Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project Grup 8
OnCAT Project
First Part
TITLE: Study of the economic and technical viability to implant a data network
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INDEX
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7
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BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................... 69
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INTRODUCTION
The OnCAT Project’s main objective is to provide connectivity to the entire territory
of Catalonia. Previously, is necessary to analyse the viability of the implementation and
make an action plan composed of the different stages of the project
The first stage is focused on the core and aggregation networks’ design. This is
the stage we studied in this first delivery, which aims to define specifications and
details of it. The second stage, which defines the access network, will be studied on the
final delivery of the project. The available budget for the project’s design,
implementation and operation starting is about 250M €.
This document is structured in some sections that define the different designing
parts that we have to take in account. Starting with the calculations required
determining the traffic in the regions of the territory and the technological solutions
chosen, following the definition of topologies and equipment used, and ending with the
budgeting of the project.
The implementation of the OnCAT Project’s network will last at maximum 3 years
with the objective to begin to offer services in March 2014. As mentioned, in this first
part will define the major specifications of the network's backbone, leaving to the future
the final delivery of the documentation (completed with the access network's definition),
with deadline January 2011.
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Municipality Region
Alcarràs Segrià
Almacelles Segrià
Alpicat Segrià
Lleida Segrià
Torrefarrera Segrià
Once we have separated all municipalities by regions, we have to apply the Table
1.2 in order to obtain what type of city are each one and which are the number of
companies and administrations of each municipality. We have to take into account that
all municipalities with less than 1000 inhabitants are obviated for the design of the
network.
In type of cities A, we choose the next criteria to know which are the number of
companies and enterprises:
!º !"!#$%&'"( !º !"!#$%&'"(
!º !"#$%&'() = ×100 !º !"#!$%$&'!' = ×30
50000 50000
All cities type B has the same number of companies (30) and enterprises (15)
independent of the number of inhabitants and all cities type C has the same criteria of
B cities but with the difference that his companies are 10 and enterprises 5.
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Ex: if the population of an A city is 450000, the number of companies are 900 and
the number of enterprises are 270.
450000 450000
!º !"#$%&'() = ×100 = 900 !º !"#!$%$&'!' = ×30 = 270
50000 50000
Residential:
Enterprise:
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Administration:
ALT URGELL
Residential Residential Companies Companies Companies Administration Administration
Municipality Population
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
La Seu
13063 548,646 137,1615 4,275 2,85 - 1,05 0,45
d’Urgell
Oliana 1976 53,352 5,928 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Montferrer i
1089 29,403 3,267 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Castellbò
The goal of this section is to know the traffic distribution from local user in a region
to its region, each province, each interprovincial and Internet.
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- Residential traffic: All residential traffic must cross all network and goes to
Internet (CATNix).
- Companies traffic:
- Administration traffic:
o It has applied the same routing criteria as companies’ traffic but with
different percentages.
ONCat will guarantee to the client a minimum speed of connection of 10% for the
residential users and 100% for the companies and administration users.
Since the estimation of bandwidth demand has been known, we have to apply the
next formulas in order to calculate the traffic will go to each province, which traffic goes
for other provinces and which one goes for Internet (CATNix). In order to obtain this
traffic, we have separated the residential, enterprise and companies’ traffic according
to the request capacity (5Mbps, 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps).
The formulas we have applied to each municipality in order to obtain which is it’s
the total traffic estimation demand are:
where:
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ALT URGELL
Residential Residential Companies Companies Companies Administration Administration
Municipality Population
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
La Seu d’Urgell 13063 548,646 137,1615 4,275 2,85 - 1,05 0,45
Oliana 1976 53,352 5,928 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Montferrer i
1089 29,403 3,267 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Castellbò
TOTAL ALT
315,7005 146,3565 71,55 357 - 17,5 75
URGELL
Destí Node
0 0 7,155 35,7 - 5,25 22,5
Comarcal
Destí Node
0 0 17,8875 89,25 - 5,25 22,5
Provincial
Destí Altres
0 0 35,775 178,5 - 6,125 26,25
províncies
Internet
315,7005 146,3565 10,7325 53,55 - 0,875 3,75
(CATNix)
Once we calculate all traffic of all provinces, we have to multiply it by the utilization
factor (1/3). This traffic is called total_traffic and we have to split it in each region node
by a half because we decide to send the information by two sides like picture 1.1 so
the result is called on table 1.9, total_traffic / 2. We have to take into account that we
don’t have to split the traffic in the capital of the province (Lleida) because the traffic is
already in the provincial node.
Table 1.9 shows the below explanation of the Alta Urgell and Alta Ribagorça
regions
Utilization
Region Traffic dest. Traffic Total traffic Toral traffic/2
factor
Provincial 134,8875 44,9625 22,48125
ALT URGELL Altres províncies 246,65 0,33333333 82,21666667 41,10833333
Internet (CATNix) 530,9645 176,9881667 88,49408333
Provincial 36,3 12,1 6,05
ALTA
Altres províncies 63,35 0,33333333 21,11666667 10,55833333
RIBAGORÇA
Internet (CATNix) 58,262 19,42066667 9,710333333
… … … … … …
The following equations show us which is the traffic arrives at each node and the
total traffic we have to split in each node in order not to overflow the nodes:
Traffic arrived:
1
!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%& = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+
3
1
!"!#$!"#$%&%'(!")!*!!"#$$%& = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+
3
1
!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$!" = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+
3
Spit traffic:
1
!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%& = ∑!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%&
2
1
!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$%& = ∑!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$%&
2
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In all results of total traffic, we have obviated the region traffic (comarcal_traffic)
because the contribution of this traffic in front of the provincial, interprovincial and
Internet (CATNix) send and arrived is too insignificant than the other type of traffic to be
taken into account.
This section explains which is the total traffic that all municipalities of one region
are sending to his province’s capital and later, this capital’s node is the responsible for
transmitting this traffic to the rest of three capitals’ nodes of provinces. To know this
traffic, we have been calculated previously, the traffic which arrives at the provincial
node multiplied by the utilization factor (1/3) and later we have applied the utilization
factor (3/5) and the percentage of traffic which each province send to the others. We
use these two factor because we assume all user in all municipalities where not
connected at the same time.
