OA Gold Notes

SINGAPORE RED CROSS
RED CROSS YOUTH
OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES NOTES

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Name: ______________________________
School: _____________________________
RED CROSS YOUTH – HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOCUS COMMITTEE
(HLFC)
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOCUS COMMITTEE (HLFC)
OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES SYLLABUS BREAKDOWN
DURATION
Within Outside
MODULE LESSON DESCRIPTION normal normal REMARKS
training training
hrs (Min) hrs (Min)
Outdoor Cooking 3
1.1 Introduction / Equipment to be used
1.2 Cooking simple meals using
1 150
(i) Camp Stove
(ii) Twigs, Leaves and Dry Grass
(iii) Charcoal or Firewood
Making of Gadgets
2.1 Introduction to different
improvised structures
2.2 Making of Flag Poles, Tables,
2 240
Shoe Racks
2.3 Figure of 8 Lashing for Tripods
2.4 Making of Gadgets for Field Toilet,
Kitchen and Laundry Area
Improvised Tent Pitching
3.1 Introduction to Improvised Tent
GOLD Pitching
3 3.2 Parts of an Improvised Tent 90
OUTDOOR 3.3 Pitching of Improvised Tent
ACTIVITIES 3.4 Cleanliness & Maintenance of
(ADVANCE)
Improvised Tents
SEC 3 / 4 / 5 Outdoor First Aid
4 4.1 Introduction to Outdoor First Aid 60
4.2 Common outdoor injuries / wounds
Map Reading 3
5 5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Finding Directions without Compass
Campfire 2
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Building a Campfire, it's layout and
6 120
preparations
6.3 Preparing a Torch / Fire Ball
6.4 Campfire Leader (At Least 1.5 hours)
Leadership
7.1 Group Leader in Outdoor Hike 120
7
or
7.2 Group Leader in Campfire 120
Total 570 270 9.5 hrs / 4.5 hrs
Criteria for Gold Badge
To be awarded upon passing both theory, practical accreditation and overnight camp of at least a
minimum of 3 Days 2 Nights, conducted by School or HQ.
Upon passing, Cadets are allowed to assist in conducting Outdoor Activities lessons and Accreditation for
Bronze and Silver.
Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 1

(HLFC)
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOCUS COMMITTEE
OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES (GOLD) NOTES CONTENT PAGE
LESSON OUTLINE PAGES
LESSON 1 – OUTDOOR COOKING 3 3–9
LESSON 2 – MAKING OF GADGETS 10 – 13
LESSON 3 – IMPROVISED TENT PITCHING 14 – 17
LESSON 4 – OUTDOOR FIRST AID 18 – 24
LESSON 5 – MAP READING 3 25 – 27
LESSON 6 – CAMPFIRE 2 28 – 37
LESSON 7 – LEADERSHIP 38 – 40
ADDITIONAL NOTES 41

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 1 (Outdoor Cooking 3)

Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the trainees will be able to:
a. Cook a simple meal without using solid fuel and portable gas stove
b. Start a fire using dry leaves and firewood
c. Learn the different method of cooking their food in an outdoor environment
d. Light a fire without use if match stick or lighter
Methods of Instruction
a. Demonstration by instructors
b. Trainees will try to cook their own meals using the various cooking method.
Equipment and Training Aids

a. Mess tins
b. Match sticks and lighter
c. Magnifying glass
d. Dry leaves and firewood
e. Food for cooking
Safety Precautions
a. Choose the location carefully, keep away from flammable objects.
b. Check the prevailing wind direction and avoid the smoke from blowing towards the tents.
c. Avoid turfing whenever possible. Turfs must be removed and replaced neatly.
d. Personal safety precautions include typing back long hair, rolling up loose sleeves and not to
wear frilly outfits and plastic or synthetic garments while starting or tending a fire.
e. Always leave a pail of water within easy reach for safety measures.
f. Never leave fire unattended, even temporarily.

