.7 68.8 54,700 VH Moderate-term on-the-job training
Locker room, coatroom, and
dressing room attendants 18.5 20.9 2.4 13.2 0.6 12 19,720 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Locksmiths and safe repairers 22.1 24.8 2.7 12 15.8 6.1 34,460 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Locomotive engineers and operators 51.1 56.2 5.1 9.9 0 21.6 46,880 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Lodging managers 59.8 62.6 2.8 4.7 45.2 15.6 45,800 H Work experience in a related occupation
Log graders and scalers 5.5 5.4 -0.1 -1.8 31.5 1.5 32,520 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Logging equipment operators 41.7 44.9 3.2 7.7 31.1 14.4 31,580 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Logging workers, all other 8 9.1 1.1 13.5 31.1 3.2 33,190 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Logisticians 100.4 120 19.6 19.6 0 41.9 66,480 VH Bachelor's degree
Machine feeders and offbearers 140.6 109.5 -31.2 -22.2 0.2 15.9 25,570 L Short-term on-the-job training
Machinists 421.5 402.2 -19.3 -4.6 2 55.6 36,210 H Long-term on-the-job training
Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,498.20 1,583.70 85.6 5.7 7.1 354.4 18,990 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Mail clerks and mail machine
operators, except postal service 141.4 124.8 -16.6 -11.8 0.1 25.6 25,100 L Short-term on-the-job training
Maintenance and repair workers,
general 1,361.30 1,509.20 147.9 10.9 1.1 357.5 33,710 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Maintenance workers, machinery 75.4 78.8 3.4 4.6 1.5 15.1 36,790 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Makeup artists, theatrical and
performance 2.8 3.3 0.5 16.9 32.1 0.9 26,270 L Postsecondary vocational award
Management analysts 746.9 925.2 178.3 23.9 25.8 306.5 73,570 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Manicurists and pedicurists 76 90.2 14.3 18.8 32 25.3 19,670 VL Postsecondary vocational award

