Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0 PENGENALAN
Tenis merupakan satu sukan yang boleh dimainkan antara dua pemain (singles)
atau antara setiap dua pemain yang bertindak sebagai satu pasukan (double). Tenis
ialah satu permainan yang boleh dimainkan di dalam gelanggang sama ada di luar
mahupun di dalam dewan yang tertutup. Tenis boleh dimainkan oleh semua peringkat
umur, lelaki dan wanita secara perseorangan, beregu dan beregu campuran. Antara
peralatan utama yang diperlukan untuk permainan tenis adalah seperti gelanggang,
raket dan bola. Selain itu, peralatan pemain juga harus disediakan.
Tenis berasal dari United Kingdom pada lewat kurun 90-an sebagai “tenis
halaman rumput” yang mana mempunyai kaitan rapat kepada pelbagai permainan
padang/halaman rumput serta kepada permainan tenis dahulukala. Selepas
penciptaannya, tenis terkenal sehingga ke kelas atasan Inggeris sebelum berkembang
di seluruh dunia. Tenis merupakan salah satu acara dalam sukan olimpik dan
dimainkan oleh masyarakat dari pelbagai peringkat umur. Permainan ini boleh
dimainkan oleh sesiapa yang tahu memegang raket, termasuk orang yang berkerusi
roda.
Peraturan permainan tenis masih tidak berubah sejak dari tahun 1980. Dua
pengecualian iaitu pada 1908 hingga 1960 yang mana seorang pemain harus
meletakkan kaki di atas tanah pada setiap masa, dan pengenalan tie break pada 1970.
Penambahan terkini kepada pemain tenis profesional ialah penggunaan teknologi
elektronik bersama satu system cabaran.
Tenis dinikmati oleh berjuta pemain yang berekreasi bersamanya dan juga
merupakan satu sukan yang terkenal di sleuruh dunia, terutamanya empat kejohanan
Grand Slam : Kejohanan Terbuka Australia, Kejohanan Terbuka US, Kejohanan
Terbuka Perancis dan Kejonanan Wimbledon.
2.0 SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA
Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal usul tenis. Ada yang menyatakan ianya
berasal dari negara Perancis pada kurun ke 11 yang dikenali sebagai “jeu de paume”
yang bermakna “Main dengan tapak tangan.” Bola yang digunakan ialah kulit kambing
biri-biri yang digumpal dan bola mesti melepasi tali seperti jaring badminton. Ada pula
yang mengatakan ia berasal dari England pada kurun ke 19 dan dimainkan oleh orang
atasan yang dikenali sebagai ‘real tennis’ atau ‘Royal Tennis’.
Harry Gem dan kawannya Augurio Perera telah mereka satu permainan yang
menggabungkan elemen-elemen raket dan permainan bola lisut pelota, yang dimainkan
di Birmingham, United Kingdom. Pada 1972, bersama dua orang doctor, mereka
menemui kelab pertama tenis dunia di Leamington Spa. Suruhanjaya Leamington telah
merekodkan satu kejohanan pertama tenis yang diadakan pada 23 Julai 1884 di Dewan
Shrubland.
4.1 Skoring
Sebagai contoh, jika pemain A servis kepada pemain B dan B menang mata,
skornya ialah 0-15. Seterusnya jika A yang menang, skornya ialah 15-15. Jika B
menang mata selepas itu, skornya ialah 15-30. Pemain yang menang mata selepas
mata 40, memenangi perlawanan itu .
Apabila skor mencapai 6 perlawanan, “tie break” atau “pemutus” digunakan bagi
perlawanan 3 atau 5 set. Jika ini berlaku, pemain yang memenangi 7 mata terlebih
dahulu adalah pemenang asalkan ia mendahului dua mata lebih. Jika skor mencapai 6
mata sama, permainan akan dilanjutkan sehinggalah lebihan mata diperoleh. Skor
dengan angka digunakan pada keseluruhan permainan “tie break” ini.
Servis adalah pukulan pembuka suatu mata yang dilakukan pemain di sisi deuce
court dan penerima adalah pemain yang menerima pukulan serve di sisi diagonal dari
pemain serve atau sama-sama pada sisi deuce court. Pemain yang melakukan servis
diharuskan memukul bola ke arah deuce court pemain lawan pada daerah servis line.
Pemain mempunyai peluang sebanyak dua kali untuk melakukan servis. Namun
bila servis terkena net dan jatuh pada daerah di dalam daerah servis lawan, maka
servis diulang menurut jatah servisnya (contohnya apabila saat servis kedua bola
menyentuh net, maka servis diulang sebagai servis kedua dan mendapat kesempatan 1
kali servis lagi).