(HLFC)
LESSON PLAN ON “OUTDOOR COOKING”
There are few methods if cooking your food in an outdoor environment.
Boiling
Cooking in boiling water requires a contasinert. Tin cans
and metal boxes are ideal. Make a handle, hang them from
a pot support or use pot tongs to take them on and off the
fire. Puncture holes in pots can be repaired by hammering
in small plugs of wood – when wet they expand and stop
leaks. If no metal containers are available, a thick length of
bamboo hold liquids well. Containers can also be made
from birch bark – but be careful that they do not boil dry.
Roasting
Roasted meat cooks in its own fats. The easiest method is
to skewer the meat on a spit and turn over the hot embers
of a fire or beside a blazing where it is hot enough to
cook. Continually turning the meat keeps the fat moving
over the surface. Roast makes a very tasty dish but make
sure it is thoroughly cook to kill harmful bacteria.
Grilling
Grilling is a quick way of cooking large amounts of food
but it requires a support – such as a mesh wire – rested on
rocks over the embers of the fire. It should be only be used
when food is plentiful since it waste most of the fat from
the meat. Hot rocks beside the fire can be used as grilling
surfaces or food skewered on sticks and held on the fire.
Steaming
Steaming foes not overcook so preserves nutritional value of the food. It is am excellent way of
cooking fish and green vegetables. Fresh young leaves take very little cooking. The foodstuff
needs to be suspended in the steam from boiling water.

(HLFC)
OUTDOOR COOKING: HOW TO BUILD A FIRE
Back to Basics
Before you can learn anything about lighting a fire you must learn about the fire triangle. Its
three sides represent air, heat and fuel. If any side is removed the triangle collapses and the fire
goes out.
Sticks Air
- Fuel
Match - Heat
When lighting a fire, always ensure adequate ventilation, with enough fuel and a heart source to
ignite this fuel. To produce flame, the air and fuel must be maintained to ensure continuous
reaction. The more oxygen is introduced, the brighter the fire: by using the wind, or forcing a
draught, the fire is fanned to a high temperature and rapidly burns fuel. By reducing the
ventilation the fire burns less fiercely and embers are allowed to glow, needing less fuel.
If these principles are understood, smoky fires can be avoided. Smoke is the result of poor
combustion – with care, smoke can be virtually eliminated.
Location
• Situate your fire at least 10 feet away from tents, trees, roots and other flammable items. Use
a stove if available, clear a 2 by 2 square sod and carefully transfer the soil to another
location.
• Consider the wind, and attempt to find an area that is shielded from the strongest gusts.
Consider also the possibility of rain, and see if there’s a sheltered nook around. But be
careful of flammable branches and tree trunks.
Gathering Fuel
• Gather firewood and kindling. As much as possible, use only fallen branches.
• You need three types of materials to build a fire: small stuff (tinder and kindling), medium
stuff (1.5 to 3 cm sticks), and large stuff (large chunks of wood).

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Small stuff:
• Tinder is very lightweight and dry material that will burn quickly and ignite the heavier
materials. Examples of tinder are dry grass, leaves, paper, and thin tree bark.
• Kindling: A large supply of tinder and kindling is the foundation of good fire. Search around
the base of shrubs and trees for dead branches. Don’t break any piece of wood off an upright
tree, it is bad for the tree and the wood won’t burn well.
Medium stuff:
• 1.5 to 3 centimeters of diameter sticks: These will be used to build fire-establishing
structures. Search under large shrubs and trees for the medium stuff. The same guidelines for
gathering kindling apply here: leave the upright trees alone. Break longer branches into six-
or eight-inch pieces
Large stuff:
• Large chunks of wood: If you’re in an established campsite, large chunks of wood will be
available for purchase. Aside from convenience of this option, it also conserves the limited
and highly used resources of established campsites. If you’re far away from civilization and
established campsites, look around for fallen trees, if you have an axe, spilt the wood into
chucks about the size of your arm or little larger. Avoid any mushy wood – this has rot and
won’t burn well.
Containing the fire

• If the wind is too strong, contain the fire by building a ring of rock or by placing big size
logs around the fire pit.
Set the Kindling
• Build a small pile of tinder, including paper scraps, dry plant matter and other small,
flammable items. This will be the heart campfire.
• Using the tinder, build a small teepee around (pyramid of dry twigs and small sticks) around
the kindling pile. Gaps will form naturally as you place the twigs. That’s ok; you’ll be
dropping a match through one of those gaps.
• The dryer the small kindling you have – the easier and better your fire will start. Be sure that
there is plenty of air space in between each piece. Wood that is packed too tight will not burn
properly.

