Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fiber Otot
Merupakan sel-sel otot.
Berbentuk silinder & mempunyai banyak nukleus.
Berjalur dan bersaiz besar.
Diameternya di antar 10µm – 100µm.
Panjangnya mencapai sehingga 40cm.
Tisu Penghubung :
Epimisium
Dikenali juga sebagai tisu penghubung kasar.
Meliputi keseluruhan bahagian luar otot.
Tendon yang terdapat pada kedua-dua hujung otot
rangka terbina daripada unjuran epimisium.
Perimisium
Otot terdiri daripada fasikel-fasikel.
Setiap fasikel diliputi tisu penghubung berfiber.
Membentuk berkas fiber otot yang dikenali sebagai
fasikel.
Endomisium
Dikenali juga sebagai tisu penghubung halus &
meyelaputi setiap fiber otot.
Tendon
Tisu fiber kelogen yang melekatkan otot kepada
tulang.
Tidak begitu kenyal.
Menghasilkan daya ketegangan yang tinggi.
Tendon yang lebar dipanggil apourosis.
Bagaimana tulang rangka berfungsi ?
Kekuatan otot rangka selari dengan kawasan
keratan lintangnya. Kekuatan badan pula bergantung
kepada prinsip biomekanik (jarak di antara selitan
otot dan sendi, saiz otot, dan sebagainya). Otot
biasanya diatur berlawanan agar apabila satu
kumpulan otot mengucup, satu kumpulan otot lagi
mengendur.
Sel otot rangka dirangsangkan oleh asetilkolina yang
di bebaskan di persimpangan neuromaskular oleh
neuron motor. Apabila sel dirangsangkan,
retikulum sarkoplasmanya akan membebaskan ion
kalsium (Ca2+). Ini akan saling bertindak dengan
miofibril dan, dengan itu, mendorong pengucupan otot
(melalui mekanisma gelongsoran filamen. Selain
kalsium, proses ini memerlukan adenosina trifosfat
(ATP). ATP dihasilkan melalui proses yang
memetabolismekan kreatina fosfat dan glikogen yang
disimpan dalam sel otot serta glukosa dan asid lemak
yang diperolehi daripada darah.
Setiap neuron motor mengawal sekumpulan sel otot
yang dikenali sebagai "unit motor". Apabila lebih tenaga
diperlukan, dari apa yang dihasilkan oleh satu unit motor,
lebih banyak unit dirangsangkan; ini dikenali sebagai
"penglibatan unit motor". Jika lebih tenaga diperlukan
dari apa yang boleh di dapati dari pengucupan unit
semasa, neuron motor akan menghantar rangsangan
tambahan; ini menyebabkan proses "penjumlahan
pengecutan" yang meningkatkan tahap pengucupan. Jika
otot mengucup secara maksima, ia dikatakan telah
mencapai tahap "pengucupan tetanik".
CIRI-CIRI OTOT RANGKA
Kebolehujaan (irritability/excitability)
Kemampuan otot untuk menerima dan bertindak
balas terhadap rangsangan yang diterima.
Keupayaan ini membolehkan otot untuk mengucup.
Kebolehkuncupan (contractibility)
Keupayaan otot untuk menguncup atau
memendek apabila menerima rangsangan.
Daya dihasilkan apabila otot menguncup.
Ciri ini membezakan tisu otot dengan tisu-tisu
yang lain.
Kebolehpanjangan (extensibility)
Keupayaan otot untuk meregang atau memanjang.
Fiber otot akan memendek apabila menguncup tetapi
boleh memanjang melebihi panjang asal apabila otot
relak.
Kebolehpanjangan (Elasticity)
Keupayaan otot untuk kembali semula ke panjang asal
selepas meregang atau menguncup.
Gentian Merah dan Putih
Agonasis
Otot yang berperanan sebagai penggerak utama
dalam sesuatu pergerakan.
Antagonis
Otot yang menghasilkan pergerakan berlawanan
denagn otot penggerak utama.
Tindakan berlaku secara serentak dengan otot.
Sinergis
Otot yang membantu otot penggerak utama.
Menambahkan daya untuk melakukan pergerakan.
Menstabilkan sendi dengan mengurangkan
pergerakan lain.
