OnCAT Project - Wired Data Network

OnCAT
Project Grup 8
OnCAT Project
First Part
TITLE: Study of the economic and technical viability to implant a data network
TITULATION: Telecommunications engineering
AUTHOR: Adrià López Molina

David López Salvadó
Marc Ros Contreras
Sergio Soria Nieto
Manuel Torres Castro
DIRECTORS: Jordi Curià

Salvatore Spadaro
DATE: December 30th 2010
1

OnCAT Project Grup 8
2

INDEX
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 1. TRAFFIC STUDY ..................................................................................... 8
1.1. Catalonia population .................................................................................... 8

1.2. Estimation of Bandwidth demand ............................................................... 9
1.3. Provincial level or aggregation/concentration ......................................... 10
1.4. Interprovincial level or backbone level ..................................................... 13
1.5. Network oversized ...................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 2. NETWORK TOPOLOGY ....................................................................... 16
2.1. Backbone ..................................................................................................... 17

2.2. Lleida topology ........................................................................................... 19
2.3. Girona topology .......................................................................................... 21
2.4. Tarragona topology .................................................................................... 23
2.5. Barcelona topology .................................................................................... 24
2.5.1. Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1) ................................................................ 25
2.5.2. Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2) ....................................................................... 27
2.5.3. Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3) ....................................................................... 28
2.5.4. Barcelona WEST (Ring 4) ....................................................................... 30
2.5.5. Barcelona EAST (Ring 5)........................................................................ 31
2.5.6. Complete Topology of Barcelona province.......................................... 32
2.6. Catalonia topology ..................................................................................... 33
2.7. Municipality links to regional nodes ......................................................... 34
CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION ........................................................................................ 37
3.1. Types of protection used ........................................................................... 37

3.2. Backbone protection .................................................................................. 38
3.3. Lleida, Tarragona and Girona’s protection .............................................. 40
3.4. Barcelona’s protection ............................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 4. SYNCHRONIZATION ............................................................................ 42
4.1. SDH synchronization network planning ................................................... 42

4.1.1. Synchronization sources ................................................................... 42
4.1.2. Synchronization status messages .................................................... 43
4.1.3. Synchronization network design ....................................................... 43
4.2. SDH synchronization network ................................................................... 45
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CHAPTER 5. NETWORK ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 46
5.1. Network Elements ....................................................................................... 46

5.1.1. ADM ...................................................................................................... 46
5.1.2. DxC ....................................................................................................... 46
5.1.3. WDM ..................................................................................................... 47
5.1.4. SDH targets ......................................................................................... 48
5.1.5. Optical fibre ......................................................................................... 49
5.1.6. Connectors .......................................................................................... 50
5.1.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) .............................................. 50
5.2. Equipment used .......................................................................................... 50
5.2.1. ADM ...................................................................................................... 50
5.2.2. DxC ....................................................................................................... 52
5.2.3. WDM ..................................................................................................... 52
5.2.4. SDH Targets ........................................................................................ 52
5.2.5. Optical fibre ......................................................................................... 53
5.2.6. Connectors .......................................................................................... 54
5.2.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) .............................................. 54
5.2.8. PRC & SSU .......................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................. 56
6.1. SDH .............................................................................................................. 56

6.2. WDM ............................................................................................................. 57
6.3. Optical fibre ................................................................................................. 57
CHAPTER 7. BUDGET ................................................................................................ 59
7.1. Budget of optical fibre ................................................................................ 59

7.2. Budget of elements .................................................................................... 61
7.3. Budget of municipalities ............................................................................ 62
7.4. Total budget ................................................................................................ 65
CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ................................................................. 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................... 69
APPENDIX I. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY ................................................................... 69

I.I. Total generated traffic by destination .......................................................... 69
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I.II. Total generated traffic by provinces ........................................................... 70
APPENDIX II. CALCULATIONS .............................................................................. 71

II.I. Traffic distribution ......................................................................................... 71
II.II. Power balance. ................................................................................................. 74
APPENDIX III. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................... 78

III.I. Marconi OMS 1600. ...................................................................................... 78
III.II. Marconi OMS 1200. ..................................................................................... 79
III.III. Marconi OMS 800. ...................................................................................... 80
III.IV. Marconi 2400. ............................................................................................. 81
III.V. Marconi 3200. .............................................................................................. 82
III.VI. Marconi 3000. ............................................................................................. 83
III.VII. STM1 SH 1310-8. ....................................................................................... 84
III.VIII. STM4 LH 1550........................................................................................... 84
III.IX. STM16 LH AS 1550..................................................................................... 85
III.X. CORNING LEAF. .......................................................................................... 85
III.XI. Connector Hellermann Tyton.................................................................... 86
III.XII. EDFA Telnet. .............................................................................................. 86
III.XIII. Symmetricom SSU 2000e. ....................................................................... 87
III.XIV. Symmetricom PRC-3100. ........................................................................ 88
5

6

INTRODUCTION
The OnCAT Project’s main objective is to provide connectivity to the entire territory
of Catalonia. Previously, is necessary to analyse the viability of the implementation and
make an action plan composed of the different stages of the project
The first stage is focused on the core and aggregation networks’ design. This is
the stage we studied in this first delivery, which aims to define specifications and
details of it. The second stage, which defines the access network, will be studied on the
final delivery of the project. The available budget for the project’s design,
implementation and operation starting is about 250M €.
This document is structured in some sections that define the different designing
parts that we have to take in account. Starting with the calculations required
determining the traffic in the regions of the territory and the technological solutions
chosen, following the definition of topologies and equipment used, and ending with the
budgeting of the project.
The implementation of the OnCAT Project’s network will last at maximum 3 years
with the objective to begin to offer services in March 2014. As mentioned, in this first
part will define the major specifications of the network's backbone, leaving to the future
the final delivery of the documentation (completed with the access network's definition),
with deadline January 2011.
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CHAPTER 1. TRAFFIC STUDY

The aim of this project is to design and implement an optimal network according to
the demand of population of Catalonia’s territory. To implement this network, we have
to take into account three types of sectors: residential, companies and enterprises
because each sector has his own requirements in terms of traffic.
1.1. Catalonia population
The Catalonia’s population will be extracted from IDESCAT (Institut d’Estadística

de Catalunya). First of all, we have to explain that Catalonia’s populations are
distributed by regions called comarca, each region has a large number of municipalities
or municipalities and one of them, will be the capital of the region (normally is the
biggest city in terms of populations and area). To have an idea, there are
approximately 950 municipalities and 7500000 of inhabitants in all Catalonia territory.
Once we obtained all the municipalities, we have to separate each municipality in

each region in order to have a structure to simplify the futures calculations.
Table 1.1 Separation of the municipalities by regions
Municipality Region
Alcarràs Segrià
Almacelles Segrià
Alpicat Segrià
Lleida Segrià
Torrefarrera Segrià
Once we have separated all municipalities by regions, we have to apply the Table
1.2 in order to obtain what type of city are each one and which are the number of
companies and administrations of each municipality. We have to take into account that
all municipalities with less than 1000 inhabitants are obviated for the design of the
network.
Table 1.2 Types of Municipalities
Type of city Population Companies Enterprises

A > 50000 100 30
B 10000 – 50000 30 15
C 1000 - 10000 10 5
In type of cities A, we choose the next criteria to know which are the number of
companies and enterprises:
!º !"!#$%&'"( !º !"!#$%&'"(
!º !"#$%&'() = ×100 !º !"#!$%$&'!' = ×30
50000 50000
All cities type B has the same number of companies (30) and enterprises (15)
independent of the number of inhabitants and all cities type C has the same criteria of
B cities but with the difference that his companies are 10 and enterprises 5.
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Ex: if the population of an A city is 450000, the number of companies are 900 and
the number of enterprises are 270.
450000 450000
!º !"#$%&'() = ×100 = 900 !º !"#!$%$&'!' = ×30 = 270
50000 50000
1.2. Estimation of Bandwidth demand
Once we known the number of inhabitants, companies and enterprises separated

by regions, in Catalunya are called comarcas, we have to calculate the traffic demand
according to the potential users and their distribution services (each type of cities has
its demand of traffic).
Table 1.3 Estimation of bandwidth of A cities
Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution

Population Penetration
5M 10M 100M 1000M
Residential 20 % 80 % 20 % - - 40 %
Companies 100 % - 50 % 40 % 10 % 30 %
Administration 100 % - 70 % 30 % - 10 %
Table 1.4 Estimation of bandwidth of B cities

5M 10M 100M 1000M
Residential 15 % 80 % 20 % - - 35 %
Companies 95 % - 60 % 40 % - 25 %
Administration 100 % - 70 % 30 % - 10 %
Table 1.5 Estimation of bandwidth of C cities

5M 10M 100M 1000M
Residential 10 % 90 % 10 % - - 30 %
Enterprise 90 % - 80 % 20 % - 20 %
Administration 100 % - 70 % 30 % - 10 %
If we convert the table of cities type A in formulas, we obtain the follow:
Residential:
!"#$%"&'$"() 5! = !º !"!#$%&'"(×0,2×0,8×0,4

!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"!#$%&'"(×0,2×0,2×0,4
Enterprise:
!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,5×0,3

!"#$%"&'$"() 100! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,4×0,3
!"#$%"&'$"() 1000! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,1×0,3
where the number of enterprises is the value previously obtained in function of

our criteria of A cities.
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Administration:
!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"#$%$&'(!'$)%×1×0,7×0,1

!"#$%"&'$"() 100! = !º !"#$%$&'(!'$)%×1×0,3×0,1
where the number of administrations is the value previously obtained in function

of our criteria of A cities.
Table 1.6 Estimation of bandwidth of Alt Urgell’s region (city type C)
ALT URGELL
Residential Residential Companies Companies Companies Administration Administration
Municipality Population
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
La Seu
13063 548,646 137,1615 4,275 2,85 - 1,05 0,45
d’Urgell
Oliana 1976 53,352 5,928 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Montferrer i
1089 29,403 3,267 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Castellbò
1.3. Provincial level or aggregation/concentration
The goal of this section is to know the traffic distribution from local user in a region
to its region, each province, each interprovincial and Internet.
The transit generated by the clients of a municipality (include residential,

enterprises, companies and Internet) arrives at its local node (which normally is the
biggest municipality of each region). This transit will be transported until the local node
where will take the first routing decision (send the information to another municipality of
each region or send to another region). The transit which is not for its region will be
transported by the other regions nodes in order to transport the information to the other
region nodes or to the provincial node where will take the second routing decision.
Finally, if the information is not for the province means that there are from other
provinces so, the provincial node takes the decision to which other provincial node has
to send the information.
Picture 1.1 shows the above explanation.
Picture 1.1 scheme of traffic provincial level

The criteria of this transit distribution are the table 1.7
Destination \ Interprovincial Internet

Comarcal node Provicial node
Source node (CATNix)
Residential - - - 100 %
Enterprise 10 % 25 % 50 % 15 %
Administration 30 % 30 % 35 % 5%
10

Which indicates table 1.7 is the following:
- Residential traffic: All residential traffic must cross all network and goes to
Internet (CATNix).
- Companies traffic:
o 10% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) of municipality

are directed to other municipalities of same region and not arrive at
provincial node.
o 25% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) arrive until the
provincial node but it is directed to other regions of the own province and
not influence on backbone network planning.
o 50% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) arrive until the
provincial node to be directed through the network from backbone to other
provinces
o 15% of the transit generated by the companies (enterprises) has a destiny
Internet and has to arrive at CATNix.
- Administration traffic:
o It has applied the same routing criteria as companies’ traffic but with
different percentages.
ONCat will guarantee to the client a minimum speed of connection of 10% for the
residential users and 100% for the companies and administration users.
Since the estimation of bandwidth demand has been known, we have to apply the
next formulas in order to calculate the traffic will go to each province, which traffic goes
for other provinces and which one goes for Internet (CATNix). In order to obtain this
traffic, we have separated the residential, enterprise and companies’ traffic according
to the request capacity (5Mbps, 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps).
The formulas we have applied to each municipality in order to obtain which is it’s
the total traffic estimation demand are:
!"#$%"&'$() 5! = ∑(!"#$%"&'$(!!!!"#$%&'() )×5 ×0,1

!"#$%"&'$() 10! = ∑(!"#$%"&'$(!!!!"#$%&'() )×10 ×0,1
!"#$%&'() 10! = ∑(!"#$%&'(!!"!!"#$%&'() )×10 ×1
!"#$%&'() 100! = ∑(!"#$%&'(!!""!!"#$%&'() )×100 ×1
!"#$%&'() 1000! = ∑(!"#$%&'(!!""!!!"#$%&'( )×1000 ×1
!"#$%$&'(!'$)% 10! = ∑(!"#$%$&'(!'$)%!"!!"#$%&'() )×10 ×1
!"#$%$&'(!'$)% 100! = ∑ !"#$%$&'(!'$)%!""!!"#$%&'() ×100 ×1
where:
residential_5M and residential_10M are the sum of all contribution of 5Mbps

and 10Mbps of each municipality of each region, respectively.
companies_10M, companies_100M and companies_1000M are the sum of all
contribution of 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps of each municipality of each
region, respectively.
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administration_10M and administration_100M are the sum of all contribution of