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Manufactured building and mobile
home installers 10.3 10.9 0.5 5.2 19.7 1.2 28,250 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Marine engineers and naval
architects 8.5 9 0.5 5.8 14.9 2.3 74,140 VH Bachelor's degree
Market research analysts 249.8 319.9 70.1 28.1 6.8 137.3 61,070 VH Bachelor's degree
Marketing managers 175.6 197.5 21.9 12.5 4.1 59.7 108,580 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Marriage and family therapists 27.3 31.3 3.9 14.5 5.9 9.5 44,590 H Master's degree
Massage therapists 122.4 145.6 23.2 18.9 57.2 39.5 34,900 H Postsecondary vocational award
Material moving workers, all other 41 40 -1 -2.4 0 4.7 32,620 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Materials engineers 24.4 26.6 2.3 9.3 0 8.1 81,820 VH Bachelor's degree
Materials scientists 9.7 10.9 1.2 12 0.3 4.4 80,230 VH Bachelor's degree
Mathematical scientists, all other 6.6 7.8 1.2 17.6 0 3.1 54,990 VH Master's degree
Mathematical technicians 1.2 1.3 0.1 8.5 0 0.5 38,400 H Associate degree
Mathematicians 2.9 3.6 0.7 22.5 0 1.5 95,150 VH Doctoral degree
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and
trimmers 169.6 180.4 10.8 6.4 0.6 65.1 21,810 L Short-term on-the-job training
Mechanical door repairers 17.1 19 1.9 10.9 0.4 4.5 33,500 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Mechanical drafters 78.7 77.8 -0.9 -1.1 2.9 16.9 46,640 H Postsecondary vocational award
Mechanical engineering technicians 46.1 45.5 -0.7 -1.5 0.7 8.7 48,130 H Associate degree
Mechanical engineers 238.7 253.1 14.4 6 2.3 75.7 74,920 VH Bachelor's degree
Medical and clinical laboratory
technicians 155.6 180.7 25 16.1 0.2 54.6 35,380 H Associate degree
Medical and clinical laboratory
technologists 172.4 193 20.5 11.9 0.2 53.3 53,500 VH Bachelor's degree
Medical and health services
managers 283.5 328.8 45.4 16 6 99.4 80,240 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Medical and public health social
workers 138.7 169.8 31.1 22.4 2.2 65.9 45,650 H Bachelor's degree
Medical appliance technicians 13.9 15.4 1.5 10.9 6.2 4.2 34,460 H Long-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Medical assistants 483.6 647.5 163.9 33.9 0 217.8 28,300 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Medical equipment preparers 46.8 52.8 6 12.8 3 11.2 28,410 L Short-term on-the-job training
Medical equipment repairers 41.4 52.6 11.3 27.2 16.4 23.2 41,520 H Associate degree
Medical records and health
information technicians 172.5 207.6 35.1 20.3 0 70.3 30,610 L Associate degree
Medical scientists, except
epidemiologists 109.4 153.6 44.2 40.4 2.5 66.2 72,590 VH Doctoral degree
Medical secretaries 471.1 596.6 125.5 26.6 1.4 189 29,680 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Medical transcriptionists 105.2 116.9 11.7 11.2 17 23.5 32,060 L Postsecondary vocational award
Meeting and convention planners 56.6 65.4 8.8 15.6 5.9 21.4 44,260 H Bachelor's degree
Mental health and substance abuse
social workers 137.3 164.1 26.8 19.5 2.2 61.3 37,210 H Master's degree
Mental health counselors 113.3 140.4 27.2 24 6.1 50.1 36,810 H Master's degree
Merchandise displayers and window
trimmers 85.2 91.2 6 7.1 26.7 32.2 25,940 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Metal-refining furnace operators and
tenders 19.1 17.4 -1.6 -8.6 0 3.7 36,350 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Meter readers, utilities 45.3 36.3 -9.1 -20 0 12.5 32,950 H Short-term on-the-job training
Microbiologists 16.9 18.9 2.1 12.2 2.6 7.5 64,350 VH Doctoral degree
Middle school teachers, except
special and vocational education 659.5 760.6 101.2 15.3 0 251.1 49,700 H Bachelor's degree
Milling and planing machine setters,
plastic 26.2 22 -4.1 -15.8 1.1 5.1 33,270 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Millwrights 45.2 45.9 0.6 1.4 0 9.8 47,570 H Long-term on-the-job training
Mine cutting and channeling
machine operators 9.4 9.8 0.4 4.5 0.3 2 41,480 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Mining and geological engineers,
including mining safety engineers 7.1 8.2 1.1 15.3 0 2.6 75,960 VH Bachelor's degree
Miscellaneous agricultural workers 807 788.8 -18.2 -2.3 0.3 221.6 18,410 VL Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Mixing and blending machine
setters, operators, and tenders 141.5 163.5 21.9 15.5 1.4 46.1 31,280 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics,
except engines 136.3 148.1 11.8 8.7 5.8 37.7 42,820 H Long-term on-the-job training
Model makers, metal and plastic 10.1 9.5 -0.6 -5.9 12.8 0.6 40,670 H Long-term on-the-job training
Model makers, wood 1.7 1.7 0 2.4 0 0.4 31,320 L Long-term on-the-job training
Models 2.2 2.6 0.4 16 17.7 1 27,410 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Molders, shapers, and casters, except
metal and plastic 48.2 49.5 1.3 2.8 16 25.2 27,870 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Molding, coremaking, and casting
tenders, metal and plastic 143.8 137.4 -6.4 -4.4 0.7 29.8 27,390 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Motion picture projectionists 10.8 10.9 0.1 0.6 8.8 4.7 19,680 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Motorboat mechanics 22.1 23.4 1.2 5.6 12.8 5.8 34,520 H Long-term on-the-job training
Motorboat operators 3.7 4 0.3 8.1 7.1 1.8 31,910 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Motorcycle mechanics 18.8 20.5 1.6 8.8 12.9 5.6 31,360 L Long-term on-the-job training
Multi-media artists and animators 79 90.2 11.2 14.2 60.1 28.9 56,330 VH Bachelor's degree
Multiple machine tool setters,
plastic 86 73.4 -12.6 -14.7 0 16.8 30,920 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Museum Technicians and