This traffic must be calculated applying the table 1.10 and the following two steps
a) Outbound traffic à this total outbound traffic is the traffic that all municipalities
of the province send to the others provinces and must be calculated by the
sum of contributions of desti_node_altes_provincies and desti_internet of all
regions in the province multiplied by the utilization factor (3/5). This factor is
used because not all users are connected at same time.
3
!"#$!"%&!"#$%&'!!"#$$%& = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+ + !!"#$!"#$%"$#
5
Picture
1.2
total
outbound
traffic
of
Lleida
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Table 1.10 shows the percentages of the traffic which goes to the other
provinces
Destination \
Barcelona node Tarragona node Lleida node Girona node
Source
Barcelona node - 33 % 33 % 33 %
Tarragona node 60 % - 20 % 20 %
Lleida node 60 % 20 % - 20 %
Girona node 60 % 20 % 20 % -
As we explained above, table 1.10 shows the percentages of the traffic which
goes to the other provinces and means the following:
Picture
1.3
scheme
of
percentage
distribution
traffic
Picture 1.4 shows the previous result of Lleida province once we have applied
its percentage of traffic.
Picture
1.4
Percentage
of
Lleida’s
traffic
In the picture 1.4 we can show which is the traffic that Lleida province send to
the rest of provinces applying the percentage factor of the table 1.10. Because of
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percentage Girona and percentage Tarragona is the same, the traffic that send to
this two provinces is the same.
In this section we treat about the network oversize. Due to specifications of OnCAT
project, we have to apply an oversize of 25% of the traffic flow in each node (input and
output) in order to prevent the total occupancy of the link or node and to permit an
upgrade of the traffic or an upgrade of the Ethernet. To realise this oversize, we have
applied an oversized factor of 1.25 in each link in order to obtain later the number of
interfaces, STM’s. (We explain this section in the chapter of network elements).
To know which is the total traffic supported by a node or link including the oversize
we have to apply the follow equation:
!"!#!!"#!!"#$$%& = 1,25×!"!#!!"#$!"#$$%&
Table 1.11 shows an example of the result of the oversized on Alt Empordà’s and
Garrotxa’s links.
In this oversized, we must keep in mind that almost all links in the same province
has the same input and output traffic with oversize and without it because all links have
to support the same quantity of traffic. There are only four links in Catalonia (three in
Lleida and one in Girona’s province) which have to carry less traffic because they are
not included in the ring and have a point to point connections.
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c) Ring à in this type of topology each node is connecting to two other nodes.
The information (data) travels from node to node. If all nodes are
interconnected, the appearance of the topology is like a ring as show picture
2.3. This type of topology may be affected by a failure link but this problem
may be solved introducing a second fibre in the other direction, called
protection in order to protect the link.
d) Mesh à in this topology all nodes are interconnected between them thought a
point-to-point connection as in picture 2.4. The advantages of this topology
are that allows continuous topology and reconfiguration around failed links by
hopping from node to node in order to arrive at the destination node and are
the most tolerant topology in front of failures due to previous hopping and due
to the high number of paths.
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Once we have search and compare which are the topologies available, we decide
to use the ring topology because is the most appropriate to implement and in
particulars nodes we will use the point to point topology because we don’t have more
nodes to interconnect and costs too much to expand the ring topology in order to
create a perfect ring. In order to create the Catalonia’s topology, we decide to separate
it in four provinces (Lleida, Girona, Tarragona and Barcelona), which are been
connected by the backbone ring. In order to interconnect the nodes in Barcelona that
go the the CATNIX with its node, we have used a mixture topology between mesh and
ring as shown in picture 2.5.
At the end of this chapter we know which is the topology for each province and
why we choose this one and why not other.
2.1. Backbone
Backbone must link the four capitals of provinces (Barcelona, Tarragona, Lleida
and Girona) and its topology was a single perfect ring. This backbone has these direct
links connections:
– Lleida ↔ Girona
– Lleida ↔ Tarragona
– Barcelona ↔ Girona
– Barelona ↔ Tarragona
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In this ring, we have to put a protection of four fibres because is one of the most
important ring in terms of traffic. We put four fibres because of the links or nodes stop
working, we can send the information through the other three nodes doing a loop in
order to the province receive the information.
In the picture 2.6 we have to take into account that Barcelona’s unique node
represented in previous picture is not the same for Tarragona-Barcelona’s link and for
Girona-Barcelona’s one because we decide to create a different topology in Barcelona
due to inhabitants and total traffic generates but we explain it in more details in 2.5.
All the fibre connections of this backbone must go for two different ways (in order
to do the protection which is being explained in the next chapter); one connection must
go by the railways and the other must go by the motorways.
In the table 2.2 and picture 2.7 we must observe which are the distance of each
link connection and through which connections (railways, motorways) must pass the
fibres and the interconnection of the backbone in the territory’s topology.
Table 2.2 shows the type of connection and the distance between nodes.
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Picture
2.7
Backbone’s
interconnection
in
the
territory’s
topology
of
Catalonia
The province of Lleida was composed by twelve capital of region, so the first
option for the ring was to create a perfect ring composed by these twelve nodes (one
node in each capital of region) but due to topology of Lleida’s territory and the few
infrastructures are built, we should spent too much money to create the links so we
decide to create a little different topology. Once we have discard the previous option,
we think about to eliminate some capital of region’s node but we discard too because
we don’t know technologies that send the traffic information along distance similar like
50km or more and how we have to treat this information in order to be send later. After
discarding these two options, we decide to design a non-perfect ring formed by nine
nodes (one of them is the biggest one, Lleida, which is the capital of the region and the
capital of the province) and three nodes which has been created with a point to point
connection in order to spend less money and to have a better traffic distribution.
With this topology, we have to take into account for the future that regions which
have a point to point connection (Vall d’Aran, Alta Ribagorça and Garrigues) have more
possibilities that stay offline due to a cut of fibre or another problem, so we will have to
assume that these municipalities have more possibilities to stay offline than others that
have a bigger protection or assume that we will have to gain less money for the fibre
services.
In table 2.3 and picture 2.8 we can see the capitals of regions of Lleida’s province
where we situate the SDH nodes and the topology of the ring we have previously
explained.