Untuk double, pemain yang pertama melakukan servis ditentukan sebelum game
dimainkan dan begitu juga dengan pihak lawannya. Setelah game selesai, maka
penerima kedua menjadi pemegang servis kemudian kembali kepada giliran untuk
pemain kedua dari tim yang servis pertama memegang kendali servis dst.
Servis dilakukan di belakang garis baseline, di sisi kanan lapangan (deuce court)
menuju digonal ke arah daerah servis lawan. Pemain yang menginjak garis baseline
atau masuk ke daerah permainan tenis pada saat tangan mengayun raket untuk
melakukan servis dianggap melakukan kesalahan (foot fault) dan mata untuk pihak
penerima.
Garis merupakan batas dari daerah permainan. Apabila seluruh bahagian atau
sebahagian dari bola menyentuh garis permainan maka bola dinyatakan masuk kerana
bola menyentuh lapangan yang dibatasi oleh suatu garis.
4.4 Mata
Cara Perlakuan
i) Raket dan bola dipegang di hadapan badan – paras antara abdomen dan
dada.
ii) Jatuhkan kedua-dua belah tangan ke paras paha.
iii) Jatuhan raket diteruskan ke bawah dan ke belakang.
iv) Tangan yang memegang bola dibawa ke hadapan dalam keadaan yang
lurus.
v) Lepaskan bola secara lembut.
vi) Pastikan lambungan tidak terlalu tinggi.
vii) Bola dilepaskan pada paras dahi.
viii) Pergerakan bola – terus ke arah kepala.
ix) Tangan yang melambung ikut lajak sebaik sahaja bola dilepaskan.
x) Ketinggian maksimum bola patut sama dengan jangkauan maksimum lengan
dan raket secara lurus ke atas.
5.5 Servis
i) Memulakan permainan.
ii) Merupakan satu pergerakan yang berterusan serta licin.
iii) Boleh digunakan sebagai satu senjata utama serangan bergantung pada
kelajuan servis atau ketepatan pukulan.
a) Persediaan (i)
i) Berdiri secara relaks (kaki dibuka seluas bahu) di belakang garisan belakang
dekat pertengahan gelanggang.
ii) Kedua-dua belah tangan di hadapan badan – tangan kiri memegang bola.
iii) Bahagian dada menghadap ke tiang tenis kanan dan bahu kiri menghadap ke
jarring.
iv) Kaki kiri di hadapan, kaki kanan di belakang – berat badan di atas kaki kanan.
v) Cara pegangan raket – digalakkan jabat salam.
b) Persediaan (ii)
c) Melambung bola.
e) Pukulan
f) Ikut lajak.
Cara Perlakuan
i) Berdiri dengan kedua-dua lutut separuh bengkok – kaki dibuka seluas bahu.
ii) Badan condong sedikit ke hadapan.
iii) Tangan kanan mencengkam raket – tangan kiri membantu pegangan.
iv) Badan dan kepala raket menghadap ke jaring.
v) Mata ditumpukan pada bola.
i) Semasa memastikan bola akan datang ke sebelah kanan, tolak dengan kaki
kiri untuk bergerak ke hadapan.
ii) Semasa bergerak, pusingkan badan supaya bahu kiri menghadap ke arah
pukulan / jaring.
iii) Raket mula diangkat ke belakang dank e atas.
i) Kontak dengan bola – tinggi – pada paras antara pinggang dan kepala.
ii) Hayunan raket – lebih kuat dan laju agar bola dipukul terjunam ke
gelanggang lawan.
iii) Pemindahan berat badan dan kilasan badan – serupa.
i) Ikut lajak – kelajuan dan kekuatan hayunan raket membawa muka raket ke
belakang badan.
ii) Kekuatan pukulan mengakibatkan kaki kanan dibawa ke hadapan.
iii) Badan menghadap ke jaring.
a) Bersedia
Kontak
d) Ikut lajak.
Kelemahan
i) Jangkauan tangan pendek.
ii) Pemukulan bola tinggi dan bola rendah lebih sukar dilakukan.
iii) Perlu dilakukan dengan gerak kaki yang sungguh sempurna serta dirian yang
kukuh.
iv) Sukar melakukan pukulan pancung.
v) Adakalanya sukar untuk melakukan pukulan balik apabila bola berada dekat
dengan badan di sebelah kiri.
vi) Kecenderungan untuk ‘menampar’ bola, bukan memukulnya.
vii) Boleh menjadi satu kebiasaan kepada kanak-kanak dan sukar disingkirkan /
ditukarkan apabila kanak-kanak berkenaan mencapai umur 16 tahun ke atas
apabila mereka sudah menjadi lebih besar dan kuat.