Conservators 11.1 13.9 2.8 25.6 1.9 6.1 36,660 H Bachelor's degree
Music directors and composers 53.6 59 5.3 10 36.2 16.2 41,270 H Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Musical instrument repairers and
tuners 6.1 6.1 0 0.1 17.2 1.8 33,080 H Long-term on-the-job training
Musicians and singers 186.4 200.6 14.2 7.6 53.8 51.9 n.a n.a. Long-term on-the-job training
Natural sciences managers 44.6 51.5 6.9 15.5 0 20.1 112,800 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Network and computer systems
administrators 339.5 418.4 78.9 23.2 0.8 135.5 66,310 VH Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Network systems and data
communications analysts 292 447.8 155.8 53.4 19.4 208.3 71,100 VH Bachelor's degree
New accounts clerks 87.3 87.4 0.1 0.1 0 24.9 30,230 L Work experience in a related occupation
Nonfarm animal caretakers 173.3 209.1 35.9 20.7 26.5 73.6 19,360 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Nuclear engineers 16.9 18.8 1.9 11 0 5.4 97,080 VH Bachelor's degree
Nuclear medicine technologists 21.8 25.4 3.6 16.3 0.8 6.7 66,660 VH Associate degree
Nuclear power reactor operators 5 6 1 18.9 0 2.7 73,320 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Nuclear technicians 6.4 7 0.6 9.2 0 2.8 67,890 VH Associate degree
Numerical tool and process control
programmers 16.8 14.2 -2.6 -15.4 0 3.3 44,310 H Work experience in a related occupation
Nursing aides, orderlies, and
attendants 1,469.80 1,745.80 276 18.8 1.8 422.3 23,850 L Postsecondary vocational award
Occupational health and safety
specialists 55.8 62 6.2 11.2 0.7 24.9 62,250 VH Bachelor's degree
Occupational health and safety
Occupational therapist aides 7.8 10.2 2.4 30.7 2.1 3.5 26,960 L Short-term on-the-job training
Occupational therapist assistants 26.6 34.6 7.9 29.8 2.1 11.8 48,230 H Associate degree
Occupational therapists 104.5 131.3 26.8 25.6 7 45.8 66,780 VH Master's degree
Office and administrative support
workers, all other 306.7 271 -35.7 -11.6 6.6 70.4 29,320 L Short-term on-the-job training
Office clerks, general 3,024.40 3,383.10 358.7 11.9 0.4 770.9 25,320 L Short-term on-the-job training
Office machine operators, except
computer 79.9 73.8 -6 -7.6 0 26.5 25,780 L Short-term on-the-job training
Operating engineers and other
construction equipment operators 404.5 453.2 48.7 12 3.4 118.2 39,270 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Operations research analysts 63 76.9 13.9 22 0.2 32.2 69,000 VH Master's degree
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 35.2 40.4 5.2 14.7 6.2 12 27,210 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Opticians, dispensing 59.8 67.8 8 13.4 1.2 20.2 32,810 H Long-term on-the-job training
Optometrists 34.8 43.2 8.5 24.4 24.6 20.1 96,320 VH First professional degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Over
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons 6.7 7.7 1 15.3 28.1 2.9 166,400 VH First professional degree
Order clerks 245.7 181.5 -64.2 -26.1 0.2 69.6 27,990 L Short-term on-the-job training
Over
Orthodontists 7.7 9.2 1.5 19.8 28.1 3.6 166,400 VH First professional degree
Orthotists and prosthetists 5.9 6.8 0.9 15.5 5.8 2.1 62,590 VH Bachelor's degree
Outdoor power equipment and other
small engine mechanics 29.4 31.3 1.9 6.4 13 8 28,920 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Packaging and filling machine
operators and tenders 349 346.7 -2.4 -0.7 0 58.5 24,400 L Short-term on-the-job training
Packers and packagers, hand 758.8 724.8 -34 -4.5 0.2 126.1 19,060 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Painters, construction and
maintenance 442.8 473.6 30.9 7 45 106.5 32,960 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Painters, transportation equipment 52.2 52.6 0.4 0.8 5.8 14.1 37,150 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Painting, coating, and decorating
workers 32.7 36 3.3 10.2 5.7 11.9 24,070 L Short-term on-the-job training
Paper goods machine setters,
operators, and tenders 103.3 81 -22.2 -21.5 0 21.6 33,080 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Paperhangers 7.4 6.3 -1.1 -14.5 39.8 0.1 34,860 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Paralegals and legal assistants 263.8 337.9 74.1 28.1 3.2 104 46,120 H Associate degree
Parking enforcement workers 10 10 0 -0.1 0 2.4 32,390 H Short-term on-the-job training
Parking lot attendants 136.2 141.9 5.7 4.2 0.7 54.7 18,790 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Parts salespersons 227.5 229.7 2.2 1 1.9 82.6 28,520 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Patternmakers, metal and plastic 7 6.6 -0.4 -5.7 12.8 0.4 36,920 H Long-term on-the-job training
Patternmakers, wood 1.9 1.8 -0.1 -3.2 0 0.4 34,010 H Long-term on-the-job training
Paving, surfacing, and tamping
equipment operators 60.2 67.2 6.9 11.5 1.2 16.8 33,270 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Payroll and timekeeping clerks 208.7 197.7 -10.9 -5.3 1.2 49.5 34,810 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Personal and home care aides 817.2 1,193.00 375.8 46 7.5 477.8 19,180 VL Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Personal care and service workers,
all other 108.5 124 15.5 14.3 23.5 39.6 19,940 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Personal financial advisors 208.4 271.2 62.8 30.1 29.3 85.3 69,050 VH Bachelor's degree
Pest control workers 67.5 77.8 10.3 15.3 7.3 34 29,890 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and
applicators, vegetation 30.8 36.3 5.4 17.7 23.4 9.1 29,770 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Petroleum engineers 21.9 25.9 4 18.4 0.4 8.6 108,020 VH Bachelor's degree
Petroleum pump system operators,