10Mbps and 100Mbps of each municipality of each region, respectively.
Table 1.8 Provincial estimation bandwidth of the region Alt Urgell
ALT URGELL
Residential Residential Companies Companies Companies Administration Administration
Municipality Population
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
La Seu d’Urgell 13063 548,646 137,1615 4,275 2,85 - 1,05 0,45
Oliana 1976 53,352 5,928 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Montferrer i
1089 29,403 3,267 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15
Castellbò
TOTAL ALT
315,7005 146,3565 71,55 357 - 17,5 75
URGELL
Destí Node
0 0 7,155 35,7 - 5,25 22,5
Comarcal
Destí Node
0 0 17,8875 89,25 - 5,25 22,5
Provincial
Destí Altres
0 0 35,775 178,5 - 6,125 26,25
províncies
Internet
315,7005 146,3565 10,7325 53,55 - 0,875 3,75
(CATNix)
Once we calculate all traffic of all provinces, we have to multiply it by the utilization
factor (1/3). This traffic is called total_traffic and we have to split it in each region node
by a half because we decide to send the information by two sides like picture 1.1 so
the result is called on table 1.9, total_traffic / 2. We have to take into account that we
don’t have to split the traffic in the capital of the province (Lleida) because the traffic is
already in the provincial node.
Table 1.9 shows the below explanation of the Alta Urgell and Alta Ribagorça
regions
Utilization
Region Traffic dest. Traffic Total traffic Toral traffic/2
factor
Provincial 134,8875 44,9625 22,48125
ALT URGELL Altres províncies 246,65 0,33333333 82,21666667 41,10833333
Internet (CATNix) 530,9645 176,9881667 88,49408333
Provincial 36,3 12,1 6,05
ALTA
Altres províncies 63,35 0,33333333 21,11666667 10,55833333
RIBAGORÇA
Internet (CATNix) 58,262 19,42066667 9,710333333
… … … … … …
The following equations show us which is the traffic arrives at each node and the
total traffic we have to split in each node in order not to overflow the nodes:
Traffic arrived:
1
!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%& = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+
3
1
!"!#$!"#$%&%'(!")!*!!"#$$%& = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+
3
1
!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$!" = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+
3
Spit traffic:
1
!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%& = ∑!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%&
2
1
!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$%& = ∑!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$%&
2
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In all results of total traffic, we have obviated the region traffic (comarcal_traffic)
because the contribution of this traffic in front of the provincial, interprovincial and
Internet (CATNix) send and arrived is too insignificant than the other type of traffic to be
taken into account.
1.4. Interprovincial level or backbone level
This section explains which is the total traffic that all municipalities of one region
are sending to his province’s capital and later, this capital’s node is the responsible for
transmitting this traffic to the rest of three capitals’ nodes of provinces. To know this
traffic, we have been calculated previously, the traffic which arrives at the provincial
node multiplied by the utilization factor (1/3) and later we have applied the utilization
factor (3/5) and the percentage of traffic which each province send to the others. We
use these two factor because we assume all user in all municipalities where not
connected at the same time.
This traffic must be calculated applying the table 1.10 and the following two steps
a) Outbound traffic à this total outbound traffic is the traffic that all municipalities
of the province send to the others provinces and must be calculated by the
sum of contributions of desti_node_altes_provincies and desti_internet of all
regions in the province multiplied by the utilization factor (3/5). This factor is
used because not all users are connected at same time.
3
!"#$!"%&!"#$%&'!!"#$$%& = ∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+ + !!"#$!"#$%"$#
5
We can see how we apply this formula in the picture 1.2

Picture 1.2 total outbound traffic of Lleida
b) Interprovincial traffic à this traffic is the percentage of traffic which each

province send to the others. This traffic is applied like table 1.9 and the
following formula depending on which are the source province and the
destination province.
!"#$%&'$%(&_!"#$%&!"!"#$$%& = !"#$!"%&!"#$%&'!!"#$$%& ×!"#$"%&'("!"#$%&!!"#$%&'$%(&
13

Table 1.10 shows the percentages of the traffic which goes to the other
provinces
Destination \
Barcelona node Tarragona node Lleida node Girona node
Source
Barcelona node - 33 % 33 % 33 %
Tarragona node 60 % - 20 % 20 %
Lleida node 60 % 20 % - 20 %
Girona node 60 % 20 % 20 % -
As we explained above, table 1.10 shows the percentages of the traffic which
goes to the other provinces and means the following:
- Barcelona source à all his interprovincial traffic must send to Tarragona,

Lleida and Girona’s province by the same percentage (33%)
- Tarragona source à a 60% of all his interprovincial traffic must be sent to
Barcelona and the rest must be sent in equal parts to Lleida and Girona’s
province.
- Girona source à Lleida source à a 60% of all his interprovincial traffic
must be sent to Barcelona and the rest must be sent in equal parts to
Tarragona and Lleida’s province.
- Lleida source à a 60% of all his interprovincial traffic must be sent to
Barcelona and the rest must be sent in equal parts to Tarragona and
Girona’s province.
Picture 1.3 shows a schematic graphic of the distribution percentages of all

provinces.

Picture 1.3 scheme of percentage distribution traffic
Picture 1.4 shows the previous result of Lleida province once we have applied
its percentage of traffic.

Picture 1.4 Percentage of Lleida’s traffic
In the picture 1.4 we can show which is the traffic that Lleida province send to
the rest of provinces applying the percentage factor of the table 1.10. Because of
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percentage Girona and percentage Tarragona is the same, the traffic that send to
this two provinces is the same.
1.5. Network oversized
In this section we treat about the network oversize. Due to specifications of OnCAT
project, we have to apply an oversize of 25% of the traffic flow in each node (input and
output) in order to prevent the total occupancy of the link or node and to permit an
upgrade of the traffic or an upgrade of the Ethernet. To realise this oversize, we have
applied an oversized factor of 1.25 in each link in order to obtain later the number of
interfaces, STM’s. (We explain this section in the chapter of network elements).
To know which is the total traffic supported by a node or link including the oversize
we have to apply the follow equation:
!"!#!!"#!!"#$$%& = 1,25×!"!#!!"#$!"#$$%&
Table 1.11 shows an example of the result of the oversized on Alt Empordà’s and
Garrotxa’s links.
Total traffic with

Node Link Input/Output Traffic Input/Output Factor oversized
oversized
Figueres - Girona 12505,28687 15631,60859

Alt Empordà
Girona - Figueres 12505,28687 15631,60859
1,25
Olot - Banyoles 12505,28687 15631,60859
Garrotxa
Banyoles - Olot 12505,28687 15631,60859
In this oversized, we must keep in mind that almost all links in the same province
has the same input and output traffic with oversize and without it because all links have
to support the same quantity of traffic. There are only four links in Catalonia (three in
Lleida and one in Girona’s province) which have to carry less traffic because they are
not included in the ring and have a point to point connections.
15

CHAPTER 2. NETWORK TOPOLOGY

The goal of this section is to define which the topology we have thought about in all
Catalan cities and why we decide to choose this topology and not another one. To
create the topology, we have to take into account the traffic study previously realised in
chapter 1 in order to performed rings very similar between them and the available
topologies we can use.
The available topologies we can use are:
a) Point to point à is used to establish a direct connection between two

networking nodes as show in picture 2.1. This topology has the disadvantage
that if a failure occurs in the fibre, the networking node that not transmits or
receives any kind of traffic and the advantage that is the most economical
topology because is too simple.
Picture 2.1 point-‐to-‐point interconnection
b) Bus à is a network architecture in which a set of clients is interconnected via

shared communications line as show in picture 2.2. This type of topology is
the simplest way to interconnect a set of clients but a problem occurs when
two or more clients want to transmit at the same time on the same bus.
Picture 2.2-‐bus interconnection
c) Ring à in this type of topology each node is connecting to two other nodes.
The information (data) travels from node to node. If all nodes are
interconnected, the appearance of the topology is like a ring as show picture
2.3. This type of topology may be affected by a failure link but this problem
may be solved introducing a second fibre in the other direction, called
protection in order to protect the link.
Picture 2.3 ring interconnection
d) Mesh à in this topology all nodes are interconnected between them thought a
point-to-point connection as in picture 2.4. The advantages of this topology
are that allows continuous topology and reconfiguration around failed links by
hopping from node to node in order to arrive at the destination node and are
the most tolerant topology in front of failures due to previous hopping and due
to the high number of paths.
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Picture 2.4-‐mesh interconnection
To have a summary of what are the advantages and disadvantages of the

topologies available, we create table 2.1.
Table 2.1 comparative between the different types of topologies
Topology Advantages Disadvantages

The most economic
Point to point No protection
The simplest to implement
Limited number of clients
Easy to extend
Bus A problem with fibre means a
Requires less fibre
network failure
Orderly network
A changes of devices, can affect
Ring Different types of protection
the network
available
Different paths to different nodes Very expensive
Mesh
Too much security Difficult to implement
Once we have search and compare which are the topologies available, we decide
to use the ring topology because is the most appropriate to implement and in
particulars nodes we will use the point to point topology because we don’t have more
nodes to interconnect and costs too much to expand the ring topology in order to
create a perfect ring. In order to create the Catalonia’s topology, we decide to separate
it in four provinces (Lleida, Girona, Tarragona and Barcelona), which are been
connected by the backbone ring. In order to interconnect the nodes in Barcelona that
go the the CATNIX with its node, we have used a mixture topology between mesh and
ring as shown in picture 2.5.
Picture 2.5 interconnection between Barcelona’s nodes with CATNix
At the end of this chapter we know which is the topology for each province and
why we choose this one and why not other.
2.1. Backbone
Backbone must link the four capitals of provinces (Barcelona, Tarragona, Lleida
and Girona) and its topology was a single perfect ring. This backbone has these direct
links connections:
– Lleida ↔ Girona
– Lleida ↔ Tarragona
– Barcelona ↔ Girona
– Barelona ↔ Tarragona
17

We can create another two connections more between Lleida-Barcelona and

Girona-Tarragona but we decide not to create it in order to save money so we have to
investigate a little and purpose how we send the Lleida’s traffic which goes to
Barcelona and the Tarragona’s traffic which goes to Girona. In order not to overflow
Barcelona node’s, we decide to send the Tarragona’s traffic which goes to Girona
directly by the Lleida’s link so, in this case we will have to increment the Lleida’s
capacity node and the Lleida’s traffic which goes to Barcelona node’s we decide to split
in by a half because this traffic is not very important in front of the others.
In this ring, we have to put a protection of four fibres because is one of the most
important ring in terms of traffic. We put four fibres because of the links or nodes stop
working, we can send the information through the other three nodes doing a loop in
order to the province receive the information.
Picture 2.6 shows the backbone’s topology
Picture 2.6 Backbone’s topology
In the picture 2.6 we have to take into account that Barcelona’s unique node
represented in previous picture is not the same for Tarragona-Barcelona’s link and for
Girona-Barcelona’s one because we decide to create a different topology in Barcelona
due to inhabitants and total traffic generates but we explain it in more details in 2.5.
All the fibre connections of this backbone must go for two different ways (in order
to do the protection which is being explained in the next chapter); one connection must
go by the railways and the other must go by the motorways.
In the table 2.2 and picture 2.7 we must observe which are the distance of each
link connection and through which connections (railways, motorways) must pass the
fibres and the interconnection of the backbone in the territory’s topology.
Table 2.2 shows the type of connection and the distance between nodes.
Link Connection Distance (km)

ADIF 103
Barcelona – Girona
AP-7 103
ADIF 100
Barcelona – Tarragona
C-32 100
ADIF 283
Lleida – Girona
A2 / C-25 228
ADIF 104
Lleida - Tarragona
AP-2 104
18


Picture 2.7 Backbone’s interconnection in the territory’s topology of Catalonia
2.2. Lleida topology
The province of Lleida was composed by twelve capital of region, so the first
option for the ring was to create a perfect ring composed by these twelve nodes (one
node in each capital of region) but due to topology of Lleida’s territory and the few
infrastructures are built, we should spent too much money to create the links so we
decide to create a little different topology. Once we have discard the previous option,
we think about to eliminate some capital of region’s node but we discard too because
we don’t know technologies that send the traffic information along distance similar like
50km or more and how we have to treat this information in order to be send later. After
discarding these two options, we decide to design a non-perfect ring formed by nine
nodes (one of them is the biggest one, Lleida, which is the capital of the region and the
capital of the province) and three nodes which has been created with a point to point
connection in order to spend less money and to have a better traffic distribution.
With this topology, we have to take into account for the future that regions which
have a point to point connection (Vall d’Aran, Alta Ribagorça and Garrigues) have more
possibilities that stay offline due to a cut of fibre or another problem, so we will have to
assume that these municipalities have more possibilities to stay offline than others that
have a bigger protection or assume that we will have to gain less money for the fibre
services.
In table 2.3 and picture 2.8 we can see the capitals of regions of Lleida’s province
where we situate the SDH nodes and the topology of the ring we have previously
explained.
Table 2.3 shows the capital of each region.
Region Capital
Alt Urgell La Seu d’Urgell
Alta Ribagorça El Pont de Suert
Garrigues Les Borges Blanques
La Vall D’aran Vielha e Mijaran
Noguera Balaguer
Segarra Cervera
Segria Lleida
19

Solsones Solsona
Pallars Jussa Tremp
Pallars Sobira Sort
Pla d’Urgell Mollerussa
Urgell Tarrega
Picture 2.8 Lleida’s topology
Once we have decided where we allocate the nodes of the regions of Lleida’s
province and calculated which are the traffic supported by the node, we start to find
which are the railways, motorways or other possibilities to interconnect them and we
have obtain the table 2.4.
Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection

