CLASSIFICATION NOTES

No. 32.1

STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF
RUDDER ARRANGEMENTS
JANUARY 1984

DET NORSKE VERITAS

Veritasveien 1, N-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11
FOREWORD
DET NORSKE VERITAS is an autonomous and independent Foundation with the objective of safeguarding life, property and
the environment at sea and ashore.
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS is a fully owned subsidiary Society of the Foundation. It undertakes classification and certification
of ships, mobile offshore units, fixed offshore structures, facilities and systems for shipping and other industries. The Society
also carries out research and development associated with these functions.
DET NORSKE VERITAS operates a worldwide network of survey stations and is authorised by more than 130 national admin-
istrations to carry out surveys and, in most cases, issue certificates on their behalf.
Classification Notes
Classification Notes are publications that give practical information on classification of ships and other objects. Examples of de-
sign solutions, calculation methods, specifications of test procedures, as well as acceptable repair methods for some components
are given as interpretations of the more general rule requirements.
A list of Classification Notes is found in the latest edition of Pt.0 Ch.1 of the ”Rules for Classification of Ships”, the ”Rules for
Classification of Mobile Offshore Units” and the ”Rules for Classification of High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft”.
The list of Classification Notes is also included in the current “Classification Services – Publications” issued by the Society,
which is available on request. All publications may be ordered from the Society’s Web site http://exchange.dnv.com.
It is assumed that the execution of the provisions of this Classification Note is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experi-
enced people, for whose use it has been prepared.

Re-issue November 2002

This is a re-issue of the version published in January 1984. No modifications have been made other than editorial ones, i. e.
changes according to the current layout standard.

Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@dnv.com

For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@dnv.com
Comprehensive information about DNV and the Society's services is found at the Web site http://www.dnv.com
© Det Norske Veritas
Computer Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas
Printed in Norway by GCS AS.

If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person
for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-
sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.
In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det
Norske Veritas.
Classification Notes - No. 32.1 3
January 1984

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL................................................................. 5 2.2 Semi-spade rudder....................................................... 7

1.1 Introduction..................................................................5 2.3 Spade rudder................................................................ 9
1.2 Definitions ...................................................................5 3. COMPLETE STRENGTH ANALYSIS................. 9
2. CALCULATION FORMULAE .............................. 5 3.1 Two-dimensional grillage analysis.............................. 9
2.1 Rudder with neck bearing and heel pintle ...................5 3.2 Two-dimensional framework analysis ...................... 10

DET NORSKE VERITAS

4 Classification Notes - No. 32.1
January 1984

DET NORSKE VERITAS

Classification Notes - No. 32.1 5
January 1984

1. General 2. Calculation Formulae

1.1 Introduction 2.1 Rudder with neck bearing and heel pintle

1.1.1 For scantlings of rudder, rudder stock and supporting 2.1.1 The design, mathematical model and resulting bending
structures, the Rules for Classification of Steel Ships (hence- moment and shear force distribution are shown in Fig. 2-1.
forth referred to as the Rules) specify requirements based on
calculated shear forces, bending moments and torsional mo- 2.1.2 The rudder is considered simply supported at the bear-
ings. The sole piece is considered to be completely fixed at a
ments. Alternatively, a complete structural analysis may be distance forward of the after end of the propeller post depend-
carried out to demonstrate that the stresses are in compliance ing on the fineness of the ship’s lines, in the stern area. The
with allowable stresses. elasticity of sole piece, rudder and rudder stock is taken into
account.
1.1.2 The force and moment distribution formulae given in
Section 2 for various rudder types will normally be accepted as 2.1.3 The bending moment at neck bearing may be taken as:
an improvement of the simplified formulae given in the Rules.
2 1 α
ω b ( l b – h n ) § --- + ---·
2
Note: ©2 8¹
Computer program on rudder calculations are offered by VER- M n = ----------------------------------------------------- (kN m)
la Ib
1 + α § 1 + ------------·
ITAS and are available for external users as desktop computer
version (PILOT) and at the head office computer centre and con- © lb Ia¹
nected terminals.
F
On request VERITAS may carry out and use the calculations as ωb ≅ -----r (kN/m)
basis for approval. hr
---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e--- 3 3
kd lb lb Id
α = -------------- or --------------
3
3 E Ib l dc I b
1.1.3 Strength analysis carried out in accordance with Sec-
tion 3 will normally be accepted as basis for class approval. 3 E Id
kd = -------------- is the sole piece spring constant.
1.2 Definitions 3
l dc