(HLFC)
Lighting the kindling

• Wait for the breeze to die down. If there is one. Shield the area from the wind with your
body if you have to. Assuming you’ve collected solid (not rot), dry materials. You should be
able to light the fire with a single match.
• Kneel down and strike a match. Shielding it from the wind, drop it through the gaps onto the
tinder inside the teepee. Once the larger sticks are burning, gradually and gently place larger
material on. To encourage a struggling a fire, kneel down beside it. Inhale deeply, and blow
gently and steadily along the ground and into the base of the fire. Alternatively, you can
improvise a fan.
• Add increasingly larger sticks and then logs as the fire grows in strength, always leaving
enough space between them for the fire to breathe.
Campfire Cooking Gadgets
Setting up of a Roast Chicken Pit

4 large pegs, 1 hammer, 1 wooden pole, match or lighter and sufficient large wood.

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Insert the whole chicken into the wooden pole and leave it to roast. Constant rotation would be
desirable to ensure that it would be cooked. Ensure that you maintain the fire.
Setting up of a Mud Chicken Pit

1 Shovel, match or lighter and sufficient large wood
Dig to a certain depth in the ground. Ensure that proper turfing is done. You will require the soil
to be put back in place to cover the whole chicken. Start the fire as per normal.
Once the fire has diminished, as this method requires mainly HEAT to cook the chicken, use
aluminum foil to wrap the chicken and put it directly about the mud chicken pit. Cover the mud
chicken pit with the soil dug out. Wait for a couple of hours. Avoid digging the soil out
constantly as it will affect the rate of cooking.
Maintaining the fire

• Always keep a “flame” on your fire - a smoking or smoldering fire is a cold and inefficient
fire and also pollutes the environment.
• Add more wood before the fire gets too low.
• Use Dry, Seasoned wood
Extinguish the fire

• Make sure that the fire is fully extinguished. Used generous amounts of water to douse the
flames and the ashes.
• If you are in the countryside and far from water source, throw many shovelfuls of dirt/sand
on the fire.

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• Checking for smoldering bits material under the dead coals, feel for heat. Half-extinguished
campfires can be smolder and continue burning under the surface, especially if years of
composed debris are present.
• If you are using a trench fire then the trench should be scraped clean and the soil revitalized
by raking it with a stick.
• The sods that haven been removed should then be placed carefully back into the trench and
gently trampled back to place particularly at the edges. If this had been done correctly you
should have difficulty finding the fireplace in a number of days.
• If the area around your fireplace is dirty with wood chipping etc, then it should be clean up.

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 2 (Making of Gadgets)

Lesson Objective
At the end of lesson, you will be able to make the following using wooden poles and ropes:
a. Figure of 8 Lashing for Tripods
b. Flag Pole
c. Chair and table
d. Shoe Rack
e. Dish Rack
f. Field Toilet
g. Laundry Area
Please refer to Annex 2A for other gadgets.
Method of Instruction
b. Each group of trainees will be instructed to build different gadget using the knots and lashing
that they have learned

a. Nylon ropes, Manila ropes and Twines
b. Wooden poles of 2cm diameters
c. Wooden poles of around 5cm diameters
d. Groundsheets
e. Sparse
f. 2 x long poles (preferably of similar size)
g. 3 – 6 pegs
h. 3 x long ½ inch manila ropes (guylines)
i. 2 x long ½ inch manila ropes (lashings)
j. 1 carabineer
k. 1 x long nylon rope (flag line)
Safety Precautions
a. No playing with ropes
b. Careful of rope-burns
Wet-Weather Programme
Find alternative training grounds (i.e. Campsite Canteen and etc)