Nama-nama otot rangka utama
Otot yang terletak di
bahagian
median badan.
OTOT Otot-otot ini terdiri dari :
AKSIAL otot kepala dan leher
otot spine (tulang
belakang/tulang punggung)
Korugator supersili
Obikularis okuli
Zigomatikus major
Masseter
Risorius
Platisma
Sternokleidomastoid
Omohioid
Trapezius
MUSCLES
OF THE HEAD
Epicranial
Aponeurosis
Frontalis
Origin: Epicranial
aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin over
forehead
Action: Elevates
eyebrows and
wrinkles skin of
forehead
37
Occipitalis
Origin: Occipital and
temporal bones
Insertion: Epicranial
aponeurosis
Action: Fixes epicranial
aponeurosis and pulls
scalp posteriorly
38
Orbicularis
Oculi
Origin: Medial orbital
margin and zygomatic
bone
Insertion: Skin
surrounding eye
Action: Closes eyelids and
depresses skin of forehead
39
Temporalis
Origin: Temporal
fossa
Insertion: Coronoid
process of mandible
Action: Elevates and
retracts mandible
40
Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic
process and arch
Insertion: Angle and
ramus of mandible
Action: Elevates
mandible
41
Orbicularis
Oris
Origin: By muscular skips
to surround muscles
Insertion: Muscles
interlace to surround
mouth
Action: Closes and purses
lips
42
Zygomaticus
Major
Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Corner of
mouth
Action: Elevates corner of
mouth
43
Risorius
Origin: Fascia of masseter
Insertion: Corner of
mouth
Action: Draws corner of
mouth laterally
44
SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE
OF THE NECK
Omohyoid
Origin: Medial tip of
suprascapular notch
46
Sternohyoid
Origin: Posterior
surface of manubrium,
and medial clavicle
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: Depresses hyoid
bone
47
Mylohyoid
Origin: Mylohyoid line of
mandible
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: Elevates hyoid
bone and floor of mouth,
depresses mandible
48
Digastric
Anterior Belly
Origin: Lower border of
mandible near midline
Insertion: Intermediate
tendon
Action: Elevates hyoid
bone and base of tongue,
depresses mandible
49
Digastric
Posterior Belly
Origin: Mastoid notch of
temporal bone
Insertion: Intermediate
tendon
Action: Moves hyoid bone
back
50
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Manubrium and
medial third of clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid
process
Action: Rotates head to
opposite side, extends
head, and flexes vertebral
column
51
Otot spine
(tulang belakang/
tulang punggung
Deep Muscles of the
Back and Neck
MUSCLES
OF THE BACK
Trapezius
Origin: External occipital
protuberance, superior
nuchal line and spinous
process of C7-T12
Insertion: Anterior border
of scapular spine,
acromion process, lateral
third of clavicle
Action: Elevates, adducts,
and depresses scapula
55
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of
lower 6 thoracic vertebrae,
thoracolumbar fascia, crest of
ilium
Insertion: Intertubercular
groove of humerus
Action: Extends, rotates
humerus medially, draws
shoulder down and backward
56
Levator Scapula
Origin: Transverse processes
of C1-4
57
Rhomboid Major
Origin: Spinous process
of T1-5 and supraspinous
ligament
Insertion: Medial
border below spine of
scapula
Action: Adducts scapula
and performs downward
rotation
58
Rhomboid
Minor
Origin: Spinous process
of C7-T1
Insertion: Medial border
of scapula at base of spine
Action: Adducts scapula
and performs downward
rotation
59
Serratus Anterior
Origin: Lateral
surface of upper 8 ribs
Insertion: Anterior lip
of medial border of
scapula
Action: Holds scapula
to chest wall, medially
rotates scapula in
abducting or
extending humerus
60
Erector Spinae
Origin: Sacrum, iliac
crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and
T11,12
Insertion: Angles of the
ribs. Spinous &
Transverse processes of
vertebrae
Action: Extension of
vertebral column
61
Quadratus
Lumborum
Origin: Iliolumbar ligament
and crest of ilium
Insertion: Lower border of
12th rib, transverse process
of upper lumbar vertebrae
Action: Depresses rib cage
inferiorly and laterally flexes
trunk
62
Scalenes
Anterior
Origin: Transverse
processes of C3-C6