Cara perlakuan
a) Bergerak ke arah pukulan.
d) Ikut lajak.
a) Kedudukan bersedia.
b) Hayunan raket.
d) Ikut lajak.
i) Ikut lajak yang pendek.
ii) Raket diangkat ke atas emngikut ketinggian pukulan.
iii) Berat badan sepenuhnya di atas kaki kiri.
a) Persediaan.
b) Melangkah ke hadapan.
b) Memusing badan.
e) Ikut lajak.
Cara perlakuan
c) Ikut lajak.
i) Ikut lajak yang sempurna diperlukan.
ii) Raket dibawa sehingga atas kepala dengan badan hadapan menghadap ke
jaring.
Penjaga Garisan
Kedua-dua tangan diluruskan dan tunjuk ke
bawah (tapak tangan ke bawah).
‘Dalam’ – bola mendarat dalam kawasan
permainan.
Penjaga Garisan
Kedua-dua belah tangan seolah-olah hendak menutup muka.
‘Tidak nampak’ – kurang pasti bola dalam atau keluar.
Penjaga Servis
Angkat tangan dan tunjuk ke atas.
i) ‘Let’ – servis semua (tiada mata
kepada mana-mana pihak)
ii) ‘Faul kaki’ – kesalahan kaki
semasa melakukan servis.
Rafael "Rafa" Nadal Parera (IPA: [rafa'el na'ðal]) (lahir di Manacor, Mallorca,
Spanyol, 3 Juni 1986; umur 23 tahun) adalah pemain tenis profesional yang berasal
Sepanyol.
Setelah menempatkan diri dalam peringkat dua dunia selama 158 minggu, pada
18 Ogos 2008 ia menjadi pemain tenis pada rangking pertama dunia menggantikan
Roger Federer. Peringkat tersebut bertahan hingga 6 Julai 2009 saat Federer menjuarai
Wibledon dan kembali menjadi pemain tenis nombor satu dunia.
Nadal merupakan juara Grand Slam sebanyak enam kali, telah memenangi
gelaran tunggal putra Perancis Terbuka (2005-08) empat kali secara berturut-turut.
Setelah mencetak rekod 31 kemenangan berturut-turut di Perancis Terbuka, Nadal
kalah untuk pertama kalinya di turnamen tersebut pada pertandingan babak keempat
melawan Robin Soderling pada tahun 2009. Ia meraih gelar Wimbledon pada tahun
2008 dengan mengalahkan Federer setelah kalah pada tahun 2006 dan 2007 di tangan
Federer.
Terkini, Rafael Nadal Berjaya menjuarai semua koleksi Gelanggang Grand Slam
selepas mendapat Juara pada Kejohanan Tenis Terbuka Amerika Syarikat (AS) setelah
merangkul gelaran Grand Slam pada Terbuka Australia (AUSTRALIA OPEN), Terbuka
Perancis dan Kejohanan Wimbledon. Rafael Nadal merupakan pemain ketujuh yang
memenangi kesemua empat Gelaran Grand Slam selepas menewaskan Djokovic dari
Serbia.
Roger Federer merupakan seorang pemain tenis lelaki dari Switzerland. Beliau
menjadi pemain nombor satu di dunia sejak 2 Februari 2004. Beliau sering dianggap
sebagai antara pemain paling hebat di dunia.
Federer telah memenangi Grand Slam 15 kali, Piala Masters Tenis tiga kali,
serta ATP Masters Series 14 kali dalam kerjayanya. Kini, beliau memegang rekod
menang dalam tiga Grand Slam dalam setahun untuk tiga tahun (2004, 2006 dan
2007), mencapai perlawanan akhir dalam sepuluh Grand Slam berturut-turut, serta
rekod bersama memenangi Kejohanan Wimbledon lima kali berturut-turut dari 2003
hingga 2007.
7.2.1 Kerjaya
2001-2003
2004
Tahun 2004 merupakan tahun cemerlang bagi Federer. Beliau memenangi tiga
daripada empat Grand Slam, dan menjadi pemain nombor satu di dunia selepas
Terbuka Australia di mana beliau menewaskan Marat Safin dalam perlawanan akhir.
Beliau menewaskan Andy Roddick dan Lleyton Hewitt dalam perlawanan akhir
Wimbledon dan Terbuka AS masing-masing. Beliau juga meraih Piala Masters Tenis
dengan mengalahkan Lleyton Hweitt dalam perlawanan akhir. Federer hanya gagal
memenangi Terbuka Perancis serta pingat emas Olimpik Athens 2004.