Region Capital
Alt Urgell La Seu d’Urgell
Alta Ribagorça El Pont de Suert
Garrigues Les Borges Blanques
La Vall D’aran Vielha e Mijaran
Noguera Balaguer
Segarra Cervera
Segria Lleida
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Solsones Solsona
Pallars Jussa Tremp
Pallars Sobira Sort
Pla d’Urgell Mollerussa
Urgell Tarrega
Once we have decided where we allocate the nodes of the regions of Lleida’s
province and calculated which are the traffic supported by the node, we start to find
which are the railways, motorways or other possibilities to interconnect them and we
have obtain the table 2.4.
In table 2.4 and picture 2.9 we can see which are the interconnections between
each region nodes; ADIF interconnection means that we have to rent the fibres using
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railways and the other interconnections means all the interconnections which we have
to create and do the infrastructure so this means an excessive increment of budget.
The parameter distance (km) shows the distance between the two interconnected
nodes.
Following the first steps that we had thought in Lleida’s topology, the first idea for
Girona’s topology was to put one node in each region. In this case, however, the node
didn’t have to be in each capital of region. Due to long way in some links, we decided
to modify the first perfect ring topology determined.
The main changes implanted on the ring were to delete some nodes which were
in a remote place, where there were few municipalities. Later, we think that these
discards could give us problems later, so we create point-to-point links for these cases.
This saves us build connections with very high distances to reach remote locations with
few connections. Another proposal that we perform was to change the positions of
nodes so that the links were not excessively high. The new positions not diverted from
the features of the previous municipality, in terms of number of connections and
number of people.
The finally Girona’s topology is a ring composed by seven nodes. One of them is
the Provincial node which is connected in the interprovincial backbone. In fact, in terms
of traffic we consider this as only one node, but physically will be two nodes which bear
the load split between them. It impacts to the budget, but not in traffic and topology.
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Once we decided the Girona’s topology, the next step is to compute the link
distances between nodes. In the following table we specify it and the real paths.
Table 2.5 and picture 2.11 shows the connections between Girona’s nodes.
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A first look to the traffic study made for the purpose of this project show us that
Tarragona province is the second most populated area in Catalonia. So in terms of
traffic, we must consider this fact carefully for the design of our ring. This province,
which capital is Tarragona, is composed by 2 type-A cities, 14 type-B and 72 type-C,
with a total amount of population estimated in 800.000. The calculations realized in our
traffic study shows that the total out coming traffic generated by the population of this
province is about 12.3Gbps.
In the design of this ring, we took as a first proposition to choose every capital of
region as a node in first idea. Tarragona is composed by 10 regions, and each one is
connected with to the next node in the ring as shown in the table below.
Then, due to the very low density population of Falset (composed by 2 type C
municipalities), we thought that it would be a possible solution to remove it from the
ring and connect it to the network by using a simple link between this and Mora d’Ebre,
the nearest regional node. After considering this solution, it was discarded because the
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way of the links needed to connect Falset to Mora would be coincident with the needed
to connect Mora d’ Ebre to Reus (Falset is in the middle of this way).
So finally we came back to the first solution and decide the following design for this
backbone:
The picture below shows the final geographical disposition of the nodes in the
province of Tarragona, and also the routes used to link them (see Table 2.5):
Picture
2.13.
Geographical
node
and
links
disposition
in
Tarragona
province.
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Given the fact that Barcelona is the province that generates more traffic in
Catalonia, its topology was designed in a way completely different from the other
provinces. For this reason, our decision was to split the traffic of Barcelona in five rings.
– Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1): the main ring in the province of Barcelona. Is
the union point of the other rings that compose the full topology of the
province.
– Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2): composed by the half of the region of Barcelona.
– Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3): composed by the other half of the region of
Barcelona.
– Barcelona EAST (Ring 4): composed by the regions located at the east side
of the province.
– Barcelona WEST (Ring 5): composed by the regions located at the west side
of the province.
Is important to take into account the Capitals of each Region inside the province of
Barcelona because in each one of these we placed a network node.
Region Capital
Alt Penedès Vilafranca del Penedès
Anoia Igualada
Bages Manresa
Baix Llobregat Sant Feliu de Llobregat
Barcelonès Barcelona
Berguedà Berga
Garraf Vilanova i la Geltrú
Maresme Mataró
Osona Vic
Vallès Occidental Sabadell
Vallès Oriental Granollers
In summary, and following the previous distributions, then we detail the 5 rings that
form the topology expected for the province of Barcelona.
This is the main ring in the province of Barcelona. It consists of four nodes located
in the following cities:
Note that in this ring in particular we see that there are two nodes that are not
located in a capital of region. These nodes are L’Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona.
The reason is that the region of Barcelona, which is so large and generates a lot of
traffic, is to be divided into two rings. It causes that two cities in the same area must
provide a link to the two rings of the city.
Take into account the distribution of the region of El Barcelonès that we
considered (for this ring and for the two Barcelona City rings).
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Cities of El Barcelonès
Barcelona
L’Hospitalet de Llobregat
Badalona
Santa Coloma de Gramanet
Sant Adrià de Besòs
Moreover, the city of Barcelona is the city that generates the most of the traffic of
the Region. In consequence, we decided to divide Barcelona City in ten parts
(according to the Districts of the City).
The next picture shows the topology of the Barcelona Backbone Ring.
Note that in the middle of the ring appears the CATNix node. We considered that
from each node of the Barcelona Backbone ring there’s a link to the CATNix node. This
ring supports all the Barcelona traffic and all the traffic from the other provinces to the
CATNix node. In this way we get to distribute the large volume of traffic destined to
CATNix in 4 links point to point.
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Picture
2.15
Topology
map
of
Barcelona
province’s
backbone
Table 2.11 shows the connections between the backbone’s nodes and the CATNix
node.
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Picture 2.17 Topology map of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City
Table 2.12 shows the connections between nodes of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City.
Like the previous ring (point 2.5.2), this third ring contain the nodes corresponding
to the other half of Barcelona region:
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Picture 2.19 Topology map of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City
Table 2.13 shows the connections between nodes of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City.
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This is the ring that includes the western regions of the province of Barcelona. The
nodes included in this ring are:
Picture
2.21
Topology
map
of
Barcelona
region’s
west
site
Table 2.14 shows the connections between nodes of the west ring of El
Barcelonès region.
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The last ring that we considered in the province of Barcelona is the ring that
includes the eastern regions of the province of Barcelona. The following nodes
compose the ring:
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Table 2.15 shows the connections between nodes of the east ring of El
Barcelonès region.