refinery operators, and gaugers 47.1 40 -7.1 -15.2 0.7 10.8 55,010 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Pharmacists 269.9 315.8 45.9 17 0.6 105.8 106,410 VH First professional degree
Pharmacy aides 54.9 51.5 -3.5 -6.3 3.1 6.1 20,100 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Pharmacy technicians 326.3 426 99.8 30.6 0.2 182 27,710 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Photographers 152 169.5 17.5 11.5 60.1 48 29,440 L Long-term on-the-job training
Photographic process workers 21.7 22.4 0.7 3.1 4.6 6 26,010 L Short-term on-the-job training
Photographic processing machine
operators 51.3 38.8 -12.5 -24.3 4.6 12.6 20,360 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Physical therapist aides 46.1 62.8 16.7 36.3 1.3 23.4 23,760 L Short-term on-the-job training
Physical therapist assistants 63.8 85 21.2 33.3 1.3 30.5 46,140 H Associate degree
Physical therapists 185.5 241.7 56.2 30.3 8 78.6 72,790 VH Master's degree
Physician assistants 74.8 103.9 29.2 39 1.4 42.8 81,230 VH Master's degree
Over
Physicians and surgeons 661.4 805.5 144.1 21.8 11.7 260.5 166,400 VH First professional degree
Physicists 15.6 18.1 2.5 15.9 0 6.9 102,890 VH Doctoral degree
Pile-driver operators 4.6 5.2 0.6 13.1 0 1.4 47,850 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Pipelayers 61.2 71.7 10.5 17.2 12.4 22.8 32,710 H Short-term on-the-job training
Plasterers and stucco masons 49 52.2 3.2 6.6 16.3 11.3 37,470 H Long-term on-the-job training
Plating and coating machine setters,
plastic 39.5 34.6 -4.9 -12.4 0.4 10.6 28,380 L Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters 494.7 570.5 75.8 15.3 12.3 175.5 45,640 H Long-term on-the-job training
Podiatrists 12.2 13.3 1.1 9 19.1 3.2 113,560 VH First professional degree
Police and sheriff's patrol officers 661.5 718.8 57.3 8.7 0 227.9 51,410 H Long-term on-the-job training
Police, fire, and ambulance
dispatchers 99.9 117.7 17.8 17.8 0 38.4 33,670 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Political scientists 4.1 4.9 0.8 19.5 1.4 2.8 104,130 VH Master's degree
Postal service clerks 75.8 62.1 -13.7 -18 0 16.1 51,040 H Short-term on-the-job training
Postal service mail carriers 343.3 339.4 -3.9 -1.2 0 107.2 49,800 H Short-term on-the-job training
Postal service mail sorters,
processors, and processing machine
operators 179.9 125.3 -54.5 -30.3 0 16.6 50,020 H Short-term on-the-job training
Postmasters and mail
superintendents 25.6 21.7 -3.9 -15.1 0 5.2 59,310 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Postsecondary teachers 1,699.20 1,956.10 256.9 15.1 0.2 552.9 58,830 VH Doctoral degree
Pourers and casters, metal 15.1 13.6 -1.5 -9.7 0 2.9 32,570 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Power distributors and dispatchers 10 9.8 -0.2 -2.2 0 3.5 65,890 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Power plant operators 35.4 34.8 -0.6 -1.6 0 12.2 58,470 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Prepress technicians and workers 61.2 50.4 -10.8 -17.7 1.9 7.7 35,030 H Postsecondary vocational award
Preschool teachers, except special
education 457.2 543.9 86.7 19 1.4 178.3 23,870 L Postsecondary vocational award
Pressers, textile, garment, and related
materials 66.6 61.1 -5.5 -8.2 0 2.9 19,040 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Printing machine operators 195.6 185 -10.7 -5.5 2.6 41 32,170 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Private detectives and investigators 45.5 55.5 10 22 20.7 19.3 41,760 H Work experience in a related occupation
Probation officers and correctional
treatment specialists 103.4 123.3 19.9 19.3 0.3 41.8 45,910 H Bachelor's degree
Procurement clerks 81.5 86.2 4.8 5.8 0 29.7 34,780 H Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
Producers and directors 98.6 108.3 9.7 9.8 20.1 40.4 64,430 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks 283.5 287.8 4.3 1.5 0.5 74.1 40,480 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Proofreaders and copy markers 18.2 17.1 -1.1 -6.1 14.5 3 30,490 L Short-term on-the-job training
Property, real estate, and community
association managers 304.1 329.7 25.6 8.4 45.9 78 46,130 H Bachelor's degree
Over
Prosthodontists 0.5 0.7 0.1 27.7 27.9 0.3 166,400 VH First professional degree
Protective service workers, all other 87.7 100 12.3 14 0.2 71.5 29,120 L Short-term on-the-job training
Psychiatric aides 62.5 66.1 3.6 5.8 1.7 9.8 26,560 L Short-term on-the-job training
Psychiatric technicians 57.1 59.5 2.4 4.2 0.2 16.8 29,250 L Postsecondary vocational award
Psychologists, all other 15.9 18.3 2.3 14.4 32.8 6.8 86,120 VH Master's degree
Public address system and other
announcers 12.3 13.3 1 8.2 33.2 4.5 27,420 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Public relations managers 56.7 64.1 7.3 12.9 0 20.6 89,430 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Public relations specialists 275.2 341.3 66.2 24 4.5 131.3 51,280 H Bachelor's degree
Pump operators, except wellhead
pumpers 9.7 7.8 -1.9 -19.6 0.6 2.8 39,130 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm
products 14.1 14 -0.2 -1.1 8.5 3.1 49,670 H Long-term on-the-job training
Purchasing agents, except wholesale,