2005-2006
Federer memulai tahun 2005 ditewaskan oleh Marat Safin dalam separuh akhir
Terbuka Australia. Beliau juga dikalahkan oleh Rafael Nadal dalam separuh akhir
Terbuka Perancis. Safin dan Nadal memenangi Terbuka Australia dan Terbuka
Perancis masing-masing. Beliau berjaya mempertahankan kejuaraan Wimbledon dan
Terbuka ASnya, tetapi kalah kepada David Nalbandian dalam perlawanan akhir Piala
Masters Tenis 2005. Pada 2006, beliau sekali lagi memenangi tiga daripada empat
Grand Slam, serta mengekalkan diri sebagai pemain nombor satu. Dalam Terbuka
Perancis, Federer gagal menewaskan juara bertahan Rafael Nadal dalam perlawanan
akhir. Beliau turut memenangi Piala Masters Tenis.
2007
Consider this the John Lennon of racquet strings. High-concept, great integrity.
Natural gut is 100% fiber and provides exceptional feel as well as vibration-dampening
properties. Contrary to popular belief, natural gut is not derived from cat intestines, but
rather the intestine of an adult steer. It may not be for animal lovers.
9.2 Nylon
The Paul McCartney of strings. Easy going, commercially successful, and plenty
of variety, in terms of texture, construction, gauge and color. Nylon strings range from
15 to 18 gauge, 15 being the thickest and 18 the thinnest. The thicker gauge offers
better durability for string breakers, but also offers less feel. The thinner the gauge, the
better feel and the more spin, but your durability decreases. These strings are
constructed with a solid core for a springy response or in multi-fiber construction to help
with vibration dampening. Some have smooth coatings, some have a braided wrap
coating and some have extremely rough textures, all to control and affect spin on the
ball.
9.3 Kevlar
The George Harrison of racquet strings. A bit more reserved, but a rock to the
core. This material is ideal for players who require even more durability than that of a
15g string. Believe it or not, this stiff string is made of the same fibers used to make
bullet-proof vests. Some companies offer hybrid strings.
9.4 Polyester
Simply put, the Ringo. These strings have very little movement, less friction and
less string breakage. This type of string feels different than synthetic gut or nylon strings
and sometime feels a bit too dull, which is why it's recommended you drop your stinging
tension by 5 to 10% when using polyester. Believe it or not, this material is increasingly
the more popular choice among the top players because it offers exceptional durability
as well as great control and feel. Okay, so maybe it's not all that much like Ringo, but
hey, we needed a fourth.
Of the Grand Slam tournaments, the U.S Open and Australian Open use hard
courts (though both use grass courts in the past, and the U.S Open also used clay
courts from 1975 through 1977), the French Open is played on clay (though it too was
played on grass before 1928), and Wimbledon has always been played on grass.
Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone, or brick. The red clay is slower
than the green, Har-Tru, "North-American" clay. The French Open uses clay courts,
unlike the other three Grand Slam tournaments of each year.
Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce when compared to
grass courts or hard courts. This is because clay courts have more grab and when the
ball lands there is more friction pushing against the ball's horizontal path, therefore
slowing it and creating a higher bounce. For this reason, the clay court takes away
some advantage of big serves, which makes it hard for serve-based players to dominate
on the surface. Clay courts are cheaper to construct than other types of tennis courts,
but the maintenance costs of a clay surface are higher than those of hard courts. Clay
courts need to be rolled to preserve flatness. The clay's water content must be
balanced; green courts generally require the courts to be sloped to allow water run-off.
Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America and
tend to heavily favor baseline players.
However, Wimbledon, the most famous grass tournament, slowed down its grass
courts as recently as 2001. Players have said that the courts of Wimbledon have
become slower, heavier, and high bouncing. In 2001, Wimbledon organizers had
changed the grass to 100% perennial rye in addition to changing to a harder and denser
soil with both providing for a higher bounce to the ball. Grass specialist Tim
Henman spoke out against this change in 2002, stating "What on earth is going on
here? I'm on a grass court and it's the slowest court I've played on this year". As a
result, serving and volleying has become rare at Wimbledon and dominant baseliners
such as Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Venus Williams, and Serena Williams have won
the most recent titles.
Grass courts were once among the most common tennis surfaces, but are now
rare due to high maintenance costs, as they must be watered and mown often, and take
a longer time to dry after rain than hard courts. For a more extensive discussion of the
skills most advantageous on grass court, see grass-court specialist.