Lleida Balaguer 27,3 ADIF
Balaguer Tremp 56,6 ADIF
12,5 C-13
Tremp Sort
26,2 N-260
Sort La Seu d’Urgell 52 N-260
4,9 N-260
La Seu d’Urgell Solsona 40,5 C-14
22 C-26
5 C-149
18,4 LV-3005
Solsona Cervera
9,2 LV-3113
17 L-313
Cervera Tàrrega 12,8 ADIF
Tàrrega Mollerussa 22,7 ADIF
Mollerussa Lleida 28,3 ADIF
12,5 C-13
Tremp El Pont de Suert
33,1 N-260
El Pont de Suert Vielha e Mijaran 40,1 N-230
In table 2.4 and picture 2.9 we can see which are the interconnections between
each region nodes; ADIF interconnection means that we have to rent the fibres using
20

railways and the other interconnections means all the interconnections which we have
to create and do the infrastructure so this means an excessive increment of budget.
The parameter distance (km) shows the distance between the two interconnected
nodes.
Picture 2.9 Lleida’s interconnection in territory’s topology of Lleida
2.3. Girona topology
Following the first steps that we had thought in Lleida’s topology, the first idea for
Girona’s topology was to put one node in each region. In this case, however, the node
didn’t have to be in each capital of region. Due to long way in some links, we decided
to modify the first perfect ring topology determined.
The main changes implanted on the ring were to delete some nodes which were
in a remote place, where there were few municipalities. Later, we think that these
discards could give us problems later, so we create point-to-point links for these cases.
This saves us build connections with very high distances to reach remote locations with
few connections. Another proposal that we perform was to change the positions of
nodes so that the links were not excessively high. The new positions not diverted from
the features of the previous municipality, in terms of number of connections and
number of people.
The finally Girona’s topology is a ring composed by seven nodes. One of them is
the Provincial node which is connected in the interprovincial backbone. In fact, in terms
of traffic we consider this as only one node, but physically will be two nodes which bear
the load split between them. It impacts to the budget, but not in traffic and topology.
21

Also, there is a remote node in Puigcerdà which connects to Ripoll. As well we

have said above, we have chosen to perform this particular case of this way because
Cerdanya has got few municipalities and the traffic generated is low, so we thought that
we would save more with just one link between Puigcerdà and Ripoll. As we well know,
the ring topology protects itself, so this point-to-point link hasn’t got this lucky. This
causes we have to use protection in these kinds of links or that we have to charge
more less money in this remote municipalities.
Picture 2.10 shows the scheme that we explained in previous paragraphs.
Picture 2.10 Girona’s Topology
Once we decided the Girona’s topology, the next step is to compute the link
distances between nodes. In the following table we specify it and the real paths.
Table 2.5 and picture 2.11 shows the connections between Girona’s nodes.

Sils Ripoll 87 ADIF
Puigcerdà Ripoll 65,5 ADIF
Ripoll Olot 26,2 N-260
22 A-26
Olot Banyoles
13 C-66
17 GI-513
Banyoles Figueres
18 N-II
Figueres Girona 39 ADIF
29 C-65
Girona Palafrugell
24 C-31
29 C-65
Palafrugell Sils 24 C-31
23 ADIF
22

Picture 2.11 shows the connection between Girona’s nodes
2.4. Tarragona topology
A first look to the traffic study made for the purpose of this project show us that
Tarragona province is the second most populated area in Catalonia. So in terms of
traffic, we must consider this fact carefully for the design of our ring. This province,
which capital is Tarragona, is composed by 2 type-A cities, 14 type-B and 72 type-C,
with a total amount of population estimated in 800.000. The calculations realized in our
traffic study shows that the total out coming traffic generated by the population of this
province is about 12.3Gbps.
In the design of this ring, we took as a first proposition to choose every capital of
region as a node in first idea. Tarragona is composed by 10 regions, and each one is
connected with to the next node in the ring as shown in the table below.
Table 2.6 show the capitals of each Tarragona’s region

Tarragona El Vendrell 35,6 AP-7
El Vendrell Valls 40,5 AP-2
Valls Montblanc 17,2 N-240
Montblanc Reus 29,1 C-14
Reus Falset 30,8 N-420
Falset Mora d'Ebre 20 N-420
Mora d'Ebre Gandesa 21,5 N-420
13 C-43
Gandesa Tortosa
21,9 C-12
Tortosa Amposta 21,5 ADIF
Amposta Tarragona 32,9 ADIF
Then, due to the very low density population of Falset (composed by 2 type C
municipalities), we thought that it would be a possible solution to remove it from the
ring and connect it to the network by using a simple link between this and Mora d’Ebre,
the nearest regional node. After considering this solution, it was discarded because the
23

way of the links needed to connect Falset to Mora would be coincident with the needed
to connect Mora d’ Ebre to Reus (Falset is in the middle of this way).
So finally we came back to the first solution and decide the following design for this
backbone:
Picture 2.12. Topology design of the Tarragona backbone.
The picture below shows the final geographical disposition of the nodes in the
province of Tarragona, and also the routes used to link them (see Table 2.5):

Picture 2.13. Geographical node and links disposition in Tarragona province.
2.5. Barcelona topology
The province of Barcelona is the most important province in terms of number of

final users (enterprises, administrations, residential users, etc.) and in consequence in
terms of generated bandwidth.
24

Given the fact that Barcelona is the province that generates more traffic in
Catalonia, its topology was designed in a way completely different from the other
provinces. For this reason, our decision was to split the traffic of Barcelona in five rings.
The distribution of the five rings is the next:
– Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1): the main ring in the province of Barcelona. Is
the union point of the other rings that compose the full topology of the
province.
– Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2): composed by the half of the region of Barcelona.
– Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3): composed by the other half of the region of
Barcelona.
– Barcelona EAST (Ring 4): composed by the regions located at the east side
of the province.
– Barcelona WEST (Ring 5): composed by the regions located at the west side
of the province.
Is important to take into account the Capitals of each Region inside the province of
Barcelona because in each one of these we placed a network node.
Table 2.7 shows the capital of each region.
Region Capital
Alt Penedès Vilafranca del Penedès
Anoia Igualada
Bages Manresa
Baix Llobregat Sant Feliu de Llobregat
Barcelonès Barcelona
Berguedà Berga
Garraf Vilanova i la Geltrú
Maresme Mataró
Osona Vic
Vallès Occidental Sabadell
Vallès Oriental Granollers
In summary, and following the previous distributions, then we detail the 5 rings that
form the topology expected for the province of Barcelona.
2.5.1. Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1)
This is the main ring in the province of Barcelona. It consists of four nodes located
in the following cities:
Node 1: located in L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Region of Barcelona).

Node 2: located in Badalona (Region of Barcelona).
Node 3: located in Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Region of Baix Llobregat).
Node 4: located in Sabadell (Region of Vallès Occidental).
Note that in this ring in particular we see that there are two nodes that are not
located in a capital of region. These nodes are L’Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona.
The reason is that the region of Barcelona, which is so large and generates a lot of
traffic, is to be divided into two rings. It causes that two cities in the same area must
provide a link to the two rings of the city.
Take into account the distribution of the region of El Barcelonès that we
considered (for this ring and for the two Barcelona City rings).
25

Table 2.8 shows the cities of El Barcelonès region.
Cities of El Barcelonès
Barcelona
L’Hospitalet de Llobregat
Badalona
Santa Coloma de Gramanet
Sant Adrià de Besòs
Moreover, the city of Barcelona is the city that generates the most of the traffic of
the Region. In consequence, we decided to divide Barcelona City in ten parts
(according to the Districts of the City).
Table 2.9 shows the distribution of Barcelona City (Districts).
Distribution of Barcelona City

Les Corts
Sarrià - St. Gervasi
Sants - Montjuïc
Ciutat Vella
Eixample
Gràcia
Sant Martí
Sant Andreu
Nou Barris
Horta - Guinardó
The next picture shows the topology of the Barcelona Backbone Ring.
Picture 2.14 Topology of Barcelona province’s backbone
Note that in the middle of the ring appears the CATNix node. We considered that
from each node of the Barcelona Backbone ring there’s a link to the CATNix node. This
ring supports all the Barcelona traffic and all the traffic from the other provinces to the
CATNix node. In this way we get to distribute the large volume of traffic destined to
CATNix in 4 links point to point.
26


Picture 2.15 Topology map of Barcelona province’s backbone
Table 2.10 shows the connections between nodes of Barcelona’s backbone.

L’Hospitalet Badalona 21,4 B-20
C-33
Badalona Sabadell 24,1
C-58
C-58
Sabadell Sant Feliu 30 AP-7
B-23
Sant Feliu L’Hospitalet 7,4 B-20
Table 2.11 shows the connections between the backbone’s nodes and the CATNix
node.

L’Hospitalet CATNix 5,1 B-20
C-31
Badalona CATNix 19,2 B-10
B-20
C-58
Sabadell CATNix 28 C-33
B-20
B-23
Sant Feliu CATNix 7,3
B-20
2.5.2. Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2)
As we discussed in the previous section, the region of Barcelona is divided in two

rings (also, remember that the City of Barcelona is divided according to their Districts).
This ring is one of these and is composed by the following nodes:
Node 1: located in L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Region of Barcelona). This is the link

to Barcelona Backbone.
Node 2: located in Les Corts (District of Barcelona City).
Node 3: located in Sarrià-Sant Gervasi (District of Barcelona City).
Node 4: located in Sants-Montjuïc (District of Barcelona City).
Node 5: located in Ciutat Vella (District of Barcelona City).
27

Node 6: located in L’Eixample (District of Barcelona City).
Picture 2.16 Topology of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City
Picture 2.17 Topology map of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City
Table 2.12 shows the connections between nodes of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City.

B-20
L’Hospitalet Les Corts 8,4
Metro (L-3)
Metro (L-5)
Les Corts Sarrià-St.Gervasi 2,6
FGC
Metro (L5)
Sarrià-St.Gervasi Sants-Montjuïc 4,6
FGC
Sants-Montjuïc Ciutat Vella 3,3 Metro (L-1)
Ciutat Vella Eixample 3,6 Metro (L-3)
Eixample L’Hospitalet 12,4 B-20
2.5.3. Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3)
Like the previous ring (point 2.5.2), this third ring contain the nodes corresponding
to the other half of Barcelona region:
Node 1: located in Badalona (Region of Barcelona). This is the link to Barcelona

Backbone.
Node 2: located in Gràcia (District of Barcelona City).
Node 3: located in Sant Martí (District of Barcelona City).
Node 4: located in Sant Adrià de Besòs (Region of Barcelona).
28

Node 5: located in Santa Coloma de Gramanet (Region of Barcelona).

Node 6: Sant Andreu (District of Barcelona City).
Node 7: Nou Barris (District of Barcelona City).
Node 8: Horta-Guinardó (District of Barcelona City).
Picture 2.18 Topology of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City
Picture 2.19 Topology map of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City
Table 2.13 shows the connections between nodes of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City.

Badalona Gràcia 11,3 C-31
Metro (L-4)
Gràcia Sant Martí 5,4
Metro (L-2)
Sant Martí Sant Adrià Besòs 2,8 Metro (L2)
Sant Adrià Besòs Santa Coloma 5,4 B-10
Santa Coloma Sant Andreu 2,7 Metro (L-1)
Sant Andreu Nou Barris 2,6 Metro (L-1)
Nou Barris Horta-Guinardó 3,9 Metro (L-3)
C-31
Horta-Guinardó Badalona 13,4 B-10
B-20
29

2.5.4. Barcelona WEST (Ring 4)
This is the ring that includes the western regions of the province of Barcelona. The
nodes included in this ring are:
Node 1: located in Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Region of Baix Llobregat).

Node 2: located in Manresa (Region of bages).
Node 3: located in Igualada (Region of Anoia).
Node 4: located in Vilafranca del Penedès (Region of Alt Penedès).
Node 5: located in Vilanova I la Geltrú (Region of Garraf).
Picture 2.20 Topology of Barcelona region’s west side

Picture 2.21 Topology map of Barcelona region’s west site
Table 2.14 shows the connections between nodes of the west ring of El
Barcelonès region.

C-32
AP-2
Sant Feliu Manresa 57,3 AP-7
C-16
C-55
Manresa Igualada 27,3 C-37
30

Igualada Vilafranca 34,5 C-15

Vilafranca Vilanova i la Geltrú 18,8 C-15
Vilanova I la Geltrú Sant Feliu 47,1 C-32
2.5.5. Barcelona EAST (Ring 5)
The last ring that we considered in the province of Barcelona is the ring that
includes the eastern regions of the province of Barcelona. The following nodes
compose the ring:
Node 1: located in Sabadell (Region of Vallès Occidental).

Node 2: located in Mataró (Region of Maresme).
Node 3: located in Granollers (Region of Vallès Oriental).
Node 4: located in Vic (Region of Osona).
Node 5: located in Berga (Region of Berguedà).
Picture 2.22 Topology of Barcelona region’s east side
Picture 2.23 Topology map of Barcelona region’s east site
31

Table 2.15 shows the connections between nodes of the east ring of El
Barcelonès region.