retail, and farm products 295.2 336.1 40.9 13.9 1.4 118.6 53,940 VH Long-term on-the-job training
Purchasing managers 70.3 71.4 1.1 1.5 3.6 21.1 89,160 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Radiation therapists 15.2 19.4 4.1 27.1 0 6.9 72,910 VH Associate degree
Radio and television announcers 55.1 51.7 -3.4 -6.1 33.3 15.5 26,940 L Long-term on-the-job training
Radio mechanics 5.7 5.5 -0.2 -4 4 1 40,260 H Postsecondary vocational award

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Radio operators 1 1.1 0.1 9 12.3 0.4 37,120 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Radiologic technologists and
technicians 214.7 251.7 37 17.2 0.8 68 52,210 VH Associate degree
Rail car repairers 23.1 24.6 1.5 6.5 5.6 5.9 44,680 H Long-term on-the-job training
Rail transportation workers, all other 4.8 5 0.2 4.2 0 1.8 43,930 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Railroad brake, signal, and switch
operators 25.6 28 2.4 9.4 0 10.7 47,710 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Railroad conductors and yardmasters 41.3 44.1 2.8 6.9 0 17 52,830 VH Moderate-term on-the-job training
Rail-track laying and maintenance
equipment operators 15.5 17.8 2.3 14.8 0 6.5 44,220 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Real estate brokers 123.4 134 10.6 8.6 58.3 30.8 57,500 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Real estate sales agents 394.4 458.2 63.7 16.2 58.3 128.3 40,150 H Postsecondary vocational award
Receptionists and information clerks 1,139.20 1,312.10 172.9 15.2 0.8 480.2 24,550 L Short-term on-the-job training
Recreation workers 327.5 375.7 48.2 14.7 9 107.2 21,960 L Short-term on-the-job training
Recreational therapists 23.3 26.7 3.4 14.6 0.1 11.6 38,370 H Bachelor's degree
Recreational vehicle service
technicians 13.7 14.6 0.9 6.6 5.2 3.7 31,480 L Long-term on-the-job training
Refractory materials repairers,
except brickmasons 2.5 2.3 -0.2 -6.5 2.3 0.4 41,150 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Refuse and recyclable material
collectors 149 176.7 27.8 18.6 11.8 71.1 31,050 L Short-term on-the-job training
Registered nurses 2,618.70 3,200.20 581.5 22.2 0.6 1,039.00 62,450 VH Associate degree
Rehabilitation counselors 129.5 154.1 24.5 19 5.7 50.7 30,930 L Master's degree
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 27.7 31.1 3.5 12.6 0 8 39,890 H Long-term on-the-job training
Religious workers, all other 28.3 31.8 3.5 12.5 2.5 8.1 27,660 L Bachelor's degree
Reporters and correspondents 61.6 56.9 -4.7 -7.6 19.3 16.9 34,850 H Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Reservation and transportation ticket
agents and travel clerks 168.3 181.9 13.6 8.1 2.3 51.5 31,070 L Short-term on-the-job training
Residential advisors 56.9 62 5.2 9.1 0 25.3 23,410 L Short-term on-the-job training
Respiratory therapists 105.9 128.1 22.1 20.9 0 41.4 52,200 VH Associate degree
Respiratory therapy technicians 16.5 16.4 -0.2 -1.1 0.2 4.2 42,430 H Postsecondary vocational award
Retail salespersons 4,489.20 4,863.90 374.7 8.4 3.4 1,626.90 20,510 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Riggers 13.5 13.5 0 0.3 0 2.1 41,130 H Short-term on-the-job training
Rock splitters, quarry 4.4 4.3 -0.1 -1.7 4.8 0.8 27,900 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Rolling machine setters, operators,

and tenders, metal and plastic 34.4 29 -5.3 -15.5 0 6.7 34,110 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Roof bolters, mining 5.1 4.8 -0.3 -5.7 0 0.9 45,210 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Roofers 148.9 154.6 5.7 3.8 21.1 30.1 33,630 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 28.6 22.5 -6.2 -21.5 0.1 4.9 49,800 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Roustabouts, oil and gas 65.7 57.4 -8.2 -12.5 0 11.3 30,610 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Sailors and marine oilers 32.9 36.7 3.8 11.7 0 17.9 34,390 H Short-term on-the-job training
Sales and related workers, all other 162.2 174.6 12.4 7.6 7.6 48.6 35,350 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Sales engineers 78 84.9 6.9 8.8 0 35 83,100 VH Bachelor's degree
Sales managers 346.9 398.7 51.8 15 4.2 126.6 97,260 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Sales representatives, services, all
other 589.7 671.6 81.9 13.9 3.7 228.1 49,430 H Work experience in a related occupation
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing, except technical and
scientific products 1,540.30 1,641.40 101.1 6.6 3.7 457.9 51,330 H Work experience in a related occupation
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing, technical and
scientific products 432.9 475 42 9.7 3.6 142.3 70,200 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Sawing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, wood 52.6 53.4 0.8 1.4 5.5 10.2 25,820 L Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)
Secondary school teachers, except