(HLFC)
Figure of Eight Lashing
(a) Three poles are laid side by side

(b) Start with a Clove Hitch round one of the poles and twist the free end round the rope
(c) The free end then goes in an over-and-under manner around the poles at least 8-10 times.
Do not make these too tight other wise you have difficulty with the frapping turns
(d) Make 3-4 frapping turns between each of the poles
(e) Finish it off with a Clove Hitch round one of the other poles
(f) Uses:
a. For tying of tripods
(g) Trainer to demonstrate how to tie this lashing
Note for Trainers

• Trainer to demonstrate how to tie the knots/lashings.
• Trainees are to follow step by step.
• Trainer is to walk around to correct the mistake made by the trainees. Additional
helpers would be good, if available, to help to correct the trainees mistakes.
• Trainer to inform the trainees the uses of Knots/Lashings.

(HLFC)
Annex 2A

(HLFC)
Erection of Flag Pole (Advanced – Optional)

It is a practice to have a flag raised during a camp. Therefore it is necessary to improvise a flag
staff from the materials available at the campsite when needed.
Materials needed to erect a flag pole
1. 2 x long poles (preferably of similar size)

2. 3 – 6 pegs
3. 3 x long ½ inch manila / nylon ropes (guylines)
4. 2 x long ½ inch manila / nylon ropes (lashings)
5. 1 x long nylon rope (flag line)
Erecting procedures
1. Use sheer lashing without frapping to join the 2 poles together (wedges may be used).
The thicker pole should be bottom of the flag staff. The length of the overlapping portion
should be at least 3 feet.
2. Use clove hitches to secure the 3 manila / nylon ropes for guylines to the flag staff at
about 2/3 the height of the entire flag staff. The clove hitches should be tied in such a
manner that the working end is 120o to one another.
3. A loop can be made by using a double figure of eight knot. The end of the figure of eight
knot is then tied tightly to the top of the flag staff.
4. Use a long piece of nylon rope as a flag line, running through the loop.
5. Hammer the 3 pegs into position. They should be apart from the base and at an angle of
120o from each other.
6. Secure one of the guylines to a peg using round turn and two half hitches. You may
consider using bowline as well.
7. Adjust the flag staff until it is vertical, then secure the other 2 guylines to their pegs
simultaneously.
Securing a flag to a flag pole
1. A flag has 2 loose ends used for securing it to the flag line. The looped end usually
represents the top of the flag.
2. Secure both ends of the flag line to the loops of the flag using a sheet bend or any
preferred knot.
3. Pull one end of the flag line slightly before raising the flag to check that it is upright.
Raise the flag and tighten the rest of the flag line.

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 3 (Improvised Tent Pitching)

Lesson Objectives
At the end of lesson, the trainees will be able to:
a. Be able to pitch and strike an improvised tent
b. Know how to secure a tent using improvised materials
b. Trainees will hands on after demonstration

a. Ground sheets x 02 (per tent)
b. Tent pin x 06 (per tent)
c. 1 roll of comscord and a pair of scissors
d. Rocks, twig and branches
e. Wooden Poles x 02 (per tent)
Safety Precautions
a. Take note of trainees playing with the tents’ pegs. The ends may be sharp and we do not
want them to point it at each other.
b. Not to risk themselves by climbing up tree to get branches and twigs.
Wet Weather Programme

Find alternative training grounds using campsite bedroom

(HLFC)
3.1 Introduction to Improvised Tent Pitching
With a waterproof poncho, groundsheet or piece of plastic sheeting or canvas, you can
quickly and easily make a number of different shelters which will suffice until you build
something more efficient. Use dry grass or bracken as bedding. If you got extra
groundsheet, it will make better flooring.
Do not lie on cold and damp ground.
The following are some example of improvised shelter:
(a) Most commonly used
(b) Making use of natural shelter
(c) Make a triangular shelter with apex pointing into the wind
(d) Stake or weigh down the edges. If your

groundsheet is long enough, curl the sheeting
below you – running downhill so it will keeps out
surface water
(e) Place extra layer or waterproof material a few

inches within another to provide extra
protection against rain
Trenches
• Trenches can be drug around the pitched tent for flood prevention.