C-58
C-33
Sabadell Mataró 41,9
B-20
C-32
Mataró Granollers 19 C-60
Granollers Vic 42,3 C-17
Vic Berga 58,4 C-154
E-9
Berga Sabadell 87,3
C-16
2.5.6. Complete Topology of Barcelona province
Joining the five rings described in the preceding paragraphs, we have that the final
topology proposed for the province of Barcelona would be the following:
Picture 2.24 Complete Topology of Barcelona province
32

2.6. Catalonia topology
Once we have explained which are the ring topologies of each province and the
backbone, we join all the rings in order to create which is the topology of the
infrastructure of Catalonia.
The topology of Catalonia was formed by four provinces joined by the backbone.
Lleida is the smallest one in number of inhabitants and traffic distribution but is the
most expensive one because of there are not so much infrastructures and we have to
build it. Barcelona province is the biggest one in terms of inhabitants and due to there
is too much infrastructures because have optical fibres in metro, railway, FGC, we have
to rent all this fibres so we spend less money initially. The other two provinces, Girona
and Tarragona, are quite in terms of number of inhabitants and infrastructures.
To finalize the Catalonia’s topology explanation, we said that Catalonia was

formed by eight ring joined by another ring called backbone like the picture 2.25.
Picture 2.25 Catalonia’s Topology
33

2.7. Municipality links to regional nodes
As a company which provide internet service to the maximum number of users,

we must design the access network, so among other things we need to know the total
length of optical fibre needed. We must consider the distance between each node and
its neighbour (which has been already calculated for the rings and backbone design),
and also the distances from each town to its regional node, which are difficult to
calculate due to the large number of towns currently existing in Catalonia.
Taking into account that all the municipalities of Catalonia are classified in 3 types
attending to its population (A, B or C), a sample of each type of municipality was given
to us from our tutors in order to calculate the average distance between each kind of
municipality and its nearest regional node. These samples were Cerdanyola (A), Salou
(B) and Cervera (C). Despite this fact, we have considered more accurate to calculate
manually all the distances between type-A and type-B cities to their regional node
because they are not so many, and apply another approximation for type-C
municipalities: As a proposed solution, we have considered 15 random samples of
type-C municipalities, calculated the average distance and approximated the rest of the
distances between type-C municipalities and their regional node to this average
distance which finally was 9.8 Km.
Table 2.16 shows the municipalities type C we have choose in order to calculate
the average of the distance
Link Distance (km)

Vallmoll – Valls 6,1
La Jonquera - Figueres 20
Olesa de bonesvalls – Vilafranca 16
Monteferrer - La Seu d'Urgell 4,1
Vall de Boí - El Pont de Suert 18,9
La Poble de claramunt – Igualada 7,5
Sant Salvador Guardiola – Manresa 8
Riudecols – Reus 12
Roquetes – Tortosa 9
Begur – Palafrugell 7,2
Sant Feliu de Llobregat – Cervelló 9,5
l'Arboç - El Vendrell 8,7
Polinyà – Sabadell 6,3
Alcarràs – Lleida 10,7
Calldetenes - Vic 3,2
AVERAGE 9,8
In order to guarantee service in each municipality, we need to choose the

equipment necessary to switch the incoming/out-coming traffic on each municipality
that is not a node of a ring. Again, we should consider each municipality of Catalonia
and estimate the traffic generated by each one, but that would be quite difficult task
that is not within the purposes of this project. The solution proposed is to estimate the
traffic generated in the municipalities given as a sample to our group and extrapolate
them to the rest of municipalities in our network. The table below shows these
estimations:
Table 2.16 Estimation of traffic generated in a sample of each kind of municipality.
Municipality Type Traffic Generated (MB/s)

Cerdanyola del Vallès A 4066,46734
Salou B 1597,28625
Cervera C 208,82
34

In order to ensure these capacities, we decided the following equipment necessary

in each type of municipality:
- Type A: 2 x Dual LTM Marconi OMS 870 (STM-16) + DWDM Marconi 3000.
- Type B: LTM Marconi OMS 870 (STM-16)
- Type C: ADM Marconi OMS 860. (STM-4)
We have to take into account that there are many municipalities that are a capital
of region so, in these cases we don’t use an LTM and we have to use an ADM that
belongs to the provincial ring.
Picture 2.26 shows the distance of the three types of municipalities we have been
assigned to its capital of node

Picture 2.26 Interconnection between the types A, B and C municipalities to its capital of region

In municipality type C, we have to take into account that Cervera is a capital of
region, so the distance to it is 0 km but in order to know the distance of municipalities
type C to this capital of region we applied the criteria we have previously explained.
The fibre used in this links is the same than the one used for the ring design, the
mono-mode Corning-Leaf optical fibre. For detailed information about this devices and
the optical fibre, go to sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.5.
• Cerdanyola del Vallès interconnection:
Cerdanyola del Vallès is a municipality type A that belongs to the province of

Vallès Occidental and its capital of region is Terrassa. The total traffic that
Cerdanyola send to Terrassa taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is
this one:
Residential Residential Companies Companies Companies Enterprises Esterprises

Total
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
1879,904 469,976 176,241 1409,928 0 24,67374 105,7446
Destí Node
0 0 17,6241 140,9928 0 7,402122 31,72338 197,742402
Comarcal
Destí Node
0 0 44,06025 352,482 0 7,402122 31,72338 435,667752
Provincial
Destí altres
0 0 88,1205 704,964 0 8,635809 37,01061 838,730919
provincies
Destí CAT-
1879,904 469,976 26,43615 211,4892 0 1,233687 5,28723 2594,326267
Nix
TOTAL 4066,46734
The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 4066.46734 Mbps
so we have to use 2 STM-16 (1 STM-16 is 2.5Gbps) in order to can send these
data information.
35

• Salou interconnection:
Salou is a municipality type B that belongs to the province of Tarragonès and

its capital of region is Tarragona. The total traffic that Salou send to Tarragona
taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is this one:

Total
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
559,629 139,90725 42,75 285 0 285 0
Destí Node 0
0 4,275 28,5 0 85,5 0 118,275
Comarcal
Destí Node
0 0 10,6875 71,25 0 85,5 0 167,4375
Provincial
Destí altres
0 0 21,375 142,5 0 99,75 0 263,265
provincies
Destí CAT-
559,629 139,90725 6,4125 42,75 0 14,25 0 792.94875
Nix
TOTAL 1597,28625
The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 1597.28625 Mbps
so we have to use 1 STM-16 (1 STM-16 is 2.5Gbps) in order to can send these
data information.
• Cervera interconnection:

Cervera is a municipality type C that belongs to the province of Segarra and
its capital of region is the same Cervera so the total traffic that Cervera generates
taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is:

Total
5M 10M 10M 100M 1000M 10M 100M
125,928 13,992 14,4 36 0 3,05 15
Destí Node
0 0 1,44 3,6 0 1,05 4,5 10,59
Comarcal
Destí Node
0 0 3,6 9 0 1,05 4,5 18,15
Provincial
Destí altres
0 0 7,2 18 0 1,225 5,25 31,675
provincies
Destí CAT-
125,928 13,992 2,16 5,4 0 0,175 0,75 148,405
Nix
TOTAL 208,82

The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 208.82 Mbps so we
have to use 1 STM-4 (1 STM-4 is 622.28 Mbps) in order to can send these data
information.
36

CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION
Any connection system like we are studying, with very long link distances and
traffic movement that we have seen in previous chapters, we must take into account
some form of protection in case that our links suffers mistakes or cuts. In this chapter
we will explain how we to solve this problem.
3.1. Types of protection used
Before to explain the specific protection used in each province, first, we go to talk
about the solutions that we have implemented in several ring links. More specifically,
we only use two protections for this project, Four-Fibre MS-BSHR and Two-Fibre MS-
BSHR.
In Four-Fibre MS-BSHR or Four-Fibre MS-SPRing two fibres are used as working

fibres and two are used for protection. Working traffic can be carried on both directions
along the ring but usually traffic is routed on the shortest path; however, in certain
cases traffic may be routed along the longer path to reduce network congestion and
make better use of the available capacity. It employs two types of protection
mechanism: span switching where if a transmitter or receiver on a working fibre fails,
the traffic is routed onto the protection fibre between the two nodes on the same link
(Picture 3.1); ring switching where in case a fibre or cable is cut, service is rerouted
around the ring by the nodes adjacent to the failure. Ring switching is also used to
protect against a node failure (Picture 3.2).
Picture 3.1. Span switching
Picture 3.2. Ring switching
37

In Two-Fibre MS-BSHR or Two-Fibre MS-SPRing both of the fibres are used to

carry working traffic, but half the capacity on each fibre is reserved for protection
purposes (Picture 3.3). Span switching is not possible here, but ring switching works in
much the same way as in a BLSR/4. In the event a link failure, the traffic on the failed
link is rerouted along the other part of the ring using the protection capacity available in
the two fibres.
Picture 3.3. Two-‐Fibre MS-‐BSHR
When the working fibres fail, there are several system recovery modes. In our
case, we have to decide what happens when this case occurs. The protection
mechanisms that we have explained previously use a protection switching called 1:1
(Picture 3.4). 1:1 sends a copy of signal on a working channel only, while the
protection channel is reserved for future use in case that the working channel gets
failed. In normal time, the protection channel can also be used for low priority data
traffic transmission.
It exist a similar protection switching called 1+1 which, in contrast to 1:1, a copy of
data signal is transmitted respectively on a working and a protection channel. At the
receiver side, the receiver can make a decision to accept which copy of signal based
on the signal quality.
Picture 3.4 1:1 Protection Architecture

3.2. Backbone protection
The interprovincial ring is the topology where the traffic amount is biggest than the
provincial rings. Also, there are longest distances link. The failures at this level would
38

make that provincial nodes might suffer overloads and, as consequence, which the
network will has more errors.
For this reason, we use a Four-Fibre MS-BSHR protection in Backbone. We can

have two basic failures, as well be has explained in previous section. Suppose that the
working fibre in one of two ways suffer a cut. In this case, simply, the data will be
transport thought the protection fibre for this direction. Another typical situation is when
both working and protection fibre stops working. The traffic is routed by the other side
of the node (We remember that it's a ring topology). Then, the loads on the other three
links will increase. To avoid this problem we overrating the values obtained in the first
compute. This will make the equipment is prepared.
As can be seen, if we put the protection and working fibres on the same path, it is
more likely that the second situation commented above occurs, and we prefer will not
arise. So, we proposed to send the protection fibres through different way that working
fibres. Thus, is harder that it occurs. This solution increases the final economical result,
but in the opposite case that we don’t want to use it, if the working and protection fibre
fails the equipment is designed to support these changes, but the network devices
could be break down. The routes of each fibre are basically highway for working fibres
(Section 2.1 of Chapter 2) and ADIF for protection fibre (Picture 3.5).
The links Girona – Tarragona, Tarragona – Barcelona, Barcelona – Girona are

direct but, as there isn’t an ADIF direct connection between Girona and Lleida, This
path is made up for the union of Barcelona – Girona and Barcelona – Lleida, but
without going, physically, through the Barcelona’s node.
Picture 3.5. ADIF connections [4]

Is important to comment in this section that in each provincial node we assume
that we have two equipment with the same tech features. Thus, we split the work
between two and, if one of them breaks, the other one will use 100% capacity.
therefore, the protection chosen for the backbone ring should do that each equipment
need twice inputs and outputs, but as we use two physical nodes, the interfaces of the
receiver or emitting it's just like one.
39

3.3. Lleida, Tarragona and Girona’s protection
We explain Lleida, Tarragona and Girona protection in the same section because
they are very similar between them. As also discussed in Chapter, which refers to
Network topology, the main topologies implemented in this provinces is the ring
topology too. But, in this case, we haven’t got a traffic load inside the ring as large as
the backbone. This reason leads us to think in softer protections which decrease the
project final cost.
With a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR protection we only use two fibres, not four. It fits
perfectly with what we are looking for. Although protection is obviously “lower” than
Four-Fibre MS-BSHR, it is sufficient to protect the provincial rings. If a working fibre in
one direction fails the other working fibre, which goes in the opposite direction, at that
time it fills protection channels with the traffic which can’t arrives at the other point. This
type of protection is called Ring or Path-Switching. This is possible because the impact
on failure is not very high in these rings
In Lleida and Girona, we have some exceptions because there are two special
cases. In Girona exists point to point connection between Ripoll and Puigcerdà, and in
Lleida there are two point to point consecutive connections.
3.4. Barcelona’s protection
As in almost all cases, we have separated Barcelona's Province explanation from

the others, because it behaves some different. In the Chapter 2 (Network Topology)
has been explained that the Barcelona's topology will be made up four sub-rings which
are joined by a core ring formed by the nodes on Sabadell at the Valles Occidental,
which manages the Barcelona’s East; Sant Feliu de Llobregat, which manages the
Barcelona`s West; Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona, which manage the
Barcelona’s municipality and the close surroundings. Each one of them is connected
with the CATNix node.
If there are a failure into one of the rings managed by these nodes the traffic
repercussion on the near connections, like happens in provinces of Girona, Lleida and
Tarragona, don't increase enough to put into this rings a protection based on four fibres
like Four-Fibre MS-BSHR. In these four sub-rings we will use a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR
protection.
The trouble comes when we step into the core ring. A failure in here can lead us to
high traffic loads on the rest of nodes that made up the core ring. This problems is
mainly caused because comes a high traffic with destination CATNix. For this reason,
we connect the four nodes that form the central ring, each one separately, with the
CATNix node. In the case that one of these links fails, there are three other options to
arrive at de destiny. Thanks to this separation we can afford to put a Two-Fibre MS-
BSHR protection in this ring too.
The final protection scheme is shown in Picture 3.6. As maybe can't be appreciate
the line colours in the picture, we help to the reader to distinguish them. In the legend
puts that the black line is for A to B direction and the orange or yellow line is for B to A
direction. A and B aren't physical places, basically, each colour represents one
transport data direction of the fibre.
40