Joining the five rings described in the preceding paragraphs, we have that the final
topology proposed for the province of Barcelona would be the following:
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Once we have explained which are the ring topologies of each province and the
backbone, we join all the rings in order to create which is the topology of the
infrastructure of Catalonia.
The topology of Catalonia was formed by four provinces joined by the backbone.
Lleida is the smallest one in number of inhabitants and traffic distribution but is the
most expensive one because of there are not so much infrastructures and we have to
build it. Barcelona province is the biggest one in terms of inhabitants and due to there
is too much infrastructures because have optical fibres in metro, railway, FGC, we have
to rent all this fibres so we spend less money initially. The other two provinces, Girona
and Tarragona, are quite in terms of number of inhabitants and infrastructures.
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Taking into account that all the municipalities of Catalonia are classified in 3 types
attending to its population (A, B or C), a sample of each type of municipality was given
to us from our tutors in order to calculate the average distance between each kind of
municipality and its nearest regional node. These samples were Cerdanyola (A), Salou
(B) and Cervera (C). Despite this fact, we have considered more accurate to calculate
manually all the distances between type-A and type-B cities to their regional node
because they are not so many, and apply another approximation for type-C
municipalities: As a proposed solution, we have considered 15 random samples of
type-C municipalities, calculated the average distance and approximated the rest of the
distances between type-C municipalities and their regional node to this average
distance which finally was 9.8 Km.
Table 2.16 shows the municipalities type C we have choose in order to calculate
the average of the distance
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- Type A: 2 x Dual LTM Marconi OMS 870 (STM-16) + DWDM Marconi 3000.
- Type B: LTM Marconi OMS 870 (STM-16)
- Type C: ADM Marconi OMS 860. (STM-4)
We have to take into account that there are many municipalities that are a capital
of region so, in these cases we don’t use an LTM and we have to use an ADM that
belongs to the provincial ring.
Picture 2.26 shows the distance of the three types of municipalities we have been
assigned to its capital of node
Picture
2.26
Interconnection
between
the
types
A,
B
and
C
municipalities
to
its
capital
of
region
In municipality type C, we have to take into account that Cervera is a capital of
region, so the distance to it is 0 km but in order to know the distance of municipalities
type C to this capital of region we applied the criteria we have previously explained.
The fibre used in this links is the same than the one used for the ring design, the
mono-mode Corning-Leaf optical fibre. For detailed information about this devices and
the optical fibre, go to sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.5.
The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 4066.46734 Mbps
so we have to use 2 STM-16 (1 STM-16 is 2.5Gbps) in order to can send these
data information.
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• Salou interconnection:
The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 1597.28625 Mbps
so we have to use 1 STM-16 (1 STM-16 is 2.5Gbps) in order to can send these
data information.
• Cervera interconnection:
Cervera is a municipality type C that belongs to the province of Segarra and
its capital of region is the same Cervera so the total traffic that Cervera generates
taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is:
Residential Residential Companies Companies Companies Enterprises Esterprises
Total
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
125,928 13,992 14,4 36 0 3,05 15
Destí Node
0 0 1,44 3,6 0 1,05 4,5 10,59
Comarcal
Destí Node
0 0 3,6 9 0 1,05 4,5 18,15
Provincial
Destí altres
0 0 7,2 18 0 1,225 5,25 31,675
provincies
Destí CAT-
125,928 13,992 2,16 5,4 0 0,175 0,75 148,405
Nix
TOTAL 208,82
The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 208.82 Mbps so we
have to use 1 STM-4 (1 STM-4 is 622.28 Mbps) in order to can send these data
information.
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CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION
Any connection system like we are studying, with very long link distances and
traffic movement that we have seen in previous chapters, we must take into account
some form of protection in case that our links suffers mistakes or cuts. In this chapter
we will explain how we to solve this problem.
Before to explain the specific protection used in each province, first, we go to talk
about the solutions that we have implemented in several ring links. More specifically,
we only use two protections for this project, Four-Fibre MS-BSHR and Two-Fibre MS-
BSHR.
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When the working fibres fail, there are several system recovery modes. In our
case, we have to decide what happens when this case occurs. The protection
mechanisms that we have explained previously use a protection switching called 1:1
(Picture 3.4). 1:1 sends a copy of signal on a working channel only, while the
protection channel is reserved for future use in case that the working channel gets
failed. In normal time, the protection channel can also be used for low priority data
traffic transmission.
It exist a similar protection switching called 1+1 which, in contrast to 1:1, a copy of
data signal is transmitted respectively on a working and a protection channel. At the
receiver side, the receiver can make a decision to accept which copy of signal based
on the signal quality.
The interprovincial ring is the topology where the traffic amount is biggest than the
provincial rings. Also, there are longest distances link. The failures at this level would
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make that provincial nodes might suffer overloads and, as consequence, which the
network will has more errors.
As can be seen, if we put the protection and working fibres on the same path, it is
more likely that the second situation commented above occurs, and we prefer will not
arise. So, we proposed to send the protection fibres through different way that working
fibres. Thus, is harder that it occurs. This solution increases the final economical result,
but in the opposite case that we don’t want to use it, if the working and protection fibre
fails the equipment is designed to support these changes, but the network devices
could be break down. The routes of each fibre are basically highway for working fibres
(Section 2.1 of Chapter 2) and ADIF for protection fibre (Picture 3.5).
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We explain Lleida, Tarragona and Girona protection in the same section because
they are very similar between them. As also discussed in Chapter, which refers to
Network topology, the main topologies implemented in this provinces is the ring
topology too. But, in this case, we haven’t got a traffic load inside the ring as large as
the backbone. This reason leads us to think in softer protections which decrease the
project final cost.
With a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR protection we only use two fibres, not four. It fits
perfectly with what we are looking for. Although protection is obviously “lower” than
Four-Fibre MS-BSHR, it is sufficient to protect the provincial rings. If a working fibre in
one direction fails the other working fibre, which goes in the opposite direction, at that
time it fills protection channels with the traffic which can’t arrives at the other point. This
type of protection is called Ring or Path-Switching. This is possible because the impact
on failure is not very high in these rings
In Lleida and Girona, we have some exceptions because there are two special
cases. In Girona exists point to point connection between Ripoll and Puigcerdà, and in
Lleida there are two point to point consecutive connections.