10.3 Hard courts
Hard courts (usually made of asphalt) are very fast types of tennis courts, where
fast hard-hitting players have a slight advantage. Hard courts can vary in speed; they
are faster than clay but not as fast as grass courts. Depending on the amount of sand
added to the paint the amount the ball slows down can vary greatly. These courts are
considered equal for all playing styles. The U.S. Open is played on an acrylic hard
court, while the Australian Open is played on a synthetic hard court. The main
difference between a synthetic hard court and a true hard court surface is the level of
hardness. When the ball bounces on this surface it is faster than all other surfaces if
there is not much sand in the top paint. The amount of sand used in the top paint and
the size of the sand also determines the speed – more sand means less speed and
larger sand particles will slow the speed of play. The amount of friction can also be
altered and more friction will produce a clay court effect, where topspin is magnified.
The extra grip and friction will resist the sliding effect of the ball and the resistance will
force the ball to change its rotation. The extra grip provided by the surface can resist the
movement of the player and can cause injury.
Carpet is a tennis term for any removable court covering. A short form of articial
turf weighted with sand is common in Asia. Indoor arenas store rolls of rubber-backed
court surfacing and install it temporarily for tennis events.
Doubles is played by two teams of two players each, most often all-male or all-
female. It utilizes a wider court than singles matches: it includes the area in the alley
(tramlines, in British terminology), whereas singles does not. The two players on the
receiving side change positions after each point played (one at the net and the other
near the baseline, preparing to return serve).
Mixed doubles is played the same as doubles, but with each team comprising
one man and one woman. This form of tennis is rare in the professional game, due to
the men’s and women’s tours being organized separately (by the ATP and WTA
respectively). However, all four Grand Slam tournaments hold a mixed doubles
competition, alongside the men's and women's doubles, and featuring many of the
same players. There is also an annual mixed tournament for national teams,
the Hopman Cup, which includes mixed doubles.
When three players are available, modified rules can accommodate the
mismatch so that the single player does not have to be significantly better than the
double team. The single player hits into a doubles court while the side with two players
hits into a singles court.
A game played between three players. A normal tennis game takes place
between two of the three contestants. Players are awarded 5 points for a game win and
the loser is awarded points based on the score achieved: 3 for deuce, 2 for 30 and 1 for
15. The winner remains in. The player replacing the loser gets to choose who serves.
The first to 50 wins. Scoring is calculated continuously, so if a player is currently on 49
points at the start of a game they only have to win one point for the game to end. There
is a variation invented in 2005, called "mini-Jordache", where the winner is the first to
25.
Played in both singles and doubles forms by people in wheelchairs. The main
difference is that the ball may bounce twice before it is hit, the second bounce may even
be outside the court.
12.0 Tournaments
Gender and number of players often organize tournaments. Common tournament
configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players
play on each side of the net. Tournaments may be arranged for specific age groups,
with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this
includes the Orange Bowl and Les Petits As. There are also tournaments for players
with disabilities, such as wheelchair tennis and deaf tennis. In the four Grand
Slam tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 people for each gender.
Players may also be matched by their skill level. According to how well a person
does in sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to
maintain competitive matches. For example, the United States Tennis
Association administers the National Tennis Rating Program, which rates players
between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2 point increments. Average club players under this system
would rate 3.0-4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.
Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize
funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to
the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the Masters 1000 (men) and
Premier events (women). Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the
singles draw, 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament. This draw is
composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers,
and players who receive invitations through wild cards. Grand Slam men's tournaments
have best-of-five set matches throughout. Grand Slam tournaments are among the
small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the BNP Paribas
Open in Indian Wells, California and the Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Florida.
Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed
doubles contests.
On August 31, 2007 the ATP announced that major changes will take place in
2009. The Masters Series will be renamed to the “Masters 1000”, with the addition of
the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each
tournament. Contrary to earlier plans, the number of tournaments will not be reduced
from nine to eight and the Monte Carlo Masters will remain part of the series although,
unlike the other events, it will not have a mandatory player commitment. The Hamburg
Masters event will be downgraded to a 500-point event. The Madrid Masters will move
to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in Shanghai will take over Madrid's
former indoor October slot. In 2011 six of the nine “1000” level tournaments will be
combined ATP and WTA events.
The International Series for men is split into two categories, both run by the ATP:
the 250 Series and 500 Series. Like the Masters 1000, these events offer various
amounts of prize money, and some regular International Series events offer larger prize
monies than 500 Series tournaments. The Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships offer
the largest financial incentive to players, with total prize money of US$1,426,000.