Picture 3.6 Protection Scheme
41

CHAPTER 4. SYNCHRONIZATION
SDH is a technology that allows high throughput across point-to-point connections,
making it ideal for WAN links. However, in order to have these high throughputs, it is
necessary to use highly accurate synchronization between network nodes in order to
avoid bit errors or frame losses during transmission.
An incorrectly synchronized SDH network causes jitter and wander, which would
cause the network nodes not be able to determine when a frame starts/ends, ultimately
meaning reduced bit rates or traffic loss.
Synchronization between network nodes in an SDH network is done by

synchronizing an SDH node to a master clock called reference clock. Due to financial
reasons (A PRC can cost around 80K EUROS), a reference clock is not deployed in
each physical location next to an SDH node. To be able to synchronize the SDH
network nodes, the synchronization signal is transported through SDH networks using
the STM-N signals using a synchronization message. By doing this, remote SDH
equipment is able to extract the signal from a reference clock.
4.1. SDH synchronization network planning
The standard, ETSI EG 201 793, defines a series of recommended guidelines to

be followed when planning how to deploy a synchronization signal across a SDH
network. The document also mentions two types of architectures used to deploy
synchronization in an SDH network:
- Hierarchical Master-Slave
- Pseudo-synchronous (Distributed architecture)
In either architecture, several synchronization sources are used to be able to

synchronize the entire network.
Our network is being designed with Hierarchical Master-Slave architecture.
4.1.1. Synchronization sources
The ITU-T defines 3 types of synchronization sources in the standards G.811,

G.812 and G.813:
• Primary Reference Clock (PRC) à Is defined in standards ITU-T G.811 and

ETSI EN 300 462-7-1. A PRC provides the reference signal for the synchroniza-
tion of others clocks within a network, either SDH equipment or slave clocks
specified in G.812. A PRC can be an autonomous clock operating by itself, or a
non-autonomous clock that is disciplined by radio or satellite system. In both
cases, the short-term stability and long-term accuracy defined in G.811 still ap-
ply.
The main characteristic is the long-term accuracy (10!!! )
42

• Synchronization Slave Unit (SSU) à Is defined in the standard ITU-T G.812. A

clock whose timing output is phase-locked to a reference timing signal received
from a higher quality clock. It is used to redistribute the PRC signal across the
rest of the network. There are two types of SSU’s, SSU-Transit (SSU-T) and
SSU-Local (SSU-L).
The main characteristics are:
Ø Long-term accuracy:
§ SSU-T : 5 · 10!!" , drift: 10 · 10!!" per day
§ SSU-L : 5 · 10!! , drift: 5 · 10!! per day
Ø Bandwidth: 3 mHz
• SDH Equipment Clock (SEC) à Is defined in the standard G.813, a clock

whose timing output is phased-locked to a reference clock, which can be a PRC
or SSU. The main characteristics are:
o Long-term accuracy: 4.6 · 10!! , drift: 5 · 10!! /day
o Bandwidth: 1-10 Hz
4.1.2. Synchronization status messages
SSU’s and SEC’s generally receive a reference signal from various sources, in
order to avoid loops and decide which synchronization signal is the best to be used, a
message called Synchronization Status Message (SSM) is passed within each SDH
frame (STM-N). The SSM is a 4 bit message that is carried over the S1 byte in the
MSOH header of a STM-N signal. The various synchronization sources utilize this
message to decide which synchronization signal to use.
Table 4.1 shows the quality level and coding in synchronization status messages
used in SDH networks.
Quality Information SSM coding [MSB…LSB]

Quality Unknown 0000
Quality PRC 0001
Quality SSU-T 0010
Quality SSU-L 1000
Quality SEC 1101
Do not Use (DNU) 1111
4.1.3. Synchronization network design
In order to design our network, we will follow the guidelines mentioned in the
document, ETSI EG 201 793, that describe a general topology to be used in
synchronization networks.
Our network is master-slave hierarchy architecture, which a general topology is

shown in the figure below:
43


Picture 4.1 Master-‐slave architecture
Since we are designing a Master-slave network, the next guidelines are to be

followed:
– Find out the connections to the national PRC-system

– Plan the locations for SSUs à when placing a SSU node the importance of
the node locations for the traffic networks to be synchronized and the
synchronization network itself is considered.
– Plan the synchronization trails à first the transmission systems for the
synchronization transfer is selected. Secondly the timing configuration of the
selected systems is planned in detail.
– Use of a second PRC as backup is recommended
– Avoid timing loops à make use of SSM messages to recover from a failure in
a synchronization trail and follow through all physical loops (clockwise and
counter-clockwise) making sure that the reference signal loop is not closed
and the clocks are not in Holdover.
– Minimize the chain clocks à as defined in standard G.803, no more than 60
SECs and 10 SSUs can be part of a synchronization chain and a maximum of
20 SECs can be between two SSUs.
Figure 4.2 Chain clock
Ø Maximum number of SEC’s between 2 SSU’s: m1, m2… mn+1 ≥ 20

Ø Maximum number of SSU’s in a chain: n ≥ 10
Ø Maximum number of SEC’s: 60
– Choose the best timing facilities

– Maintain the clock hierarchy also after protection rearrangements.
– Use alternate routes to use different synchronization sources in case PRC
fails.
44

4.2. SDH synchronization network
For our synchronization network, we used:
– 2 PRC’s; 1 Master, 1 Back-up

– 5 SSU’s
– 47 SEC’s supplied with each SDH equipment
The master PRC located on Sant Feliu is going to synchronize its aggregation ring,
the backup PRC and the rest of the SSU’s. In order to reduce costs, our backup PRC
in Badalona is going to be in active state acting but only covering its aggregation ring
while being stand-by for the rest of the SSU’s. The backup PRC is going to be
synchronized by the Master PRC with priority 1 and the GPS signal with priority 2.
The rest of the aggregation rings: Tarragona, L’Hospitalet, Sabadell, Girona and
Lleida, each is going to have its own SSU. This is to avoid from internal traffic within a
ring to be affected in case a SSU loses the PRC signal because of fiber cuts.
After following the guidelines recommended by standard ETSI EG 201 793, our
network design is shown in figure 4.3.

Picture 4.3 Catalonia’s synchronization network
45

CHAPTER 5. NETWORK ELEMENTS

This chapter tries to explain a little description of all elements we have to use in all
network infrastructures and which are the elements of the providers we have use it. To
find which is exactly the network elements to use, we had to search on Internet all the
providers that manufactures these type of elements and find the characteristics that are
very similar like the calculations we have done previously.
5.1. Network Elements
The network elements we have used in order to create all Catalonia’s

infrastructures are:
5.1.1. ADM
ADM are the initials of Add and Drop Multiplexer and is an important element of an
optical fibre network. An ADM has the capability to add one or more lower-bandwidth
signals to an existing high-bandwidth data stream and at the same time can extract or
drop other low-bandwidth signals, removing them from the stream and redirecting them
to some other network path. This is used as a local “on-ramp” and “off-ramp” to the
high speed network.
ADM’s can be used both in long-haul core networks and in shorter-distance metro
networks, although the former are much more expensive due to the difficulty of scaling
the technology to the high data rates and dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) used for long/haul communications. ADMs are placed on the regions nodes
that provide a less traffic and don’t have to interconnect less or equal than two nodes.
A recent shift in ADM technology has introduced so called “multi-service

SDH&SONET” (also known as a multi-service provisioning platform, MSPP) equipment
which has all the capabilities of legacy ADMs, but can also include cross-connect
functionality to manage multiple fibre rings in a single chassis. These new devices can
replace multiple legacy ADMs and also allow connections directly from Ethernet LANs
to a service provider’s optical backbone.

Picture 5.1 interconnection of ADM [1]
5.1.2. DxC
DxC are the initials of Digital Cross Connect and is a network device used by
telecom carriers and large enterprises to switch and multiplex low-speed voice and
data signals onto high-speed lines and vice versa. It is typically used to aggregate
several T1 lines into a higher-speed electrical or optical line as well as to distribute
signals to various destinations and its purpose is to regroup and switch data streams
46

between the interfaces of the cross-connect system. The DxC are usually placed in the
connection of backbone nodes and the provincial’s capital where there is existed high
traffic and have to interconnect more than two nodes or different rings.

Picture 5.2 Structure of DxC [1]
5.1.3. WDM
WDM are the initials of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and is a technology which
multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a simple optical fibre by using
different wavelengths (colours) of a laser light. This technique enables bidirectional
communications over one strand of fibre, as well as multiplication of capacity.
The term WDM is commonly applied to an optical carrier (which is typically

described by its wavelength), whereas FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) typically
applies to a radio carrier (which is more often described by frequency). Since
wavelength and frequency are tied together through a simple relationship, the two
terms actually describe the same concept
Picture 5.3 WDM technique [5]
There are three categories of WDM:
a) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWM) à the original WDM systems were

for dual-channel 1310/1550 systems and for 2 to 4 wavelengths per fibre.
b) Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) à typically is from 4 to 8
wavelengths per fibre and is being designed for short to medium-haul
networks (regional and metropolitan area networks). Since 2002 and revised
in 2003, ITU create a standard to use wavelengths from 1271nm to 1611nm
with a channel spacing of 20nm. The main characteristic of CWDM standard is
that the signals are not spaced appropriately for amplification by EDFAs. This
47

therefore limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60 Km for a
2.5Gbit/s signals. CWDM is also being used in cable television networks
c) Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) à is used to increase
bandwidth over existing fibre optic backbones. DWDM works by combining
and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on
the same fibre. DWDM-based networks can transmit data in IP, ATM,
SONET/SDH, and Ethernet, and handle bit rates between 100Mbit/s and
2.5Gbit/s. Therefore, DWDM-based networks can carry different types of
traffic at different speeds over an optical channel. From a QoS standpoint,
DWDM-based networks create a lower cost way to quickly respond to
customers’ bandwidth demands and protocol changes.
DWDM allows greater scalability if, in a future, the capacity of the network increase
and is capable of carrying out links at longer distances without having to use amplifiers.
Due to these reasons, the best solution is to use DWDM in the entire network.
5.1.4. SDH targets
SDH are the initials of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and is a standardized

multiplexing protocol that transfers multiple digital bit streams over optical fibre. This
standard was originally defined by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) and is formalized as International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
standards G.707, G.783, G.784 and G.803. The unit of framing are the SDH targets
that permit to define the optical interfaces in our equipment in order to transmit the
optical signal between all nodes of the network. There three types of targets which
have to verify the ITU G.957 standard:
a) STM-1 à is the basic unit of framing in SDH. Has a byte-oriented structure

with 9 rows and 270 columns of bytes, for a total of 2430 bytes and operates
at 155.52 Mbit/s. Each byte corresponds to a 64kbit/s channel.
b) STM-4 à is a SDH ITU-T fibre optic network transmission standard with a bit
rate of 622.080 Mbit/s.
c) STM-16 à is a SDH ITU-T fibre optic network transmission standard with a bit
rate of 2488.32 Mbit/s.
In the G.957 standard, the optical interface is divided in function of the distance of
the links, the wavelength and the frame type used. In table 5.1 we can see this
explanation:
Table 5.1 shows the classification of the optical interfaces by the ITU G.957
Inter-office
Application Intra-office
Short-haul Long-haul
Source nominal
1310 1310 1550 1310 1550
wavelength (nm)
Rec. Rec. G.652
Type of fibre Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.653
G.652 Rec. G.654
Distance (Km) ≤2 ≈15 ≈40 ≈80
STM-1 I-1 S-1.1 S-1.2 L-1.1 L-1.2 L-1.3
STM
STM-4 I-4 S-4.1 S-4.2 L-4.1 L-4.2 L-4.3
level
STM-16 I-16 S-16.1 S-16.2 L-16.1 L-16.2 L-16.3
48

5.1.5. Optical fibre
An optical fibre is a thin, flexible, transparent fibre that acts as a waveguide to

transmit light between the two ends of the fibre. Optical fibre typically consists of a
transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower refraction
index. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fibre to act as
a waveguide. There are two types of fibres:
a) Multi-Mode Fibre (MMF) à is the fibre which supports many propagation

paths or transverse modes. These types of fibres, generally, have a larger
core diameter, and are used for short distances communication links and for
applications where high power must be transmitted.
b) Single-Mode Fibre (SMF) à is the fibre which supports only one propagation
paths. These types of fibres are used for most communication links longer
than 1050m.
These two types of fibre are composed by the elements that picture 5.4 shows:
Picture 5.4 Elements of a optical fibre [1]
• Cladding à is one or more layers of material of lower refractive index, in

intimate xontact with a core material of higher refractive index. The cladding
causes light to be confined to the core of the fibre by total internal reflection at
the boundary between the two. Normally has a diameter of 125 µm.
• Core à is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fibres length. The
core is surrounded by a medium with a lower refraction index, typically a
cladding. Light travelling in the core reflects from the core/cladding boundary
due to total internal reflection, as long as the angle between the light and the
boundary is less than the critical angle as in picture 5.5. Normally has a
diameter of 8 or 9 µm.

Picture 5.5 Propagation in the core of the optical fibre [1]
49

• External cover à normally, has a diameter of 4 µm.