If there are a failure into one of the rings managed by these nodes the traffic
repercussion on the near connections, like happens in provinces of Girona, Lleida and
Tarragona, don't increase enough to put into this rings a protection based on four fibres
like Four-Fibre MS-BSHR. In these four sub-rings we will use a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR
protection.
The trouble comes when we step into the core ring. A failure in here can lead us to
high traffic loads on the rest of nodes that made up the core ring. This problems is
mainly caused because comes a high traffic with destination CATNix. For this reason,
we connect the four nodes that form the central ring, each one separately, with the
CATNix node. In the case that one of these links fails, there are three other options to
arrive at de destiny. Thanks to this separation we can afford to put a Two-Fibre MS-
BSHR protection in this ring too.
The final protection scheme is shown in Picture 3.6. As maybe can't be appreciate
the line colours in the picture, we help to the reader to distinguish them. In the legend
puts that the black line is for A to B direction and the orange or yellow line is for B to A
direction. A and B aren't physical places, basically, each colour represents one
transport data direction of the fibre.
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Picture
3.6
Protection
Scheme
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CHAPTER 4. SYNCHRONIZATION
SDH is a technology that allows high throughput across point-to-point connections,
making it ideal for WAN links. However, in order to have these high throughputs, it is
necessary to use highly accurate synchronization between network nodes in order to
avoid bit errors or frame losses during transmission.
An incorrectly synchronized SDH network causes jitter and wander, which would
cause the network nodes not be able to determine when a frame starts/ends, ultimately
meaning reduced bit rates or traffic loss.
- Hierarchical Master-Slave
- Pseudo-synchronous (Distributed architecture)
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SSU’s and SEC’s generally receive a reference signal from various sources, in
order to avoid loops and decide which synchronization signal is the best to be used, a
message called Synchronization Status Message (SSM) is passed within each SDH
frame (STM-N). The SSM is a 4 bit message that is carried over the S1 byte in the
MSOH header of a STM-N signal. The various synchronization sources utilize this
message to decide which synchronization signal to use.
Table 4.1 shows the quality level and coding in synchronization status messages
used in SDH networks.
In order to design our network, we will follow the guidelines mentioned in the
document, ETSI EG 201 793, that describe a general topology to be used in
synchronization networks.
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Picture
4.1
Master-‐slave
architecture
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The master PRC located on Sant Feliu is going to synchronize its aggregation ring,
the backup PRC and the rest of the SSU’s. In order to reduce costs, our backup PRC
in Badalona is going to be in active state acting but only covering its aggregation ring
while being stand-by for the rest of the SSU’s. The backup PRC is going to be
synchronized by the Master PRC with priority 1 and the GPS signal with priority 2.
The rest of the aggregation rings: Tarragona, L’Hospitalet, Sabadell, Girona and
Lleida, each is going to have its own SSU. This is to avoid from internal traffic within a
ring to be affected in case a SSU loses the PRC signal because of fiber cuts.
After following the guidelines recommended by standard ETSI EG 201 793, our
network design is shown in figure 4.3.
Picture
4.3
Catalonia’s
synchronization
network
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5.1.1. ADM
ADM are the initials of Add and Drop Multiplexer and is an important element of an
optical fibre network. An ADM has the capability to add one or more lower-bandwidth
signals to an existing high-bandwidth data stream and at the same time can extract or
drop other low-bandwidth signals, removing them from the stream and redirecting them
to some other network path. This is used as a local “on-ramp” and “off-ramp” to the
high speed network.
ADM’s can be used both in long-haul core networks and in shorter-distance metro
networks, although the former are much more expensive due to the difficulty of scaling
the technology to the high data rates and dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) used for long/haul communications. ADMs are placed on the regions nodes
that provide a less traffic and don’t have to interconnect less or equal than two nodes.
5.1.2. DxC
DxC are the initials of Digital Cross Connect and is a network device used by
telecom carriers and large enterprises to switch and multiplex low-speed voice and
data signals onto high-speed lines and vice versa. It is typically used to aggregate
several T1 lines into a higher-speed electrical or optical line as well as to distribute
signals to various destinations and its purpose is to regroup and switch data streams
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between the interfaces of the cross-connect system. The DxC are usually placed in the
connection of backbone nodes and the provincial’s capital where there is existed high
traffic and have to interconnect more than two nodes or different rings.
Picture
5.2
Structure
of
DxC
[1]
5.1.3. WDM
WDM are the initials of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and is a technology which
multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a simple optical fibre by using
different wavelengths (colours) of a laser light. This technique enables bidirectional
communications over one strand of fibre, as well as multiplication of capacity.
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therefore limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60 Km for a
2.5Gbit/s signals. CWDM is also being used in cable television networks
c) Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) à is used to increase
bandwidth over existing fibre optic backbones. DWDM works by combining
and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on
the same fibre. DWDM-based networks can transmit data in IP, ATM,
SONET/SDH, and Ethernet, and handle bit rates between 100Mbit/s and
2.5Gbit/s. Therefore, DWDM-based networks can carry different types of
traffic at different speeds over an optical channel. From a QoS standpoint,
DWDM-based networks create a lower cost way to quickly respond to
customers’ bandwidth demands and protocol changes.
DWDM allows greater scalability if, in a future, the capacity of the network increase
and is capable of carrying out links at longer distances without having to use amplifiers.
Due to these reasons, the best solution is to use DWDM in the entire network.
In the G.957 standard, the optical interface is divided in function of the distance of
the links, the wavelength and the frame type used. In table 5.1 we can see this
explanation:
Table 5.1 shows the classification of the optical interfaces by the ITU G.957
Inter-office
Application Intra-office
Short-haul Long-haul
Source nominal
1310 1310 1550 1310 1550
wavelength (nm)
Rec. Rec. G.652
Type of fibre Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.653
G.652 Rec. G.654
Distance (Km) ≤2 ≈15 ≈40 ≈80
STM-1 I-1 S-1.1 S-1.2 L-1.1 L-1.2 L-1.3
STM
STM-4 I-4 S-4.1 S-4.2 L-4.1 L-4.2 L-4.3
level
STM-16 I-16 S-16.1 S-16.2 L-16.1 L-16.2 L-16.3
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These two types of fibre are composed by the elements that picture 5.4 shows:
Picture 5.5 Propagation in the core of the optical fibre [1]
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5.1.6. Connectors
An optical fibre connector terminates the end of the optical fibre, and enables
quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically
couple and align the cores of fibres so that light can pass. These connectors are used
to interconnect the SDH targets with the optical fibre.
