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 Standards
› Plays an important role in networking.
› Without standards, manufacturers of
networking products have no common
ground on which to build their systems.
› Interconnecting products from various
vendors would be difficult, if not
impossible.
    










› ©here are several sources for standards.
Vendors may provide standards and references.
Anybody who ever purchased in IBM clone can
testify to that. Also standards may be created by
organizations devoted to setting them up.
Among the most well known are the
International Organization for Standardization
(called by the old acronym of ISO) and the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE or "I triple-
triple-E").



 
 



 

› ©he ISO was founded in 1946 and is currently
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
› Its mission at its inception was to create
international standards regarding the threads of
screws used for manufacturing world-
world-wide. As
needs for other standards arose, the ISO (then
called the International Standards Organization,
hence, ISO) stepped in to handle the task, and
their influence crept into all areas of
manufacturing and services.



 
 



 
 




 

› ©he primary focus for the ISO hasn't really been
in the electrical and electronics area.
› Many of the standards set up in those areas
were created by an older standards-
standards-setting
organization called the International
Electrotechnical Commission, or IEC, also based
in Geneva.
› However, the ISO has responded to the needs
of computing standards by forming a joint
committee with the IEC dealing with information
technology.



 
 



 
 




 

› ©he ISO has published networking standards even
though they did not necessarily create them but
borrowed them from other sources .
› An example is the 802 series of standards developed by
IEEE and reissued by the ISO as the ISO 8802
protocols. ©hese deal with subjects such as Ethernet
LANs and token ring LANs.
› ©he International Organization for Standardization is
made up of over 160 technical committees with over
2,300 subcommittees across the globe. Most of these
committees work with national standards organizations
from several countries. All told, there are over 75 of
these national groups.



 
 



 
 




 

› Perhaps the most notable contribution that the
ISO has provided to networking is the OSI model
(Open Systems Interconnection).
› ©he OSI model basically details all the functions
of networking and provides a framework in
which all vendors around the world can create
systems that can communicate with one
another. All networking vendors to some degree
have adopted and supported the OSI standards.
 £ 


  
 
 
   
› ©he IEEE has done notable work in the
standards area of networking. ©his organization
is huge with over 300,000 members made up of
engineers, technicians, scientists, and students
in related areas.
› ©he Computer Society of IEEE alone has over
100,000 members. IEEE is credited with having
provided definitive standards in local area
networking.
› ©hese standards fall under a group of standards
known as the 802 Project executed by the
Computer Society's 802 subcommittee.
 £ 


  
 
 
    
   

› ©he 802 standards were the culmination of work
performed by the subcommittee starting in 1980.
› ©he first published work was 802.1 which
specified a framework for LANs and
internetworking.
› ©his was followed in 1985 with specific LAN-
LAN-
oriented standards titled 802.2 - 802.5.
› . Most of the work performed by the 802 Project
committee revolves around the first two layers of
the OSI model initiated by the ISO.
 Here is a summary of what committees
there are and what standards areas are
being defined within IEEE:
› u £ IEEE committee responsible for setting
standards concerning cabling, physical
topologies, logical topologies and physical
access methods for networking products. ©he
Computer Society of IEEE's 802 Project
Committee is divided into several
subcommittees that deal with specific standards
in these general areas. Specifically the Physical
layer and the Data Link layer of the ISO's OSI
model are addressed.
 Here is a summary of what committees there are
and what standards areas are being defined within
IEEE: - Con¶t.
› u £
©his work defines an overall picture of LANs and

©his
connectivity.


©his set of standards specifically addressed
› u £

©his
network management.

 Standards for bridges used to connect various
› u £
 Standards
types of LANs together were set up with 802.1D.
› u £ £ Called the Logical Link Control (LLC) standards,
this specification governs the communication of packets
of information from one device to another on a network.
Specifically it deals with communication, not access to
the network itself.
 Here is a summary of what committees there are
and what standards areas are being defined within
IEEE: - Con¶t.
› u £  Defines the way data has access to a
network for multiple topology systems using
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD). A prime example is
Ethernet and StarLAN systems. ©hese LAN
types operate at 10 Mb/sec.
› u £  Standards developed for a token-
 Standards token-passing
scheme on a bus topology. ©he primary utilizer
of this specification was the Manufacturing
Automation Protocol LANs developed by
General Motors. Operates at 10 Mb/sec.
 Here is a summary of what committees there are
and what standards areas are being defined within
IEEE: - Con¶t.
› u £  ©his standard defines token ring systems.
It involves the token-
token-passing concept on a ring
topology with twisted pair cabling. IBM's token
ring system uses this specification. ©he speed is
either 4 Mb/sec or 16 Mb/sec.
› u £  Metropolitan Area Networks are defined
 Metropolitan
by this group. MANs are networks that are larger
than LANs typically falling within 50 kilometers.
©hey operate at speeds ranging from 1 Mb/sec
up to about 200 Mb/sec.
› u £  ©hese are standards concerning
broadband LANs.
 Here is a summary of what committees there are
and what standards areas are being defined within
IEEE: - Con¶t.
› u £ u ©his group sets up standards for LANs
using fiber optic cabling and access methods.
› u £  ©his specification covers voice and digital
data integration.
› u £
©hese
©hese members set standards for
interoperable security.

Wireless LANs are the subject of this

› u £

Wireless
particular subcommittee's works. Both infrared
and radio LANs are covered.