• Internal cover à normally, has a diameter of 250 µm.
5.1.6. Connectors
An optical fibre connector terminates the end of the optical fibre, and enables
quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically
couple and align the cores of fibres so that light can pass. These connectors are used
to interconnect the SDH targets with the optical fibre.
5.1.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA)
EDFA is the most deployed fibre amplifier as its amplification window coincides
with the third transmission window of silica-based optical fibre.
Two bands have developed in the third transmission window, the conventional or
C-band, from approximately 1525 nm - 1565 nm, and the Long or L-band, from
approximately 1570 nm to 1610 nm. Both of these bands can be amplified by EDFAs,
but it is normal to use two different amplifiers, each optimized for one of the bands.
The principal difference between C and L-band amplifiers is that a longer length of
doped fibre is used in L-band amplifiers.
EDFAs have two commonly used pumping bands, 980 nm and 1480 nm. The 980
nm band has a higher absorption cross-section and is generally used where low-noise
performance is required. The absorption band is relatively narrow and so wavelength
stabilised laser sources are typically needed. The 1480 nm band has a lower, but
broader, absorption cross-section and is generally used for higher power amplifiers. A
combination of 980 nm and 1480 nm pumping is generally utilised in amplifiers.
5.2. Equipment used
With the previous theory explanation of the elements we have to use and the total
traffic distribution we have calculated in chapter 1. Now we will explain the specific
features of each equipment chosen and then we will see where is allocate each of
them in the network.
Before to start, we think that is important qualify that almost all equipments are
provided by Marconi. This concept is not reflected on the budget or another section of
the project. We have decided it just because if the majority of network equipments
belong at the same company will have fewer incompatibility problems and the provider
will be much available when any equipment will suffer some failure.
5.2.1. ADM
We have looked for in the datasheets the specifications of each component. So we

have to choose the equipments which more closely resemble our requirements. The
main requirements in which we have set are the commutation matrix and the maximum
number of equivalent STM-1 which we have to equip.
50

The ADMs chosen are:
Table 5.2 Shows the ADM chosen.
Model Matrix (Gbps) STM-1 equivalets

Marconi OMS 1664 40 176 STM-1
Marconi OMS 870 2,5 16 STM-1
Marconi OMS 860 0,62228 4 STM-1
The nodes where we use the ADM of the previous table are show in the following
table:
Table 5.3 Nodes which use ADM.
Node Province Model Amount

Figueres Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Banyoles Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Olot Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Ripoll Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Puigcerdà Girona Marconi OMS 1240 1
Sils Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Palafrugell Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Balaguer Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Tremp Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Sort Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
La Seu d’Urgell Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Solsona Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Cervera Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Tàrrega Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Mollerussa Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Les Borges Blanques Tarragona Marconi OMS 1240 1
El Pont de Suert Tarragona Marconi OMS 1240 1
Vielha Tarragona Marconi OMS 1240 1
El Vendrell Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Valls Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Montblanc Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Reus Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Falset Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Mora d’Ebre Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Gandesa Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Tortosa Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Amposta Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1
Les Corts Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Sarrià – St. Gervasi Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Sants – Montjuic Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Ciutat Vella Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Eixample Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Gràcia Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Sant Martí Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Sant Adrià del Besós Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Santa Coloma Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Sant Andreu Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Nou Barris Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Horta Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Mataró Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Granollers Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Vic Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Berguedà Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1
Manresa Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Igualada Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1
Vilafranca Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1
51

Vilanova i la Geltrú Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1
5.2.2. DxC
The search of digital cross-connect equipments also is based on the same

requirements that the ADMs: the commutation matrix and the maximum number of
equivalent STM-1 which we have to equip.
The DxCs chosen are:
Table 5.4 Shows the DxCs chosen.
Model Matrix (Gbps) STM-1 equivalets

The nodes where we use the DxC of the previous table are show in the following
table:
Table 5.5 Nodes which use DxC.
Node Province Model Amount

Girona Girona Marconi OMS 2430 2
Lleida Lleida Marconi OMS 1600 2
Tarragona Tarragona Marconi OMS 2430 2
Hospitalet Barcelona Marconi OMS 3240 2
Badalona Barcelona Marconi OMS 3240 2
Sabadell Barcelona Marconi OMS 3255 2
Sant Feliu de Ll. Barcelona Marconi OMS 3255 2

5.2.3. WDM
In Wavelength Division Multiplex equipments the features are different. The

requirements used for obtain the best WDM multiplexers for our network is: the type of
WDM, i.e. if the multiplexer is Dense or Coarse (DWDM or CWDM) and the maximum
number of lambdas that it have to join or split.
The WDMs chosen are:
Table 5.6 Shows the WDM chosen.
Model Type Lambdas

Marconi 3000 DWDM 18
5.2.4. SDH Targets
To compute the type of SDH card that are needed in each equipment, first we
have had to know the number of equivalent cards to the traffic which is incoming or
outbound, which are the same because the SDH technology is symmetric.
52

With the traffic oversized we divide it by a STM-16 value, i.e. 2.5Gbit/s. This
operation give us the exact number of STM-16 and an over traffic which can't fill a
STM-16. With this over traffic we have decided if is needed a STM-1, STM-4 or STM-
16.
The general equation is:
!"#$%&'#( !"#$$%&
!º !"## !"#16 =
2,5 !"#$
!"#$ !"#$$%& = !"#$%&'#( !"#$$%& − (!º !"## !"#16 ∙ 2,5!"#$)
To help to understand better this explanation we show an example of a link

between Olot and Banyoles in Gironas Province.
Table 5.7 Shows the example of Olot-Banyoles link.
Link Oversized traffic STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

Olot - Banyoles 2217,18 Gbps 0 0 5
Once we had all the STMs for each link, the next step is to looking for the SDH
card which can emit and receive STM-1, STM-4 or STM-16. As in datasheets of the
cards of Marconi don't specify the transmission power and sensitivity of it, which help
us to decide if we need some amplifier between links, we search the cards in Cisco,
which give us this information. The STM cards are the following:
Table 5.8 Shows the STM cards chosen.
Model Type Tx. (dBm) Rx. (dBm) Wavelength Connector

STM1 SH 1310-8 STM-1 -15 to -8 -28 to -8 1310nm SM LC
STM4 LH 1550 STM-4 -3 to +2 -28 to -8 1550nm SM SC
STM16 LH AS 1550 STM-16 -2 to +3 -28 to -9 1550nm SM SC

5.2.5. Optical fibre
The choice of the optical fibre is one of the most important decisions we must take
for the design of our network, as there are almost 3000 km of links between nodes in
our design, and we must invest a big amount of our budget to this network element.
Once we decided to use a mono-mode fibre and the ITU G-655 standard, we had
to choose between manufacturers. The most interesting technical parameters used to
balance between them are attenuation, the chromatic dispersion, and the cut-off
wavelength. The table 2.5 shows the comparison between different manufacturers and
their technical parameters.
Table 5.9 G-655 Fibres selection.
Fiber Type G-655 (λ=1550nm)

Att. Máxima Dispersión cromátca λ cutoff
Manufacturer / Type
(dB/Km) (ps/nm*Km) (nm)
CORNING / LEAF 0,2 ± 0,02 4 -
OFS / REACH 0,22 ± 0,02 6,9 1330
OFS / REACH 0,22 ± 0,02 4 1260
53

DRAKA / TeraLight G.655.E ≤0.25 dB/km 5.5 to 10 1300

TELNET / NZDS G.655 ≤0.24 dB/km 2 to 6 ≤ 1450
Our final decision was the Corning/Leaf fibre, which has the lowest attenuation and
also a low dispersion so it was the best choice for us.
5.2.6. Connectors
About connectors, the main parameter that we need is the attenuation which
decreases our outbound transmission power of the SDH card. The card datasheets
give us the type of connector that we need for connect it with the fibre.
As the SDH cards which we use are either STM-4 or STM-16 and, as we can see
in the Table 5.6, both need SC connectors.
5.2.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA)
Before to looking for the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier equipment we have to know
all the power balance between links. To compute it we use the following equation.
!!"#$% = !!" − ! ∙ ! − !!"#!$
Where Ptx is the transmission power of the STM card, α is the fiber attenuation, L is
the length of the link, αotros is the summation of connector losses, multiplexer losses
and regenerator losses. Pfinal is the power which arrives at the end of the link; it has to
be between the sensibilities ranges.
We have applied this equation at each link and the only place where the Pfinal
arrives under receiver sensitivity is on the interprovincial ring. To help to understand
better this explanation we show the following table with the equation applied in the
interprovincial ring.
Table 5.10 Power balance interprovincial links.
L
Link Ptx αfiber αotros Pfinal Prx diff
(km)
Sant Feliu – Tarragona -3 0,2 97,4 8 -30,48 -28 2,48
Sabadell – Girona -3 0,2 95,9 8 -40,18 -28 2,18
Girona – Lleida -3 0,2 243 13,8 -65,40 -28 37,4
Girona – Lleida (*) -3 0,2 263 14,6 -70,20 -28 42,2
Tarragona -Lleida -3 0,2 102 8,2 -31,60 -28 3,6
(*) the protection fiber goes through Barcelona.
According to the Table 5.8, we need an EDFA between Sant Feliu de Llobregat
and Tarragona, Sabadell and Girona and Tarragona and Lleida; meanwhile, to obtain a
good receiver power we need two EDFA between Girona and Lleida. In the links which
we just we need one, it will be allocated in the middle of the path; however, in the links
which we need two, the amplifiers will be allocated at 1/3 of path and 2/3 of path.
The requirements in the search of optical amplifiers are basically the gain range.
The EDFAs selected are:
Table 5.11 EDFAs selected.
54

Model Gain range

Telnet EDFA 20dB
5.2.8. PRC & SSU
The theory about the synchronization equipment’s and, in general, the

synchronization has been explained in the previous chapter. For this reason, in this end
part of network elements chapter only we have appointed the PRC and SSU chosen.
To looking for them we have based in the compliance of the ITU standards.
Table 5.11 PRC and SSU selected.
Model
Symmetricom PRC-3100
Symmetricom SSU 2000e

55

CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGIES
Before to start with the budget of this first part of this project, we go to talk about
the basic technologies used in all that we have explained until here. All of these
technologies have been seen in the subjects of XDSF block.
We will make a brief introduction of SDH, WDM and topics related with the fiber
optics. We focus in the parts which we have seen along the project. To know
everything that involves it we would need a report much longer.
6.1. SDH
Along this report we make refer sometimes to SDH acronyms. Synchronous

Optical Networking (SONET) is a standard technology for synchronous data
transmission on optical media. It is the international equivalent of Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET). Both technologies provide faster and less expensive network
interconnection than traditional PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) equipment.
The SDH standard was originally defined by the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI). The SONET standard was defined by Telcordia and
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Both are organized in containers, where the bit-rate of each container has been
chosen so that the full range PDH and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) signals can
be transported over the SDH Network (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1 SDH Containers
SDH Containers
Container bit-rate
SDH Container PDH bit-rate (kbits/s)
(kbits/s)
C-4 150336 139264
44736
C-3 50112
34368
C-2 6912 6312
C-12 2304 2048
C-11 1728 1544
All of the SDH containers can be multiplexing within a aggregate of 155.55 Mbps
which is called an STM-1 frame (Synchronous Transport Module - Number 1). For
knowhow is made up the frame structure of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, we
describe it in this section briefly too.
The STM-1 Frame structure has two parts: the headers and the payload. All
frames have a dimension of 270 columns or bytes and 9 rows. The headers fill the first
9 bytes of each row. It is divided in three sections: Regeneration Section Overhead
(RSOH), Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Pointer Area. The first two are
modified between two regenerators or a network element an regenerator and between
network elements respectively, meanwhile the Pointer Area is used to the align process
of the virtual containers into the payload.
SDH offers two main benefits: The great configuration flexibility of the nodes which
are in the network and increase the management possibilities both traffic as network
elements. This makes that a network can be taken from its passive PDH transport
structure to one which transports and manages the information actively.
56

Some SDH features are:
• Self-repairable: automatic rerouting of the traffic without services interrupts.

• Demand services: quick provision of point to point services under demand.
• Flexible access: flexible administration of a wide range of services of fixed
bandwidth.
SDH also promote the creation of structure with open networks, which increase the
competence in the services supply.
6.2. WDM
A technique of sending signals of several different wavelengths of Light into the

Fiber simultaneously. In fiber optic communications, wavelength-division Multiplexing
(WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single
Optical Fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of Laser light to carry different
signals.
Two different versions of WDM, defined by standards of the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU), are distinguished:
• Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex (CWDM) à uses a relatively small

number of channels, for instance four or eight, and a large channel spacing of
20 nm. The nominal wavelengths range from 1310 nm to 1610 nm. The wave-
length tolerance for the transmitters is fairly large. The single-channel bit rate
is usually between 1 and 3.125Gbit/s.
• Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex (DWDM) à is the extended method for
very large data capacities, as required for instance in the Internet backbone. It
uses a large number of channels (40, 80, or 160), and a correspondingly small
channel spacing of 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 GHz. All optical channel frequencies
refer to a reference frequency which has been fixed at 193.10 THz
(1552.5 nm). The transmitters have to meet tight wavelength tolerances. The
single-channel bit rate can be between 1 and 10Gbit/s, and in the future also
40Gbit/s.