Insertion: 1st rib
Action: Elevates 1st rib,
flexes neck forward and
laterally, rotates neck
63
Scalenes Middle
Origin: Transverse
processes of C2-C7
Insertion: 1st rib
Action: Elevates 1st rib,
flexes neck forward and
laterally, rotates neck
64
Scalenes
Posterior
Origin: Transverse
processes of C4-C6
Insertion: 2nd rib
Action: Elevates 2nd rib,
flexes neck laterally,
slightly rotates neck
65
MUSCLES OF
THE
THORACIC
WALL
External
Intercostal
Origin: Inferior border of
rib above
Insertion: Superior
border of rib below
Action: Elevates rib cage
during inspiration
67
Internal
Intercostal
Origin: Superior border
of rib below
Insertion: Inferior border
of rib above
Action: Depresses rib
cage during expiration
68
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Medial half of
clavicle, sternum, costal
cartilages, aponeurosis of
external abdominal oblique
Insertion: Intertubular
groove of humerus
Action: Flexes, adducts, and
medially rotates humerus,
draws body upward in
climbing
69
Pectoralis
Minor
Origin: Anterior surface
of ribs 3 to 5
Insertion: Coracoid
process of scapula
Action: Draws scapula
down and forward and
elevates ribs
70
MUSCLES OF THE
ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
Rectus Abdominus
Origin: Pubis symphysis
and crest of pubis
Insertion: Xiphoid
process and cartilages of
ribs 5 to 7
Action: Tenses abdominal
wall and flexes vertebral
column
72
External Abdominal Oblique
Origin: External
surface of lower 8 ribs
Insertion: Anterior
half of iliac crest and
linea alba
Action: Compresses
abdomen,
contralaterally rotates
and flexes vertebral
column
73
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Origin: Lateral half of
inguinal ligament, anterior
iliac crest and
thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Lower four ribs,
linea alba and by
conjoined tendon to pubis
Action: Compresses
abdomen, ipsilaterally
rotates and flexes vertebral
column
74
Transverse Abdominis
Origin: Lateral third of
inguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest, and
thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Linea alba,
and by conjoined tendon
to pubis
Action: Compresses
abdomen
75
MUSCLES OF DEEP BACK
AND GLUTEAL REGION
Gluteus
Maximus
Origin: Upper portion
of ilium, the sacrum
and coccyx
Insertion: Gluteal
tuberosity and iliotibial
tract
Action: Principal
extensor and lateral
rotator of femur
77
Gluteus
Medius
Origin: Middle portion of
ilium Insertion: Oblique
ridge on greater
trochanter of femur
Action: Abducts femur,
stabilizes contralateral
hip while standing on one
leg
78
Piriformis
Origin: Pelvic
surface of sacrum
Insertion: Greater
trochanter of
femur
Action: Rotates
femur laterally
79
Quadratus
Femoris
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Greater trochanter
and shaft of femur
Action: Rotates thigh laterally
80
Psoas
Major
Origin: Transverse
processes of bodies of
lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser
trochanter of femur with
iliacus
Action: Flexes trunk and
flexes and laterally rotates
thigh
81
Iliacus
Origin: Iliac fossa and
lateral margin of sacrum
Insertion: Lesser
trochanter of femur with
psoas major
Action: Flexes and
laterally rotates femur
82
Otot bahu dan tangan
Muscles of the
Shoulder and Arm
Muscles of the
Shoulder and Back
Otot Tangan
MUSCLES OF THE
SHOULDER AND ARM
Deltoid
Origin: Anterior
surface, lateral
clavicle, acromion
process and spine of
scapula
Insertion: Deltoid
tubercle of humerus
Action: Abducts
humerus; aids in
flexion, extension,
and internal and
external rotation
88
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous
fossa
Insertion: Greater
tubercle of humerus
Action: Abducts
humerus
89
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous
fossa
Insertion: Greater
tubercle of humerus
Action: Rotates
humerus laterally
90
Teres Minor
Origin: Axillary
border of scapula
Insertion: Greater
tubercle of humerus
Action: Rotates
humerus laterally
91
Teres Major
Origin: Axillary border
at inferior angle of
scapula
Insertion: Intertubular
groove of humerus
Action: Extends,
adduction and medial
rotates humerus.