special and vocational education 1,087.70 1,184.10 96.3 8.9 0 412.4 51,180 H Bachelor's degree
Secretaries, except legal, medical,
and executive 2,020.00 2,113.30 93.3 4.6 1.3 365.5 29,050 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Securities, commodities, and
financial services sales agents 317.2 346.7 29.6 9.3 15.4 126.8 68,680 VH Bachelor's degree
Security and fire alarm systems
installers 66.2 82.6 16.4 24.8 6.3 27.8 36,660 H Postsecondary vocational award
Security guards 1,076.60 1,229.10 152.5 14.2 1.3 373.9 23,460 L Short-term on-the-job training
Segmental pavers 1.2 1.3 0.1 7.1 8.7 0.5 27,400 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Self-enrichment education teachers 253.6 334.9 81.3 32.1 17.3 120.3 35,720 H Work experience in a related occupation
Semiconductor processors 31.6 21.6 -10 -31.5 0 6.5 32,230 L Postsecondary vocational award
Separating, filtering, clarifying,
precipitating, and still machine
setters, operators, and tenders 40.8 45.1 4.3 10.6 0.1 7.7 36,690 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe
cleaners 25.9 32.1 6.2 23.8 4.5 13.2 33,680 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Service station attendants 83.3 81.5 -1.8 -2.2 0.6 34.7 18,950 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and
mining 39.1 33.4 -5.7 -14.7 0.1 6.7 37,590 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Set and exhibit designers 10.9 12.7 1.8 16.6 26.2 5.1 44,660 H Bachelor's degree
Sewers, hand 12.2 11.2 -1 -8.2 43.4 1.3 22,010 L Short-term on-the-job training
Sewing machine operators 212.4 140.9 -71.5 -33.7 13.1 11.7 19,870 VL Moderate-term on-the-job training
Shampooers 22.9 26.3 3.4 14.6 32 6.7 17,300 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Sheet metal workers 170.7 181.8 11.1 6.5 5.2 51.7 40,290 H Long-term on-the-job training
Ship engineers 11.5 13.6 2.1 18.6 0 7 60,690 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Shipping, receiving, and traffic
clerks 750.5 701.2 -49.3 -6.6 0 186.2 27,660 L Short-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Shoe and leather workers and
repairers 9.2 7.9 -1.3 -14.3 12.3 1.1 22,880 L Long-term on-the-job training
Shoe machine operators and tenders 4.8 3.1 -1.7 -34.8 0 0.5 25,090 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Shuttle car operators 3.1 3 -0.1 -4 0 0.9 42,200 H Short-term on-the-job training
Signal and track switch repairers 6.8 6.9 0.1 1.2 0 1.1 49,700 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Skin care specialists 38.8 53.5 14.7 37.9 31.9 20.3 28,730 L Postsecondary vocational award
Slaughterers and meat packers 98.4 102.5 4.1 4.2 0.6 35.6 23,030 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Slot key persons 24.4 25.1 0.7 2.8 36.2 6.2 25,460 L Postsecondary vocational award
Social and community service
managers 130.6 148.6 18 13.8 3.1 48.2 55,980 VH Bachelor's degree
Social and human service assistants 352 431.5 79.4 22.6 0.3 153.9 27,280 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Social science research assistants 21 24.7 3.7 17.8 1.5 12.7 35,650 H Associate degree
Social scientists and related workers,
all other 32.8 40.1 7.4 22.4 1.5 23.8 68,720 VH Master's degree
Social workers, all other 73.4 82.8 9.4 12.8 2.2 27.8 46,220 H Bachelor's degree
Sociologists 4.9 6 1.1 21.9 0 2 68,570 VH Master's degree
Soil and plant Scientists 13.9 16.1 2.2 15.5 12.3 7 58,390 VH Bachelor's degree
Sound engineering technicians 19.5 20.7 1.2 6.3 13 7.1 47,490 H Postsecondary vocational award
Special education teachers, middle
school 100.3 118.4 18.1 18.1 0.2 44.1 50,810 H Bachelor's degree
Special education teachers,
preschool, kindergarten, and
elementary school 226 270.3 44.3 19.6 0.2 102.9 50,020 H Bachelor's degree
Special education teachers,
secondary school 146.7 166.2 19.5 13.3 0.2 57.5 51,340 H Bachelor's degree
Speech-language pathologists 119.3 141.4 22.1 18.5 9 43.8 62,930 VH Master's degree
Stationary engineers and boiler
operators 41.6 43.8 2.2 5.2 2 9.2 49,790 H Long-term on-the-job training
Statistical assistants 17.9 18.8 0.9 5.1 0 3.9 34,850 H Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Statisticians 22.6 25.5 2.9 13.1 2.8 9.6 72,610 VH Master's degree