Picture 6.1 WDM [3]
6.3. Optical fibre
The circuits of fibre optic are a glass threads (it's composed by natural glasses) o
plastic (artificial glasses), with diameters around of 10 and 300 µm. It carries messages
in form of broad of light which pass through them from one extreme to the other in fact.
57

The light transmission principle over fibre is based on the total internal reflection; the
light which travels through the fibre core come into contact with the external surface
with higher angle than the critical angle, so all the light is reflected without losses into
the fibre. Thus, the light can be transmitted reflecting it in a long path.
Basically, the fibre optic is a light guide with much better materials than the
previous in several ways. We can add that in the fibre optic the signal is not so
attenuated than the copper, since in the fibres there aren't information losses by
refraction or light dispersion. As result we get better performance than the copper,
where the signals are much attenuated by the material resistance to the
electromagnetic wave propagations. Furthermore, is possible to emit at the same time
several signals which have got different frequencies to distinguish them. In the
telephonic ambit it is called multiplex. We can use the fibre optic to transmit light
directly and another kind of advantages which aren't topic of this project.
Logically, this new technology to transmit data provide us a bit-rate increase with
respect historically technologies used. In the following image is possible to see this
evolution through the years.

Picture 6.2 Bit-‐Rate evolution [2]

58

CHAPTER 7. BUDGET
Once all the equipment has chosen, the topology are decided and the number of
elements we have to use are selected, it is the time to calculate the budget.
To calculate this budget we have to know which is the cost of all the elements we
have to use (rent and build the optical fibre, ADM, DxC, WDM and the optical
amplifiers).
7.1. Budget of optical fibre
In order to calculate the budget of the fibre, we have to take in present two options:
a) If we rent this optical fibre, the cost per Km per year per fibre is 4500€. This
option is only valid if we have an infrastructure build previously by another
provider.
b) If we have to build the optical fibre, the cost per Km per fibre is 45.000€. We
use this option in the rest of links which don’t have an infrastructure to rent this
fibre.
We divide the total budget by provinces in order to know how much it cost the
optical fibre but finally, we have to sum all the contributions to calculate the total
budget.
Table 7.1 shows which is the budget of the Lleida’s optical fibre taking into account
the two previous options
LLEIDA
Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year
Lleida - Balaguer 27,3 SI NO 122850
Balaguer - Tremp 56,6 SI NO 254700
Tremp - Sort 38,7 NO SI 1741500
Sort - La Seu d'Urgell 52 NO SI 2340000
La Seu d'Urgell - Solsona 67,8 NO SI 3051000
Solsona - Cervera 49,6 NO SI 2232000
Cervera - Tàrrega 12,8 SI NO 57600
Tàrrega - Mollerussa 22,7 SI NO 102150
Mollerussa - Lleida 28,3 SI NO 127350
Tremp - El Pont de Suert 45,6 NO SI 2052000
El pont de Suert - Vielha e Mijaran 40,1 NO SI 1804500
Mollerussa - Les Borges Blanques 14,2 NO SI 639000
TOTAL 14.524.650
Table 7.2 shows which is the budget of the Girona’s optical fibre taking into
account the two previous options
GIRONA
Sils - Ripoll 87 SI NO 391500
Puigcerdà - Ripoll 65 SI NO 292500
59

Ripoll - Olot 30 NO SI 1350000

Olot - Banyoles 35 NO SI 1575000
Banyoles - Figueres 35 NO SI 1575000
Figueres - Girona 39 SI NO 175500
Girona - Palafrugell 53 NO SI 2385000
Palafrugell - Sils 23 SI NO 103500
TOTAL 7.848.000
Table 7.3 shows which is the budget of the Tarragona’s optical fibre taking into
account the two previous options.
TARRAGONA
Tarragona - El Vendrell 35,6 SI NO 160200
El Vendrell - Valls 40,5 SI NO 182250
Valls - Montblanc 17,2 NO SI 774000
Montblanc - Reus 29,1 SI NO 130950
Reus - Falset 30,8 NO SI 1386000
Falset - Mora d'Ebre 20 NO SI 900000
Mora d'Ebre - Gandesa 21,5 NO SI 967500
Gandesa - Tortosa 34,9 NO SI 1570500
Tortosa - Amposta 21,5 SI NO 96750
Amposta - Tarragona 32,9 SI NO 148050
TOTAL 6.316.200
Table 7.4 shows which is the budget of the Barcelona’s optical fibre taking into
account the two previous options.
BARCELONA
BARCELONA CITY1
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - Les Corts 8,4 SI NO 37800
Les Corts - Sarrià/Sant Gervasi 2,6 SI NO 11700
Sarrià - Sants/Montjuic 4,6 SI NO 20700
Sants/Montjuic - Ciutat Vella 3,3 SI NO 14850
Ciutat Vella - Eixample 3,6 SI NO 16200
Eixample - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 12,4 SI NO 55800
BARCELONA CITY2
Badalona - Gràcia 11,3 SI NO 50850
Gràcia - Sant Martí 5,4 SI NO 24300
Sant Martí - Sant Adrià del Besós 2,8 SI NO 12600
Sant Adrià del Besós - Santa Coloma de Gramanet 5,4 SI NO 24300
Santa Coloma de Gramanet - Sant Andreu 29,7 SI NO 133650
Sant Andreu - Nou Barris 29,3 SI NO 131850
Nou Barris - Horta/Guinardó 3,9 SI NO 17550
Horta/Guinardó - Badalona 13,4 SI NO 60300
BARCELONA WEST
Sabadell - Berga 87,3 SI NO 392850
Berga - Vic 58,4 SI NO 262800
60

Vic - Granollers 42,3 SI NO 190350

Granollers - Mataró 19 SI NO 85500
Mataró - Sabadell 41,9 SI NO 188550
BARCELONA EAST
Sant Feliu de Llobregat - Manresa 57,3 SI NO 257850
Manresa - Igualada 27,3 SI NO 122850
Igualada - Vilafranca 34,5 SI NO 155250
Vilafranca - Vilanova i la Geltrú 18,8 SI NO 84600
Vilanova i la Geltrú - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 47,1 SI NO 211950
BCN
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 7,4 SI NO 33300
Sant Feliu de Llobregat - Sabadell 30 SI NO 135000
Sabadell - Badalona 24,1 SI NO 108450
Badalona - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 21,4 SI NO 96300
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - CATNix 5,1 SI NO 22950
Sant Feliu de Llobregat - CATNix 7,3 SI NO 32850
Sabadell - CATNix 28 SI NO 126000
Badalona - CATNix 19,2 SI NO 86400
TOTAL 3.206.250
Table 7.5 shows which is the total budget of the optical fibre
Province Budget
Lleida 14.524.650
Girona 7.848.000
Tarragona 6.316.200
Barcelona 3.206.250
TOTAL 41.782.500
With the previous table, we obtain that the total budget of the optical fibre we have
to rent and build in Catalonia is 41.782.500 €.
7.2. Budget of elements
In order to calculate the budget of the elements we have to use, we have to know
previously which are the amounts of each element we have to use.
Table 7.6 shows the elements we have used, the quantity of each of them we
have to use and its prize.

Element Quantity Prize (€) / ud. Total prize (€)
DxC
Marconi OMS 1600 2 80000 160000
Marconi OMS 2430 4 170000 680000
Marconi OMS 3240 2 150000 300000
Marconi OMS 3255 2 180000 360000
ADM
Marconi OMS 860 334 18000 6012000
Marconi OMS 870 97 20000 1940000
61

Marconi OMS 1240 4 22000 88000

Marconi OMS 1654 8 47000 376000
Marconi OMS 1664 35 63000 2205000
WDM
Marconi 3000 DWDM 26 750 19500
AO
Telnet EDFA 14 800 11200
PRC/SSU
Symmetricom PRC-3100 2 80000 160000
Symmetricom SSU 2000e 5 25000 125000
TOTAL 12.436.700
With the previous table, we obtain that the total budget of the elements we have
used in Catalonia is 12.436.700 €
7.3. Budget of municipalities
In order to calculate the budget of all municipalities of Catalonia, we have done the
follow actions:
− To calculate the budget of the municipalities of type A (municipalities which has

more than 50000 inhabitants), we have to do municipality by municipality
because the most of this municipalities are capital of region so we don’t have to
build the link to its capital.
Table 7.7 shows the links of the municipalities type A which are not the capital
of the region to its region, the distance of the link and the price of how much it
cost the build of the fibre.
Distance to region’s Total bu-

Type Links Built
capital (km) degt
Terrassa - Sabadell 9,3 41850
Cornellà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 4,8 21600
Sant Boi de Llobregat - Sant Feliu de Llo- 6,4 28800
bregat
Sant Cugat del Vellés - Sabadell 13,6 61200
Rubí - Sabadell 11 49500
A 4500
Viladecans - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 9,9 44550
El Prat de Llobregat - Sant Feliu de Llo- 10,5 47250
bregat
Castelldefels - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 18,4 82800
Cerdanyola del Vallés - Sabadell 9 38700
Mollet del Vallés - Granollers 10,6 47700
TOTAL 463.950
With table 7.7 we can obtain that the budget of municipalities type A which are
not capital of region is 463.950 €
− To calculate the budget of the municipalities of type B (municipalities which has

a population between 10000 and 50000 inhabitants), we have to do municipality
by municipality because the most of this municipalities are capital of region so
we don’t have to build the link to its capital.
62

Table 7.8 shows the links of the municipalities type B which are not the capital
of the region to its region, the distance of the link and the price of how much it
cost the build of the fibre.
Distance to region’s
Type Links Built Total budget
capital (km)
Cambrils - Reus 13,3 59850
Salou - Tarragona 10,4 46800
Calafell - El Vendrell 5,9 26550
Vilaseca - Tarragona 12,4 55800
Sant Carles de Ràpita - Amposta 11,8 53100
Torredembarra - Tarragona 20,4 91800
Cunit - El Vendrell 12,2 54900
Mont-Roig - Reus 19,4 87300
Deltebre - Tortosa 24,4 109800
Alcanar - Amposta 34,3 154350
Blanes - Sils 21 94500
Lloret - Sils 18,3 82350
Santa Coloma de Farners - Sils 9,1 40950
Roses - Figueres 19,5 87750
Castelló d'Empuries - Figueres 10,3 46350
Escal - Figueres 15,1 67950
Sant Feliu de Guíxols - Palafrugell 22,2 99900
Palamós - Palafrugell 9 40500
Torroella de Montgrí - Palafrugell 18 81000
Calonge - Palafrugell 13,8 62100
B 4500
La Bisbal de l'Empordà - Palafrugell 13,5 60750
Platja d'Aro - Palafrugell 15,5 69750
Salt - Girona 4,2 18900
Esplugues - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 3,7 16650
Gavà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 15,5 69750
Ripollet - Sabadell 9,5 42750
Montcada i Reixach - Sabadell 13,8 62100
Sant Joan Despí - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 2,1 9450
Sant Pere de Ribes - Vilanova i la Geltrú 7,9 35550
Sant Vicenç dels Horts - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 6,8 30600
Sitges - Vilanova 7,8 35100
Premià de Mar - Mataró 10,7 48150
Martorell - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 17,5 78750
Sant Andreu de la Barca - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 10,9 49050
Pineda de Mar - Mataró 26,7 120150
Sant Perpetua de la Mogoda - Sabadell 7,6 34200
Molins de Rei - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 4,7 21150
Olesa de Montserrat - Sant Feliu de Montserrat 22,2 99900
Castellar del Vallés - Sabadell 8,7 39150
Masnou - Sabadell 29,1 130950
63

Esparraguera - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 28,6 128700

Manlleu - Vic 10,8 48600
Vilassar de Mar - Mataró 6,7 30150
Calella - Mataró 26 117000
Malgrat de Mar - Mataró 32,1 144450
Sant Quirze del Vallés - Sabadell 3,3 14850
Franqueses del Vallés - Sabadell 31,1 139950
Parets del Vallés - Granollers 14,3 64350
Caldes de Montbui - Granollers 13,1 58950
Sant Celoni - Granollers 23,3 104850
Cardedeu - Granollers 8,3 37350
Canovelles - Granollers 1,7 7650
Sant Just Desvern - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 2,9 13050
Montornés del Vallés - Granollers 8,5 38250
Tordera - Mataró 35,6 160200
La Garriga - Granollers 10,3 46350
Arenys de Mar - Mataró 11,5 51750
Piera - Igualada 20,5 92250
Lliça de Munt - Granollers 4,7 21150
Palau Solità i Plegamans - Sabadell 11,6 52200
Vallirana - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 12,4 55800
Corbera - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 14,9 67050
Llagosta - Granollers 16,4 73800
Torelló - Vic 19,6 88200
Cubelles - Vilanova i la Geltrú 6,8 30600
Badia del Vallés - Sabadell 5,4 24300
Canet de Mar - Mataró 14,3 64350
Vilanova del Camí - Igualada 2,7 12150
Sant Sadorní d'Anoia- Vilafranca 14,7 66150
Castellbisbal - Sabadell 22,9 103050
Argentona - Mataró 5,4 24300
Abrera - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 23 103500
Pallejà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 7,6 34200
Sant Joan de Vilatorta - Manresa 3,3 14850
Montgat - Mataró 17,9 80550
La Roca del Vallés - Granollers 3,8 17100
Sant Andreu de Llavaneres - Mataró 7,5 33750
TOTAL 4.782.150
With table 7.8 we can obtain that the budget of all municipalities type B which
are not capital of region is 4.782.150 €
− To calculate the budget of the municipalities of type C (municipalities which has

a population between 1000 and 10000 inhabitants), we have done an
approximation for all municipalities because the majority of this municipalities
are not a capital of region so, in order to simplify the operations, we consider
that all municipalities type C has the distance to its capital of region. In order to
simplify the calculations and do an approximation of the budget, we consider
64

that the 60% of all municipalities have not a fibre build so we have to build it and
the 40% of all municipalities can we rent it. To calculate the number of
municipalities, we obtain all municipalities type C in Catalonia (346) and remove
all municipalities type C which is capital of region (12). These municipalities
type C that is capital of region are: Les Borges Blanques, Cervera, Gandesa,
Falset, Montblanc, Móra d’Ebre, El Pont se Suert, Puigcerdà. Solsona, Sort,
Tremp and Vielha e Mijaran). The distance of the municipalities type C to its
capital of nodes is 9,8 Km as well as we explain in chapter 2.7
Table 7.10 shows the links of the municipalities type C to its region’s capital, the
distance of the link and the price of how much it cost the build of the fibre.
Type Distance to region’s capital (km) Number of municipalities Fibre price Total budget
134 4500 5.909.400
C 9,8
200 45000 88.200.000
TOTAL 94.109.400
With table 7.10 we can obtain that the budget of municipalities type C which is
not capital of region is 94.109.400 €
Table 7.11 shows the sum of the contributions of the total budget of
municipalities’ type A, type B and type C.
Type of municipality Price (€)