92
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular
fossa
Insertion: Lesser
tubercle of humerus
Action: Rotates
humerus medially
93
Biceps Brachii
Origin: Long head, Short
supraglenoid tubercle; Head Long
Short head, coracoid Head
process scapula
Insertion: Radial
tuberosity of the radius
Action: Flexes radius and
humerus, and supinates
forearm
94
Coracobrachialis
Origin: Coracoid process
of scapula
Insertion: Middle third of
humerus
Action: Flexes and
adducts humerus
95
Long Lateral
Head Head
Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long head,
infraglenoid tubercle;
Lateral head, proximal
portion of posterior
humerus; Medial head,
distal half of posterior
humerus
Insertion: Olecranon
process of ulna
Action: Extends humerus
and ulna
96
Brachialis
Origin: Anterior distal
two-thirds of humerus
Insertion: Coronoid
process of ulna
Action: Flexes ulna
97
Anconeus
Origin: Lateral
epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon
process, posterior surface
of ulna
Action: Weak extensor of
ulna, stabilizes elbow
joint in extension
98
MUSCLES OF THE PALM
Abductor
Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Scaphoid and
trapezium
Insertion: Proximal
phalanx of thumb
Action: Abducts thumb
and aids in flexion
Palm 100
Flexor
Pollicis Brevis
Origin: Trapezium
Insertion: Proximal
phalanx of thumb
Action: Flexes thumb
Palm
Palm 101
Flexor
Digiti Minimi
Origin: Hook of hamate
Insertion: Proximal
phalanx of fifth digit
Action: Flexes fifth digit
Palm
Palm 102
Abductor
Digiti Minimi
Origin: Pisiform and
tendon of flexor carpi
ulnaris
Insertion: Proximal
phalanx of fifth digit
Action: Abducts fifth
digit
Palm
Palm 103
MUSCLES OF
ANTERIOR FOREARM
Pronator
Teres
Origin: Medial
epicondyle of humerus
and coronoid process of
ulna
Insertion: Middle portion
of radius
Action: Pronates and
flexes forearm
113
Posterior, Superficial Layer
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus
Origin: Lateral
supracondylar ridge of
humerus
Insertion: Second
metacarpal
Action: Extends and
abducts hand
114
Posterior, Superficial Layer
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Brevis
Origin: Lateral
epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Third
metacarpal
Action: Extends and
abducts hand
115
Posterior, Superficial Layer
Extensor
Digitorum
Origin: Lateral
epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Into distal
phalanx by 4 tendons
Action: Extends fingers
and hand
116
Posterior, Superficial Layer
Extensor Carpi
Ulnaris
Origin: Lateral
epicondyle of humerus
and posterior border of
ulna
Insertion: Fifth
metacarpal
Action: Extends and
adducts hand
117
Posterior, Superficial Layer
Extensor
Digiti Minimi
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Insertion: Extensor expansion
of little finger
Action: Extends 5th digit and
hand
9-63
Otot Kaki
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE THIGH
(HAMSTRINGS)
Biceps Femoris
Origin: Long head, ischial
tuberosity; Long
Short head, lateral Head
supracondylar ridge of femur
Insertion: Head of fibula and
lateral condyle of tibia
Action: Extends femur and
flexes leg Short
Head
129
Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial condyle of
tibia
Action: Extends femur and
flexes leg
130
Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial condyle of
tibia
Action: Extends femur and
flexes leg
131
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE THIGH
Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior
iliac spine
Insertion: Medial margin of
tibial tuberosity
Action: Flexes both femur
and tibia
133
Rectus
Femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior
iliac spine and upper
margin of acetabulum
Insertion: Tibial
tuberosity
Action: Extends tibia and
flexes femur
134
Vastus
Lateralis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line
and linea aspera of femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends tibia
135
Vastus
Medialis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line
and linea aspera of femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends tibia
136
Vastus
Intermedius
Origin: Upper shaft of
femur
Insertion: Tibial
tuberosity
Action: Extends tibia