EDFA is the most deployed fibre amplifier as its amplification window coincides
with the third transmission window of silica-based optical fibre.
Two bands have developed in the third transmission window, the conventional or
C-band, from approximately 1525 nm - 1565 nm, and the Long or L-band, from
approximately 1570 nm to 1610 nm. Both of these bands can be amplified by EDFAs,
but it is normal to use two different amplifiers, each optimized for one of the bands.
The principal difference between C and L-band amplifiers is that a longer length of
doped fibre is used in L-band amplifiers.
EDFAs have two commonly used pumping bands, 980 nm and 1480 nm. The 980
nm band has a higher absorption cross-section and is generally used where low-noise
performance is required. The absorption band is relatively narrow and so wavelength
stabilised laser sources are typically needed. The 1480 nm band has a lower, but
broader, absorption cross-section and is generally used for higher power amplifiers. A
combination of 980 nm and 1480 nm pumping is generally utilised in amplifiers.
With the previous theory explanation of the elements we have to use and the total
traffic distribution we have calculated in chapter 1. Now we will explain the specific
features of each equipment chosen and then we will see where is allocate each of
them in the network.
Before to start, we think that is important qualify that almost all equipments are
provided by Marconi. This concept is not reflected on the budget or another section of
the project. We have decided it just because if the majority of network equipments
belong at the same company will have fewer incompatibility problems and the provider
will be much available when any equipment will suffer some failure.
5.2.1. ADM
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The nodes where we use the ADM of the previous table are show in the following
table:
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5.2.2. DxC
The nodes where we use the DxC of the previous table are show in the following
table:
5.2.3. WDM
To compute the type of SDH card that are needed in each equipment, first we
have had to know the number of equivalent cards to the traffic which is incoming or
outbound, which are the same because the SDH technology is symmetric.
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With the traffic oversized we divide it by a STM-16 value, i.e. 2.5Gbit/s. This
operation give us the exact number of STM-16 and an over traffic which can't fill a
STM-16. With this over traffic we have decided if is needed a STM-1, STM-4 or STM-
16.
!"#$%&'#( !"#$$%&
!º !"## !"#16 =
2,5 !"#$
!"#$ !"#$$%& = !"#$%&'#( !"#$$%& − (!º !"## !"#16 ∙ 2,5!"#$)
Once we had all the STMs for each link, the next step is to looking for the SDH
card which can emit and receive STM-1, STM-4 or STM-16. As in datasheets of the
cards of Marconi don't specify the transmission power and sensitivity of it, which help
us to decide if we need some amplifier between links, we search the cards in Cisco,
which give us this information. The STM cards are the following:
The choice of the optical fibre is one of the most important decisions we must take
for the design of our network, as there are almost 3000 km of links between nodes in
our design, and we must invest a big amount of our budget to this network element.
Once we decided to use a mono-mode fibre and the ITU G-655 standard, we had
to choose between manufacturers. The most interesting technical parameters used to
balance between them are attenuation, the chromatic dispersion, and the cut-off
wavelength. The table 2.5 shows the comparison between different manufacturers and
their technical parameters.
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Our final decision was the Corning/Leaf fibre, which has the lowest attenuation and
also a low dispersion so it was the best choice for us.
5.2.6. Connectors
About connectors, the main parameter that we need is the attenuation which
decreases our outbound transmission power of the SDH card. The card datasheets
give us the type of connector that we need for connect it with the fibre.
As the SDH cards which we use are either STM-4 or STM-16 and, as we can see
in the Table 5.6, both need SC connectors.
Before to looking for the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier equipment we have to know
all the power balance between links. To compute it we use the following equation.
Where Ptx is the transmission power of the STM card, α is the fiber attenuation, L is
the length of the link, αotros is the summation of connector losses, multiplexer losses
and regenerator losses. Pfinal is the power which arrives at the end of the link; it has to
be between the sensibilities ranges.
We have applied this equation at each link and the only place where the Pfinal
arrives under receiver sensitivity is on the interprovincial ring. To help to understand
better this explanation we show the following table with the equation applied in the
interprovincial ring.
L
Link Ptx αfiber αotros Pfinal Prx diff
(km)
Sant Feliu – Tarragona -3 0,2 97,4 8 -30,48 -28 2,48
Sabadell – Girona -3 0,2 95,9 8 -40,18 -28 2,18
Girona – Lleida -3 0,2 243 13,8 -65,40 -28 37,4
Girona – Lleida (*) -3 0,2 263 14,6 -70,20 -28 42,2
Tarragona -Lleida -3 0,2 102 8,2 -31,60 -28 3,6
(*)
the
protection
fiber
goes
through
Barcelona.
According to the Table 5.8, we need an EDFA between Sant Feliu de Llobregat
and Tarragona, Sabadell and Girona and Tarragona and Lleida; meanwhile, to obtain a
good receiver power we need two EDFA between Girona and Lleida. In the links which
we just we need one, it will be allocated in the middle of the path; however, in the links
which we need two, the amplifiers will be allocated at 1/3 of path and 2/3 of path.
The requirements in the search of optical amplifiers are basically the gain range.
The EDFAs selected are:
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Model
Symmetricom PRC-3100
Symmetricom SSU 2000e
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CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGIES
Before to start with the budget of this first part of this project, we go to talk about
the basic technologies used in all that we have explained until here. All of these
technologies have been seen in the subjects of XDSF block.
We will make a brief introduction of SDH, WDM and topics related with the fiber
optics. We focus in the parts which we have seen along the project. To know
everything that involves it we would need a report much longer.
6.1. SDH
Both are organized in containers, where the bit-rate of each container has been
chosen so that the full range PDH and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) signals can
be transported over the SDH Network (Table 6.1).
SDH Containers
Container bit-rate
SDH Container PDH bit-rate (kbits/s)
(kbits/s)
C-4 150336 139264
44736
C-3 50112
34368
C-2 6912 6312
C-12 2304 2048
C-11 1728 1544
All of the SDH containers can be multiplexing within a aggregate of 155.55 Mbps
which is called an STM-1 frame (Synchronous Transport Module - Number 1). For
knowhow is made up the frame structure of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, we
describe it in this section briefly too.