Stock clerks and order fillers 1,858.80 1,993.30 134.4 7.2 0.3 562.6 20,800 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Stonemasons 24.3 27.1 2.8 11.6 27.1 9 37,800 H Long-term on-the-job training
Structural iron and steel workers 70.2 78.9 8.7 12.4 5.1 20.2 43,010 H Long-term on-the-job training
Structural metal fabricators and
fitters 114.1 113.7 -0.4 -0.4 3.9 24 32,400 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Substance abuse and behavioral
disorder counselors 86.1 104.2 18.1 21 6 35.5 37,030 H Bachelor's degree
Subway and streetcar operators 7.7 9.1 1.4 18.8 0 3.9 53,220 VH Moderate-term on-the-job training
Supervisors, farming, fishing, and
forestry workers 48.6 52.4 3.8 7.8 20.4 16.3 39,530 H Work experience in a related occupation
Surgical technologists 91.5 114.7 23.2 25.3 0.2 46.3 38,740 H Postsecondary vocational award
Survey researchers 23.4 30.5 7.1 30.4 6.7 13.4 36,220 H Bachelor's degree
Surveying and mapping technicians 77 92.7 15.7 20.4 5.6 29.4 35,120 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Surveyors 57.6 66.2 8.6 14.9 2.5 23.3 52,980 VH Bachelor's degree
Switchboard operators, including
answering service 155.2 138.3 -16.9 -10.9 0 32.1 24,220 L Short-term on-the-job training
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom
sewers 54.6 53.6 -1.1 -2 43.5 5.8 24,990 L Long-term on-the-job training
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 12 11.2 -0.9 -7.4 0 3.5 37,730 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tapers 37.4 42.3 4.9 13 18.8 9 43,740 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tax examiners, collectors, and
revenue agents 72.7 82.2 9.5 13 2.3 35.2 48,100 H Bachelor's degree
Tax preparers 95.8 98.6 2.8 2.9 28.9 18.5 29,420 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 232.3 268.4 36.1 15.5 26.3 77.3 21,550 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Teacher assistants 1,312.70 1,447.60 134.9 10.3 0.2 412.7 22,200 L Short-term on-the-job training
Teachers and instructors, all other 749.7 860.1 110.4 14.7 20.6 225.7 31,100 L Bachelor's degree
Team assemblers 1,112.30 1,112.70 0.4 0 1.4 250.9 25,620 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Technical writers 48.9 57.8 8.9 18.2 2 16.8 61,620 VH Bachelor's degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers, except line
installers 203.1 202.6 -0.5 -0.2 4 35.6 55,600 VH Postsecondary vocational award
Telecommunications line installers
and repairers 171 172.6 1.6 0.9 2.1 27.9 48,090 H Long-term on-the-job training
Telemarketers 341.6 303.8 -37.8 -11.1 0.5 85.9 21,960 L Short-term on-the-job training
Telephone operators 22.7 21.9 -0.8 -3.6 0 3.9 31,670 L Short-term on-the-job training
Tellers 600.5 638 37.5 6.2 0.1 284.4 23,610 L Short-term on-the-job training
Terrazzo workers and finishers 5.6 6.3 0.7 12.7 4.7 2.1 35,880 H Long-term on-the-job training
Textile bleaching and dyeing
machine operators and tenders 16 8.8 -7.2 -44.8 0 1.7 23,680 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Textile cutting machine setters,
operators, and tenders 19.4 13.4 -6 -31 0 3.4 22,620 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Textile knitting and weaving
tenders 29.2 17.7 -11.5 -39.3 1 1.9 25,400 L Long-term on-the-job training
Textile winding, twisting, and
drawing out machine setters,
operators, and tenders 34.9 20.7 -14.2 -40.7 0 5.8 23,970 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Therapists, all other 32.2 35.9 3.7 11.5 58.7 10.2 50,700 H Bachelor's degree
Tile and marble setters 76 86.8 10.8 14.3 35.1 30.7 39,210 H Long-term on-the-job training
Timing device assemblers, adjusters,
and calibrators 2.7 2.6 -0.1 -4.4 1.4 0.6 28,550 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tire builders 21.4 17.6 -3.8 -17.6 0 7.4 40,240 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tire repairers and changers 103.2 104 0.9 0.9 5.1 22.3 22,460 L Short-term on-the-job training
Title examiners, abstractors, and
searchers 69.5 69 -0.5 -0.7 14.4 10.3 38,300 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tool and die makers 84.3 77.6 -6.7 -8 0.3 5.1 46,430 H Long-term on-the-job training
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 18.8 17.4 -1.4 -7.5 14 5.8 31,970 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tour guides and escorts 38.4 42.9 4.5 11.7 15.1 20.6 23,270 L Moderate-term on-the-job training