137
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE THIGH
Adductor
Brevis
Origin: Inferior pubic
ramus
Insertion: Upper part of
linea aspera
Action: Adducts, flexes,
and medially rotates
femur
139
Adductor
Longus
Origin: Between pubic
rami near symphysis
Insertion: Middle third of
linea aspera
Action: Adducts, flexes &
medially rotates femur
140
Adductor
Magnus
Origin: Pubic arch and
ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Linea aspera
and adductor tubercle
Action: Adducts, flexes,
and laterally and medially
rotates femur
141
Gracilis
Origin: Inferior pubis
near symphysis
Insertion: Upper portion
of tibia
Action: Adducts, flexes,
medially rotates tibia
142
ANTERIOR
AND
MEDIAL THIGH
Tensor
Fasciae Latae
Origin: Iliac crest
Insertion: Iliotibial tract
Action: Flexes thigh, stabilizes
knee
144
Pectineus
Origin: Superior ramus of
pubis
Insertion: Just inferior to the
lesser trochanter
Action: Adducts and flexes
thigh, assists with medial
rotation of thigh
145
SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR
COMPARTMENT
OF THE LEG
Gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial and lateral
condyles of femur
Insertion: With soleus into
calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon
Action: Flexes tibia and
plantar; flexes foot
Superficial
147
Soleus
Origin: Upper third of fibula
and soleal line of tibia
Insertion: With gastrocnemius
into calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon
Action: Flexes foot
Second
Layer
148
Plantaris
Origin: Lateral supracondylar
ridge of femur
Insertion: Posterior calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon
Action: Weakly assists gastroc
in plantar flexing ankle and
flexing knee
Second
Layer
149
DEEP POSTERIOR
COMPARTMENT
OF THE LEG
Popliteus
Origin: Lateral surface of lateral
condyle
Insertion: Posterior surface of
tibia just below condyles
Action: Flexes and unlocks knee
joint
Second
Layer
151
Tibialis
Posterior
Origin: Interosseous membrane and
tibia and fibula on either side
Insertion: Navicular, with slips to
cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4
Action: Adducts and inverts foot and
aids in plantar flexion
Third
Layer
152
Flexor Digitorum
Longus
Origin: Middle half of tibia
Insertion: By four tendons into
distal phalanges of lateral four
toes
Action: Flexes lateral four toes
Third
Layer
153
Flexor Hallucis
Longus
Origin: Distal two-thirds of
fibula
Insertion: Distal phalanx of
great toe
Action: Flexes great toe
Third
Layer
154
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE LEG
Tibialis
Anterior
Origin: Upper half of tibia
and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of first
cuneiform and first
metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflexes and
inverts foot
156
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin: Middle half of fibula
and interosseous membrane Tendon
Insertion: Distal phalanx of
great toe
Action: Dorsiflexes foot and
extends great toe
157
Tendon
Extensor
Digitorum Longus
Origin: Tibia, proximal
three-fourths of fibula,
& interosseous
membrane
Insertion: Tendons to
middle & terminal
phalanges of four
lateral toes by extensor
expansion
Action: Dorsiflexes
foot and extends toes
158
LATERAL COMPARTMENT
OF THE LEG
Fibularis
Longus
Origin: Upper two-thirds
of fibula and
intermuscular septa
Insertion: Plantar base of
first metatarsal and first
cuneiform and
Action: Plantar flexes and
everts foot
160
Fibularis
Brevis
Origin: Lower two-thirds
of fibula
Insertion: Plantar base of
fifth metatarsal
Action: Plantar flexes and
everts foot
161
DORSUM OF FOOT
Extensor
Digitorum Brevis
Origin: Dorsal surface of
calcaneus
Insertion: By four tendons
into extensor expansion
Action: Extends toes
163
Extensor
Hallucis Brevis
Origin: Medial surface of
calcaneus
Insertion: Proximal
phalanx of great toe
Action: Extends toes
164
FUNGSI- FUNGSI
Bahagian kepala dan leher
NAMA OTOT FUNGSI-FUNGSI
3 Melambung bola.
Menunggang basikal roda tiga.
4 Melompat dan berlari.
Menaiki dan menurun tangga tanpa bantuan.
5 Menggunakan kasut roda.
Menulis huruf-huruf dan perkataan-perkataan yang mudah.
6 Memukul, menampal, mengikat tali kasut, dan membutan
baju.