1.2.1 The following SI-units (International System of Units)

are used in this Note: hd, hr, hn, la, lb and ld = lengths in m as shown in Fig. 2-1.
ldc = ld + c (m)
— Mass unit: tonne (t) (= megagram (Mg))
— Length unit: millimetre (mm) (metre (m) and centimetre c = addition estimated on the basis of afterbody lines. May
(cm) are used in some quantities and stated in each case) be taken as 0, 04 L for ships with full lines (L = Rule
— Time unit: second (s) length of ship). For ships with narrow structure for-
ward of propeller post, c is to be specially considered.
— Force unit: kilonewton (kN) (newton (N) is used in some
quantities and stated in each case) If the rudder is designed with the stern pintle instead of neck
bearing (see Fig. 2-2), and the location hn < 0,1 hr, the above
1.2.2 Symbols not mentioned in the following list are given formula may be used if the term – hn2 within brackets in the nu-
in connection with relevant formulae. The general symbols merator is substituted by + hn2.
may be repeated when additional definition is found necessary For drawing of bending moment diagram:
in connection with specific formulae. 2
ωb hr
Fr = design rudder force in kN. See the Rules Pt.3 Ch.3 M f = ---------------- (kN m)
8
Sec.2 D.
A = total rudder area in m2. 2.1.4 The reaction forces at various bearings may be taken as:
Ab1 = rudder area in m2 above pintle bearing.
Ab2 = rudder area in m2 below pintle bearing. — At rudder carrier:
Ia = mean moment of inertia in cm4 of rudder stock. Mn
P u = -------
Ib = mean moment of inertia in cm4 of rudder (above pintle la
bearing, if any).
Id = mean moment of inertia in cm4 of sole piece. — At neck bearing:
l F h
Ih = mean moment of inertia in cm4 of rudder horn. § ---a-· -----r § ----r ·
n = P u © 1 + l ¹ + l © 2 + h d¹ (kN)
Jh = mean polar moment of inertia in cm4 of rudder horn. b b
Ah = side view area in m2 of rudder horn. — At heel bearing:
E = modulus of elasticity in N/mm2.
ωb = load on rudder blade in kN/m height of rudder. P c = ( F r + P u – P n ) (kN)
ωh = load on rudder horn in kN/m height of horn.

DET NORSKE VERITAS

6 Classification Notes - No. 32.1
January 1984

Figure 2-1
Rudder with neck bearing and heel pintle

Figure 2-2
Rudder with stern pintle and heel pintle

DET NORSKE VERITAS

Classification Notes - No. 32.1 7
January 1984

2.2 Semi-spade rudder 2

4C h
Jh = -------------
2.2.1 The design, mathematical model and resulting bending
moment and shear force distribution are shown in Fig. 2-3 and ¦ s/t
2.4.
Ch = horizontal section area in cm2 enclosed by the
2.2.2 The rudder is considered simply supported at the bear- rudder horn.
ings. The rudder horn is considered to be completely fixed at
the counter, and the elasticity of rudder, rudder stock and rud-
¦ s/t = circumferential length of rudder horn in hori-
zontal section divided by its mean wall thick-
der horn is taken into account. ness.

2.2.3 The bending moment at various positions in the rudder 2.2.4 The reaction forces at various bearings may be taken as:
and stock may be taken as:
— At rudder carrier:
— At pintle bearing: Mn
P u = ------- (kN)
2 la
ω b2 l b2
M p = --------------------- (kN m) — At neck bearing:
2
— At neck bearing: § la · ω 2 Mp
b1
P n = P u ¨ 1 + -------¸ + ---------- ( l b1 – h n ) – ------- (kN)
© l b1¹ 2 l lb1
b1
2 2 1 α 2 § 1 lb1 α·
ω b1 § l b1 – h n · § --- + ---· + ω b2 l b2 ¨ --- + -------- – ---¸ — At pintle bearing:
© ¹ © 2 8¹ © 2 lb2 4 ¹
M n = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (kN m)
Pp = (Fr + Pu - Pn) (kN)
§ 4 l a Ib·
1 + α ¨ 1 + --- ---------- -----¸
© 3 l b1 I a¹
2.2.5 With reference to Fig. 2-4 the following design values
may be applied for the scantlings of rudder horn:
F r A b1
ωb1 ≅ ---------------------------
- (kN/m)
A ( lb1 – h n ) — Maximum bending moment:

Mh = Pp lh + 0,5 ωh lh2 (kN m)

F r A b2
ωb2 ≅ --------------
- (kN/m)
A l b2 — Maximum shear force:
3
k l b1 Ph = Pp + ωh lh (kN)
α = -------------
-
3EI b
— Torsional moment:
E MhT = Pp e (kN m)
k = ----------------------------------------
2
§ 2, 6e 2 l h ·
lh ¨ -------------- + ------- ¸ F r ( A + A h )A h
© Jh 3I h¹
ω h ≡ ----------------------------------- (kN/m)
2
A lh
hn, la, lb, lc, lh and e = lengths in m as shown in Fig. 2-3. lh and e = length in m as shown in Fig. 2-4.

DET NORSKE VERITAS

8 Classification Notes - No. 32.1
January 1984

Figure 2-3
Semi-spade rudder

Figure 2-4
Rudder horn

DET NORSKE VERITAS

Classification Notes - No. 32.1 9
January 1984

2.3 Spade rudder hn, la, lb, lu, ll = lengths in m as shown in Fig. 2-5.

2.3.1 The design and resulting bending moment and shear 2.3.4 The reaction forces at various bearings may be taken as:
force distribution are shown in Fig. 2-5.
— At rudder carrier:
2.3.2 The rudder is considered simply supported at the bear- Mn
P u = ------- (kN)
ings. la

2.3.3 The bending moment at the neck bearing may be taken — At neck bearing:
as:
Pn = (Fr + Pu) (kN)
Fr
M n = ---------------------- [ l b ( 2l l + l u ) + h n ( 2l u + l l ) ] (kN m)
3 ( lu + l l )

Figure 2-5
Spade rudder

3. Complete Strength Analysis — Linearly distributed loads on elements.

— Arbitrary orientation of elements.
3.1 Two-dimensional grillage analysis — Arbitrary position of supports.
— Hinged elements.
3.1.1 The rudder design may be regarded as a 2-dimensional
structure with in-plane loading. The structural strength with re- — Solid circular elements or equivalent representation.
spect to shear, bending and torsion is most conveniently ana- — Built close section elements (box torsion) or equivalent
lysed by means of 2-dimensional grillage program. representation.

3.1.2 If 2-dimensional grillage program is to be used, the fol- 3.1.3 Fig. 3-1 shows a typical rudder design with heel support
lowing features must be available : and the corresponding structural model.

DET NORSKE VERITAS

10 Classification Notes - No. 32.1
January 1984

The rudder horn shear and bending stiffness is represented by

a vertical element hinged to the “pintle arm” at the lower end.
The torsional effect due to the distance “e” between the centro-
ids of pintle and horn may be represented by the horizontal fic-
titious element, the “pintle arm”, hinged to the rudder blade. If
the length of this element is taken as “e” the cross-sectional
area is given by:
Jh 2
A pa = ------------------------ (cm )
26000 l h e

Jh = as given in 2.2.3 in cm4

lh and e = lengths in m as given in Fig. 3-2.

3.2.3 If the feature “hinged element” is not available the

above model may still be used provided the bending stiffness
of the “pintle arm” is negligible.

Figure 3-1
Balance rudder and grillage model

3.2 Two-dimensional framework analysis

3.2.1 The calculations of shear forces, bending moments and

torsional moments (in rudder horn), and the corresponding
stresses, may alternatively be carried out by means of 2-dimen-
sional framework program.
In that case special modelling techniques will have to be ap-
plied.

3.2.2 Fig. 3-2 shows a typical semi-spade rudder design and Figure 3-2
corresponding structural model. Semi-spade rudder and framework model

DET NORSKE VERITAS