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Traffic technicians 7.4 8.2 0.8 10.4 1.7 3.4 39,530 H Short-term on-the-job training
Training and development managers 30.4 34 3.6 11.9 0.6 10.1 87,700 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Training and development specialists 216.6 267.1 50.5 23.3 1.6 107.1 51,450 H Bachelor's degree
Transit and railroad police 4.3 4.5 0.2 5.3 6.6 1.2 46,670 H Long-term on-the-job training
Transportation attendants, except

flight attendants and baggage porters 21.7 24.6 2.9 13.3 0 7.7 20,750 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Transportation inspectors 26.9 31.9 4.9 18.4 4.2 11.3 55,250 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Transportation, storage, and
distribution managers 99.7 94.4 -5.2 -5.3 3.4 27.4 79,000 VH Work experience in a related occupation
Travel agents 105.3 104.1 -1.2 -1.1 16.6 7.9 30,570 L Postsecondary vocational award
Travel guides 5.6 5.7 0.1 1.7 14.7 2.4 30,360 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Tree trimmers and pruners 45 56.8 11.8 26.3 22.7 17.2 29,970 L Short-term on-the-job training
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-
trailer 1,798.40 2,031.30 232.9 13 8.3 554.6 37,270 H Short-term on-the-job training
Truck drivers, light or delivery
services 984.5 1,025.90 41.4 4.2 8.2 217.5 27,610 L Short-term on-the-job training
Umpires, referees, and other sports
officials 15.9 17.6 1.7 10.4 17 4.7 23,730 L Long-term on-the-job training
Upholsterers 52.7 56.3 3.6 6.8 28.2 6.9 29,000 L Long-term on-the-job training
Urban and regional planners 38.4 45.7 7.3 19 0 14.7 59,810 VH Master's degree
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket
takers 106.1 120.7 14.5 13.7 1.4 81.9 17,360 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Veterinarians 59.7 79.4 19.7 33 6.9 30.2 79,050 VH First professional degree
Veterinary assistants and laboratory
animal caretakers 75.2 92.4 17.1 22.8 3 25.5 21,210 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Veterinary technologists and
technicians 79.6 108.1 28.5 35.8 0.2 48.5 28,900 L Associate degree

by
Job Title

growth
replaceme
needs, training
2008-2018
Number (in
(in thousands)

Vocational education teachers,
middle school 15.6 16.1 0.5 3.2 0 4.1 47,870 H Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Vocational education teachers,
secondary school 99.4 109 9.6 9.6 0 38.5 51,580 VH Bachelor's or higher degree, plus work experience
Waiters and waitresses 2,381.60 2,533.30 151.6 6.4 0.4 1,466.20 16,660 VL Short-term on-the-job training
Watch repairers 3.2 2.8 -0.4 -13.8 16.9 0.9 34,660 H Long-term on-the-job training
Water and liquid waste treatment
plant and system operators 113.4 135.9 22.5 19.8 0 46.9 38,430 H Long-term on-the-job training
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and
samplers, recordkeeping 71.9 62.4 -9.4 -13.1 0 25.1 26,940 L Short-term on-the-job training
Welders, cutters, solderers, and
brazers 412.3 405.6 -6.7 -1.6 5.6 126.3 33,560 H Postsecondary vocational award
Welding, soldering, and brazing
tenders 54.1 50.3 -3.8 -7.1 5.6 16.6 31,610 L Postsecondary vocational award
Wellhead pumpers 18.6 13.3 -5.3 -28.4 0.5 5.4 37,860 H Moderate-term on-the-job training
Wholesale and retail buyers, except
farm products 147.7 144.4 -3.3 -2.2 11.4 37 48,710 H Long-term on-the-job training
Woodworking machine setters,
operators, and tenders, except
sawing 85.7 91.7 6 7 1.8 23.5 24,740 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Word processors and typists 141.9 133.9 -8.1 -5.7 5.9 11 31,390 L Moderate-term on-the-job training
Writers and authors 151.7 174.1 22.5 14.8 69.4 54.2 53,070 VH Bachelor's degree
Zoologists and wildlife biologists 19.5 22 2.5 12.8 2.6 8.8 55,290 VH Bachelor's degree

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LOJT-1000 List of Jobs Date: 3/4/2011

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 1

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 2

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

All other media and communication

All other media and communication

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 3

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 4

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 5

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 6

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 7

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Combined food preparation and

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 8

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 9

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 10

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 11

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 12

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 13

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Education administrators, preschool

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 14

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Electrical and electronics repairers,

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 15

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 16

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 17

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 18

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most

Occupation 2008 2018 thousands) Percent

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Page: 19

Employment Employment Change, Percent Job 2008 Median Most