A 463.950
B 4.782.150
C 94.109.400
TOTAL 99.355.500
7.4. Total budget
In order to calculate the total budget of the optical fibre used in Catalonia, we have
to sum the three contributions (budget of optical fibre, budget of elements and budget
of municipalities) like the table 7.12.
Table 7.12 shows the total budget of the first part of OnCAT project.
Type of budget Price (€)

Optical fibre 41.782.500
Elements 12.436.700
Municipalities 99.355.500
TOTAL 153.574.700

65

CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
In this chapter we pretend to analyse the environmental impact that may cause the
deployment of the OnCAT project. It includes all the effects that can affect to the
environment by the required operations to deploy the entire network.
In our case, we have to take in account all the needed operations to implement the
network and try to minimize the environmental impact it can cause, as much as
possible. The main operation that can cause this impact, may be the fibre unfolding
that we need to done.
In order to try to minimize the impact that may cause fibre unfolding around all the
Catalonia territory, we think that the best solution is the possibility to rent the fibre,
instead of performing civil works that causes the biggest impact to the environment.
Renting fibres in Highways and in public transport infrastructures (like metro or train),
are two possibilities to avoid carrying out works and, consequently, to avoid the
environmental impact that may affect the environment.
But not all the fibres can be rented, due to the unavailability of fibres previously
unfolded. In these cases we need to perform civil works, but we try to reduce the
impact, doing some good practises, like doing the works as close as possible to the
roads and avoiding them in populated zones as long as possible.
In contrast, a factor that could affect the environment such as radiation and
pollution levels that could lead fibres is negligible. It’s therefore a factor that we avoid in
this section.
In summary, in this project we have considered the environmental impact that

could have and we have taken the actions that have been possible to minimize it.
66

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Publications
– Bregni, S. (2002). Synchronization of digital telecommunications networks.

– Calvet, J.-T., & Girault, C. (2001). A Simulation Environment for SDH
Synchronization Network Planning. Budapest, Hungary.
– International Telecommunication Union. (1990). G.709: Synchronous
Multiplexing Structure.
– International Telecommunication Union. (1993, March). G.707: SDH Bit Rates.
– International Telecommunication Union. (1994, November). G.780:
Vocabulary of Terms for SDH Networks and Equipment.
– International Telecommunication Union. (1994, January). G.782 Types and
General Characteristics of SDH Equipment.
– International Telecommunication Union. (1999, September). G.811: Timing
characteristics of primary reference.
– International Telecommunication Union. (2000, March). G.803: Architecture of
transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy.
– International Telecommunication Union. (1999, June). G.957: Optical
interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital
hierarchy.
– International Telecommunication Union. (2004, June). G.812: Timing
requirements of slave clocks suitable for use as node clocks in
synchronization networks.
– [1] Escola d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicació I Aeroespacial de Castelldefels
(2010, Novembre). Synchronous Digital Networks, Functional Architecture:
network elements and topology.
– [2] Govind P. Agrawal. (2002). Fiber-optic Communications Systems.
– [3] Escola d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicació I Aeroespacial de Castelldefels
(2010, Novembre). WDM technology part 1.
• Web pages
www.idescat.cat
[4] www.adif.es
www.tmb.cat
www.fgc.es
www.ericsson.com
67

www.alcatel-lucent.com
www.corning.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.telnet-ri.es
www.symmetricom.com
www.cisco.com
www.xtec.cat
[5] http://www.networkdictionary.com/telecom/wdm.php
www.pirelli.com
www.ofsoptics.com
www.tellabs.com
68

APPENDIX
APPENDIX I. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY
In appendix I, we will show which is the demographic study depending on the
number of inhabitants separated by provinces.
I.I. Total generated traffic by destination
Table I.I.1 shows the total generated traffic by destination
REGIONAL PROVINCIAL
INTERPROVINCIAL CATNIX
69

I.II. Total generated traffic by provinces
Table I.II.1 shows the total generated traffic by provinces
BARCELONA TARRAGONA
LLEIDA GIRONA
The colors of these maps mean the following traffic:
70

APPENDIX II. CALCULATIONS
II.I. Traffic distribution
Table II.I.1 Traffic distribution of Girona
TRAFFIC OF GIRONA
TRÀFIC N. TRÀFIC TRÀFIC N. INTER-‐

COMARCA TRÀFIC CATNix
COMARCAL N.PROVINCIAL PROVINCIAL
ALT EMPORDÀ 345,96 648,45 1176,65 3528,8765
BAIX EMPORDÀ 441,285 853,4625 1568,175 4100,538
CERDANYA 42,36 72,6 126,7 274,4605
GARROTXA 144,735 261,9375 468,375 1461,2775
GIRONÈS 1077,401808 2472,537708 4822,316076 7762,778268
PLA DE L'ESTANY 91,785 171,1875 310 810,061
RIPOLLÈS 91,785 171,1875 310 625,2265
SELVA 338,895 622,4625 1120,05 4431,4095
TOTAL 2574,206808 5273,825208 9902,266076 22994,62777
Table II.I.2 Traffic distribution of Lleida
TRAFFIC OF LLEIDA

ALT URGELL 70,605 134,8875 246,65 530,9645
ALTA RIBAGORÇÀ 21,18 36,3 63,35 58,262
GARRIGUES 42,36 72,6 126,7 247,945
NOGUERA 112,965 207,4875 373,35 843,807
PALLARS JUSSÀ 31,77 54,45 95,025 200,817
PALLARS SOBIRÀ 10,59 18,15 31,675 47,788
PLA D'URGELL 144,735 261,9375 468,375 879,024
SEGARRA 42,36 72,6 126,7 330,379
SEGRIÀ 1484,817354 3409,760304 6651,585563 9438,635459
71

SOLSONÈS 21,18 36,3 63,35 187,2005
URGELL 112,965 207,4875 373,35 876,177
VALL D'ARAN 31,77 54,45 95,025 168,4935
TOTAL 2127,297354 4566,410304 8715,135563 13809,49296
Table II.I.3 Traffic distribution of Tarragona
TRAFFIC OF TARRAGONA

ALT CAMP 102,375 189,3375 341,675 1073,108
BAIX CAMP 1229,197188 2816,132088 5489,563686 8674,807998
BAIX EBRE 172,98 324,225 588,325 2153,35
BAIX PENEDÈS 243,585 459,1125 834,975 2929,2405
CONCA DE BAR-
BERÀ 52,95 90,75 158,375 326,984
MONTSIÀ 201,225 386,5125 708,275 2052,3605
PRIORAT 21,18 36,3 63,35 80,9735
RIBERA D'EBRE 84,72 145,2 253,4 398,8535
TARRAGONÈS 1600,210218 3677,192868 7174,756471 11539,4155
TERRA ALTA 63,54 108,9 190,05 218,154
TOTAL 3771,962406 8233,662456 15802,74516 29447,2475
72

Table II.I.4 Traffic distribution of Barcelona
TRAFFIC OF BARCELONA

ALT PENEDÈS 300,06 542,025 968,425 535,7861
ANOIA 275,355 513,5625 930 614,8956
BAGES 988,857228 2195,861628 4238,233566 1353,925768
BAIX LLOBREGAT 4199,684844 9683,761044 18914,49372 7141,540075
BARCELONÈS 20821,70507 49813,66652 98382,5574 27352,13202
BERGUEDÀ 134,145 243,7875 178,85 195,6493
GARRAF 786,58074 1809,05274 3530,66153 1304,412958
MARESME 1902,588252 4201,970352 8095,884994 3268,824748
OSONA 381,255 695,0625 1246,75 765,0029
VALLÈS OCCIDENTAL 6404,746086 15101,02264 29696,02162 9239,605356
VALLÈS ORIENTAL 1825,752972 4001,803572 7691,063334 2957,657372
TOTAL 38020,7302 88801,576 173872,9412 54729,43219
73

II.II. Power balance.
Table II.II.1 Power Balance of Girona
Table II.II.2 Power Balance of Lleida
74

Table II.II.3 Power Balance of Tarragona
Table II.II.4 Power Balance of Barcelona
75

76

Table II.II.5 Power Balance of Main Backbone
77

APPENDIX III. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

To know more about the parameters related with the equipments which we
have appointed, in this appendix we show the technical specifications.
III.I. Marconi OMS 1600.
78

III.II. Marconi OMS 1200.
79

III.III. Marconi OMS 800.
80

III.IV. Marconi 2400.
81

III.V. Marconi 3200.
82

III.VI. Marconi 3000.
83

III.VII. STM1 SH 1310-8.
III.VIII. STM4 LH 1550.
84

III.IX. STM16 LH AS 1550.
III.X. CORNING LEAF.
85

III.XI. Connector Hellermann Tyton.
III.XII. EDFA Telnet.
86

III.XIII. Symmetricom SSU 2000e.
87

III.XIV. Symmetricom PRC-3100.
88

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OnCAT

TITULATION: Telecommunications engineering

AUTHOR: Adrià López Molina

DIRECTORS: Jordi Curià

DATE: December 30th 2010

CHAPTER 1. TRAFFIC STUDY ..................................................................................... 8

1.1. Catalonia population .................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 2. NETWORK TOPOLOGY ....................................................................... 16

2.1. Backbone ..................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION ........................................................................................ 37

3.1. Types of protection used ........................................................................... 37

CHAPTER 4. SYNCHRONIZATION ............................................................................ 42

4.1. SDH synchronization network planning ................................................... 42

CHAPTER 5. NETWORK ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 46

5.1. Network Elements ....................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................. 56

6.1. SDH .............................................................................................................. 56

CHAPTER 7. BUDGET ................................................................................................ 59

7.1. Budget of optical fibre ................................................................................ 59

CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ................................................................. 66

APPENDIX I. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY ................................................................... 69

I.II. Total generated traffic by provinces ........................................................... 70

APPENDIX II. CALCULATIONS .............................................................................. 71

APPENDIX III. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................... 78

CHAPTER 1. TRAFFIC STUDY

1.1. Catalonia population

The Catalonia’s population will be extracted from IDESCAT (Institut d’Estadística

Once we obtained all the municipalities, we have to separate each municipality in

Table 1.1 Separation of the municipalities by regions

Table 1.2 Types of Municipalities

Type of city Population Companies Enterprises

1.2. Estimation of Bandwidth demand

Once we known the number of inhabitants, companies and enterprises separated

Table 1.3 Estimation of bandwidth of A cities

Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution

Table 1.4 Estimation of bandwidth of B cities

Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution

Table 1.5 Estimation of bandwidth of C cities

Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution

If we convert the table of cities type A in formulas, we obtain the follow:

!"#$%"&'$"() 5! = !º !"!#$%&'"(×0,2×0,8×0,4

!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,5×0,3

where the number of enterprises is the value previously obtained in function of

!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"#$%$&'(!'$)%×1×0,7×0,1

where the number of administrations is the value previously obtained in function

Table 1.6 Estimation of bandwidth of Alt Urgell’s region (city type C)

1.3. Provincial level or aggregation/concentration

The transit generated by the clients of a municipality (include residential,

Picture 1.1 shows the above explanation.

Picture 1.1 scheme of traffic provincial level

Destination \ Interprovincial Internet

Which indicates table 1.7 is the following:

o 10% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) of municipality

!"#$%"&'$() 5! = ∑(!"#$%"&'$(!!!!"#$%&'() )×5 ×0,1

residential_5M and residential_10M are the sum of all contribution of 5Mbps

administration_10M and administration_100M are the sum of all contribution of

Table 1.8 Provincial estimation bandwidth of the region Alt Urgell

1.4. Interprovincial level or backbone level

We can see how we apply this formula in the picture 1.2

b) Interprovincial traffic à this traffic is the percentage of traffic which each

!"#$%&'$%(&_!"#$%&!"!"#$$%& = !"#$!"%&!"#$%&'!!"#$$%& ×!"#$"%&'("!"#$%&!!"#$%&'$%(&

- Barcelona source à all his interprovincial traffic must send to Tarragona,

Picture 1.3 shows a schematic graphic of the distribution percentages of all

1.5. Network oversized

Picture 2.1 point-‐to-‐point interconnection

Picture 2.2-‐bus interconnection

Picture 2.4-‐mesh interconnection