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• In rainy weather, the trench serves to contain and divert away the rain water, lower
ground.
• As a considerate camper, do remember to flatten the trenches after striking camp.
USING YOUR TENT

• Avoid wearing shoes or boots in the tent to protect the groundsheet.
• When away from camp, be sure to wrap the groundsheet with all your belongings.
• Never leave a tent set up in the sunlight longer than necessary, ultraviolet rays
weaken nylon after prolonged exposure and the tent will have a considerably
shortened life expectancy.
FIRE PRECAUTIONS
REMEMBER YOUR TENT CAN BURN, CAMP SAFELY – FOLLOW THESE

COMMON SENSE RULES:
• Ensure a minimum safety distance between adjacent tents if possible.
• Do not place cooking, heating or lighting appliances near the sides or the roof.
• Always observe the safety instructions for these appliances.
• Never play near lighted appliances.
• Keep exits clear.
• Make sure you know the fire alarm arrangements on the site, ex. FIREDRILL
3.2 Parts of a Improvised Tent
(i) Shelter
Using a groundsheet as an improvised shelter
(ii) Flooring
Using a ground sheet as a temporary flooring
(iii) Wooden Poles

2 wooden poles that ensure a gap between the shelter and flooring for
ventilation purposes
(iv) Tent Pins

Pins to be used to secure the shelter and wooden poles to the ground

(HLFC)
3.3 Pitching and Striking of Improvised Tent
Pitching
• First locate a relatively flat ground for pitching
• Lay the ground sheet on the ground to identify the intended ground for pitching
• Lay the second ground sheet (shelter) on top of the first one (flooring)
• Tighten the edge of the ground sheet (shelter) to the ground using the tent pins.
(Note: tighten down to the ground in a diagonal manner)
• Fix the wooden poles (with nails on top of the pole) to push up the ground sheet
(shelter)
Striking
• If possible pack up when the tent is completely dry. However, it may be necessary at
times to fold your groundsheet up whilst is still wet. Completely dry it out as soon as
possible to avoid permanent damage by mildew before storage.
• To dismantle your tent, follow the specific erection instructions in reverse order.
There is no hard and fast rule as how you can strike a tent, but there are some points that
will be useful to take note of.
• Always place the pegs together in fixed place so that you will lose them.
• Never fold groundsheet on the ground of a muddy campsite
• Check for any missing equipment/items before leaving the campsite.
3.4 CLEANLINESS & MAINTENANCE
Cleanliness
• Before storing your groundsheet for any period make sure that it is completely dry
and all mud has been removed or mould and mildew are likely to grow and the
waterproof coating will be damaged.
• Ensure that the wooden poles are free from mud and grass.
Maintenance
• Clean your groundsheet by setting it up and wiping with a damp sponge and mild,
non-detergent soap. Never use detergents and do not scrub as it will damage the
protective coating.
• Rinse or grease may be removed with a small amount of kerosene.
• Ensure that the wooden poles are dry before storage.
• Make sure the nails on the wooden poles are not loose or rusty.

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 4 (Outdoor First Aid)

Lesson Objectives
e. Know what is Outdoor First Aid is about
f. Common outdoor injuries / wounds
g. Improvised methods
c. Demonstration by instructors

f. First Aid Kit
Common Injuries that will happen during Camp or Hikes:
Nausea, Fainting Spells

1. Stop the activity immediately.
2. Let the casualty rest, preferably to sit down, in the shelter or under shade.
3. Give the casualty sips of water. Do not give the casualty too much to drink as it would
induce nausea.
4. Try to let the casualty eat sweets as this would help to take away the nausea feeling and
fainting spells.
Fainting
1. If a group member faints, inform the safety I/C immediately.
2. One other group member is to raise and support his legs to improve circulation.
3. Apply medical oil to the casualty’s forehead (temples) and under the nose.
4. One of the group members is to fan the casualty. The rest should not crowd around her so as
to give the casualty enough air.
5. If casualty does not regain consciousness quickly (after 5 minutes), request for permit to call
for ambulance. While waiting for help, constantly check for his/her pulse and breathing rate.
Resuscitate if necessary.
Leg Cramps
1. Tell the casualty to sit down.
2. Assure the casualty and ask casualty to relax.
3. Elevate the casualty’s leg.
4. Apply “Deep Heat” on the casualty’s muscle and massage gently.
5. Give the casualty sips of water to drink and fan him.
Minor Cuts
1. Wash the wound with water to remove any dirt.
2. Dry the wound.
3. Use antiseptic wipes to clean the wound.
4. Apply antiseptic cream on the wound.
5. Cover the wound with gauze or plaster.
6. Use micro-pore tape to tape the dressing down.