The STM-1 Frame structure has two parts: the headers and the payload. All
frames have a dimension of 270 columns or bytes and 9 rows. The headers fill the first
9 bytes of each row. It is divided in three sections: Regeneration Section Overhead
(RSOH), Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Pointer Area. The first two are
modified between two regenerators or a network element an regenerator and between
network elements respectively, meanwhile the Pointer Area is used to the align process
of the virtual containers into the payload.
SDH offers two main benefits: The great configuration flexibility of the nodes which
are in the network and increase the management possibilities both traffic as network
elements. This makes that a network can be taken from its passive PDH transport
structure to one which transports and manages the information actively.
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SDH also promote the creation of structure with open networks, which increase the
competence in the services supply.
6.2. WDM
Picture
6.1
WDM
[3]
The circuits of fibre optic are a glass threads (it's composed by natural glasses) o
plastic (artificial glasses), with diameters around of 10 and 300 µm. It carries messages
in form of broad of light which pass through them from one extreme to the other in fact.
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The light transmission principle over fibre is based on the total internal reflection; the
light which travels through the fibre core come into contact with the external surface
with higher angle than the critical angle, so all the light is reflected without losses into
the fibre. Thus, the light can be transmitted reflecting it in a long path.
Basically, the fibre optic is a light guide with much better materials than the
previous in several ways. We can add that in the fibre optic the signal is not so
attenuated than the copper, since in the fibres there aren't information losses by
refraction or light dispersion. As result we get better performance than the copper,
where the signals are much attenuated by the material resistance to the
electromagnetic wave propagations. Furthermore, is possible to emit at the same time
several signals which have got different frequencies to distinguish them. In the
telephonic ambit it is called multiplex. We can use the fibre optic to transmit light
directly and another kind of advantages which aren't topic of this project.
Logically, this new technology to transmit data provide us a bit-rate increase with
respect historically technologies used. In the following image is possible to see this
evolution through the years.
Picture
6.2
Bit-‐Rate
evolution
[2]
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CHAPTER 7. BUDGET
Once all the equipment has chosen, the topology are decided and the number of
elements we have to use are selected, it is the time to calculate the budget.
To calculate this budget we have to know which is the cost of all the elements we
have to use (rent and build the optical fibre, ADM, DxC, WDM and the optical
amplifiers).
In order to calculate the budget of the fibre, we have to take in present two options:
a) If we rent this optical fibre, the cost per Km per year per fibre is 4500€. This
option is only valid if we have an infrastructure build previously by another
provider.
b) If we have to build the optical fibre, the cost per Km per fibre is 45.000€. We
use this option in the rest of links which don’t have an infrastructure to rent this
fibre.
We divide the total budget by provinces in order to know how much it cost the
optical fibre but finally, we have to sum all the contributions to calculate the total
budget.
Table 7.1 shows which is the budget of the Lleida’s optical fibre taking into account
the two previous options
LLEIDA
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
Lleida - Balaguer 27,3 SI NO 122850
Balaguer - Tremp 56,6 SI NO 254700
Tremp - Sort 38,7 NO SI 1741500
Sort - La Seu d'Urgell 52 NO SI 2340000
La Seu d'Urgell - Solsona 67,8 NO SI 3051000
Solsona - Cervera 49,6 NO SI 2232000
Cervera - Tàrrega 12,8 SI NO 57600
Tàrrega - Mollerussa 22,7 SI NO 102150
Mollerussa - Lleida 28,3 SI NO 127350
Tremp - El Pont de Suert 45,6 NO SI 2052000
El pont de Suert - Vielha e Mijaran 40,1 NO SI 1804500
Mollerussa - Les Borges Blanques 14,2 NO SI 639000
TOTAL 14.524.650
Table 7.2 shows which is the budget of the Girona’s optical fibre taking into
account the two previous options
GIRONA
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
Sils - Ripoll 87 SI NO 391500
Puigcerdà - Ripoll 65 SI NO 292500
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Table 7.3 shows which is the budget of the Tarragona’s optical fibre taking into
account the two previous options.
TARRAGONA
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
Tarragona - El Vendrell 35,6 SI NO 160200
El Vendrell - Valls 40,5 SI NO 182250
Valls - Montblanc 17,2 NO SI 774000
Montblanc - Reus 29,1 SI NO 130950
Reus - Falset 30,8 NO SI 1386000
Falset - Mora d'Ebre 20 NO SI 900000
Mora d'Ebre - Gandesa 21,5 NO SI 967500
Gandesa - Tortosa 34,9 NO SI 1570500
Tortosa - Amposta 21,5 SI NO 96750
Amposta - Tarragona 32,9 SI NO 148050
TOTAL 6.316.200
Table 7.4 shows which is the budget of the Barcelona’s optical fibre taking into
account the two previous options.
BARCELONA
BARCELONA CITY1
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - Les Corts 8,4 SI NO 37800
Les Corts - Sarrià/Sant Gervasi 2,6 SI NO 11700
Sarrià - Sants/Montjuic 4,6 SI NO 20700
Sants/Montjuic - Ciutat Vella 3,3 SI NO 14850
Ciutat Vella - Eixample 3,6 SI NO 16200
Eixample - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 12,4 SI NO 55800
BARCELONA CITY2
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
Badalona - Gràcia 11,3 SI NO 50850
Gràcia - Sant Martí 5,4 SI NO 24300
Sant Martí - Sant Adrià del Besós 2,8 SI NO 12600
Sant Adrià del Besós - Santa Coloma de Gramanet 5,4 SI NO 24300
Santa Coloma de Gramanet - Sant Andreu 29,7 SI NO 133650
Sant Andreu - Nou Barris 29,3 SI NO 131850
Nou Barris - Horta/Guinardó 3,9 SI NO 17550
Horta/Guinardó - Badalona 13,4 SI NO 60300
BARCELONA WEST
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
Sabadell - Berga 87,3 SI NO 392850
Berga - Vic 58,4 SI NO 262800
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Table 7.5 shows which is the total budget of the optical fibre
Province Budget
Lleida 14.524.650
Girona 7.848.000
Tarragona 6.316.200
Barcelona 3.206.250
TOTAL 41.782.500
With the previous table, we obtain that the total budget of the optical fibre we have
to rent and build in Catalonia is 41.782.500 €.
In order to calculate the budget of the elements we have to use, we have to know
previously which are the amounts of each element we have to use.
Table 7.6 shows the elements we have used, the quantity of each of them we
have to use and its prize.
Element Quantity Prize (€) / ud. Total prize (€)
DxC
Marconi OMS 1600 2 80000 160000
Marconi OMS 2430 4 170000 680000
Marconi OMS 3240 2 150000 300000
Marconi OMS 3255 2 180000 360000
ADM
Marconi OMS 860 334 18000 6012000
Marconi OMS 870 97 20000 1940000
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With the previous table, we obtain that the total budget of the elements we have
used in Catalonia is 12.436.700 €
In order to calculate the budget of all municipalities of Catalonia, we have done the
follow actions:
Table 7.7 shows the links of the municipalities type A which are not the capital
of the region to its region, the distance of the link and the price of how much it
cost the build of the fibre.
With table 7.7 we can obtain that the budget of municipalities type A which are
not capital of region is 463.950 €
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Table 7.8 shows the links of the municipalities type B which are not the capital
of the region to its region, the distance of the link and the price of how much it
cost the build of the fibre.
Distance to region’s
Type Links Built Total budget
capital (km)
Cambrils - Reus 13,3 59850
Salou - Tarragona 10,4 46800
Calafell - El Vendrell 5,9 26550
Vilaseca - Tarragona 12,4 55800
Sant Carles de Ràpita - Amposta 11,8 53100
Torredembarra - Tarragona 20,4 91800
Cunit - El Vendrell 12,2 54900
Mont-Roig - Reus 19,4 87300
Deltebre - Tortosa 24,4 109800
Alcanar - Amposta 34,3 154350
Blanes - Sils 21 94500
Lloret - Sils 18,3 82350
Santa Coloma de Farners - Sils 9,1 40950
Roses - Figueres 19,5 87750
Castelló d'Empuries - Figueres 10,3 46350
Escal - Figueres 15,1 67950
Sant Feliu de Guíxols - Palafrugell 22,2 99900
Palamós - Palafrugell 9 40500
Torroella de Montgrí - Palafrugell 18 81000
Calonge - Palafrugell 13,8 62100
B 4500
La Bisbal de l'Empordà - Palafrugell 13,5 60750
Platja d'Aro - Palafrugell 15,5 69750
Salt - Girona 4,2 18900
Esplugues - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 3,7 16650
Gavà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 15,5 69750
Ripollet - Sabadell 9,5 42750
Montcada i Reixach - Sabadell 13,8 62100
Sant Joan Despí - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 2,1 9450
Sant Pere de Ribes - Vilanova i la Geltrú 7,9 35550
Sant Vicenç dels Horts - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 6,8 30600
Sitges - Vilanova 7,8 35100
Premià de Mar - Mataró 10,7 48150
Martorell - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 17,5 78750
Sant Andreu de la Barca - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 10,9 49050
Pineda de Mar - Mataró 26,7 120150
Sant Perpetua de la Mogoda - Sabadell 7,6 34200
Molins de Rei - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 4,7 21150
Olesa de Montserrat - Sant Feliu de Montserrat 22,2 99900
Castellar del Vallés - Sabadell 8,7 39150
Masnou - Sabadell 29,1 130950
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With table 7.8 we can obtain that the budget of all municipalities type B which
are not capital of region is 4.782.150 €
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that the 60% of all municipalities have not a fibre build so we have to build it and
the 40% of all municipalities can we rent it. To calculate the number of
municipalities, we obtain all municipalities type C in Catalonia (346) and remove
all municipalities type C which is capital of region (12). These municipalities
type C that is capital of region are: Les Borges Blanques, Cervera, Gandesa,
Falset, Montblanc, Móra d’Ebre, El Pont se Suert, Puigcerdà. Solsona, Sort,
Tremp and Vielha e Mijaran). The distance of the municipalities type C to its
capital of nodes is 9,8 Km as well as we explain in chapter 2.7
Table 7.10 shows the links of the municipalities type C to its region’s capital, the
distance of the link and the price of how much it cost the build of the fibre.
Type Distance to region’s capital (km) Number of municipalities Fibre price Total budget
134 4500 5.909.400
C 9,8
200 45000 88.200.000
TOTAL 94.109.400
With table 7.10 we can obtain that the budget of municipalities type C which is
not capital of region is 94.109.400 €
Table 7.11 shows the sum of the contributions of the total budget of
municipalities’ type A, type B and type C.
In order to calculate the total budget of the optical fibre used in Catalonia, we have
to sum the three contributions (budget of optical fibre, budget of elements and budget
of municipalities) like the table 7.12.
Table 7.12 shows the total budget of the first part of OnCAT project.
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In this chapter we pretend to analyse the environmental impact that may cause the
deployment of the OnCAT project. It includes all the effects that can affect to the
environment by the required operations to deploy the entire network.
In our case, we have to take in account all the needed operations to implement the
network and try to minimize the environmental impact it can cause, as much as
possible. The main operation that can cause this impact, may be the fibre unfolding
that we need to done.
In order to try to minimize the impact that may cause fibre unfolding around all the
Catalonia territory, we think that the best solution is the possibility to rent the fibre,
instead of performing civil works that causes the biggest impact to the environment.
Renting fibres in Highways and in public transport infrastructures (like metro or train),
are two possibilities to avoid carrying out works and, consequently, to avoid the
environmental impact that may affect the environment.
But not all the fibres can be rented, due to the unavailability of fibres previously
unfolded. In these cases we need to perform civil works, but we try to reduce the
impact, doing some good practises, like doing the works as close as possible to the
roads and avoiding them in populated zones as long as possible.
In contrast, a factor that could affect the environment such as radiation and
pollution levels that could lead fibres is negligible. It’s therefore a factor that we avoid in
this section.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Publications
• Web pages
www.idescat.cat
[4] www.adif.es
www.tmb.cat
www.fgc.es
www.ericsson.com
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www.alcatel-lucent.com
www.corning.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.telnet-ri.es
www.symmetricom.com
www.cisco.com
www.xtec.cat
[5] http://www.networkdictionary.com/telecom/wdm.php
www.pirelli.com
www.ofsoptics.com
www.tellabs.com
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX I. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY
In appendix I, we will show which is the demographic study depending on the
number of inhabitants separated by provinces.
REGIONAL PROVINCIAL
INTERPROVINCIAL CATNIX
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BARCELONA TARRAGONA
LLEIDA GIRONA
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CONCA DE BAR-
BERÀ 52,95
90,75
158,375
326,984
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