(HLFC)
Cuts (With Bleeding)

1. Remove or cut clothing to expose wound
2. Apply direct pressure over wound with fingers or palm, preferably over a sterile dressing or
clean pad for about ten minutes or until bleeding stops. If direct pressure cannot be applied
because object is protruding, press down firmly on either side of the wound
3. Raise and support injured limb above the level of the casualty’s heart
4. Lay casualty down
5. Leaving any original pad in place, apply a sterile dressing.
6. Secure and support injured part with bandaging
Vomiting
1. Bring casualty to a drain.
2. Pat his back in a upward motion.
3. Apply medicated oil on his forehead (temples) and under nose.
4. Bring casualty to shady areas or shelter to rest.
5. Try to let the casualty eat sweets as this would help to stop vomiting.
Asthma Attack
1. Keep calm and reassure casualty. Get a puff of inhaler.
2. Do not let casualty lie down; adopt any comfortable position.
3. Take another puff after 3 minutes if asthma attack does not ease.
4. If attack is severe or it is the first attack. The committee will call an ambulance immediately.
Headache
1. Help casualty lie down in a quiet place.
2. Apply a cold pressure on the forehead.
Splinter.
1. Gently clean around the splinter with soap and warm water.
2. Grasp the splinter with the tweezers as close to the skin as possible, and draw it out at the
angle at which it went in.
3. Carefully squeeze the wound to encourage a little bleeding. This will help to flush out any
remaining dirt.
4. Clean the area and pat it dry.
5. Apply an adhesive dressing (plaster) to minimize the risk of infection.
Fever
1. Keep casualty cool and comfortable.
2. Give plenty of cool, bland drinks to replace fluid loss through sweating.
3. Keep check of the temperature by taking the temperature every 10 minutes
Hornet/Bee/Insect Sting
1. Reassure the casualty.
2. If the sting is visible, scrape it off with your fingernail or the blunt edge of a knife.
3. Raise the affected part if possible, and apply a cold compress.
4. Advise the casualty to see a doctor if the pain and swelling persists.

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Hyperventilation
1. Let the casualty sit down
2. Let him/her breathe into a paper bag
3. Encourage him/her to breathe slowly
4. Pace his/her breathing
Sprains and Strains

1. Rest and support injured area
2. Cool the area by applying an ice pack or cold compress
3. Apply compression to injured area by surrounding area with a thick layer of soft padding
like cotton wool
4. Raise and support injured part
Heat Exhaustion
1. Help casualty to a cool place
2. Lay casualty down and raise his/her legs
3. Give casualty plenty of water and weak salt solution, if possible
Heat Stroke
1. Move casualty to a cool place
2. Remove as much of his/her outer clothing as appropriate
3. Wrap casualty in a cold, wet sheet until his/her temperate falls to 38oC
4. When casualty’s temperature has fallen to a safe level, replace wet sheet with a dry one
Open Fractures
1. Cover wound with a clean pad or sterile dressing and apply pressure stop bleeding
2. Do not press down directly on a protruding bone end
3. Secure dressing and padding firmly. If bone is protruding, build up pads of non-fluffy
material around bone until you can bandage over the pads
4. Immobilize injured part
Closed Fractures
1. Tell casualty to keep still and support injured part with your hands until it is immobilized
2. For firmer support, secure injured part to a sound part of body
3. For upper limb fractures: support arm against truck with a sling or bandaging
4. For lower limb fractures: Bandage sound leg to injured leg
Snake Bite
1. Lay casualty down
2. Keep injured limb at rest lower than the level of the heart
3. Wash wound well with water and pat dry with clean swabs
4. Lightly compress limb above the wound ( about two to four inches above the wound) with a
bandage
5. Immobilize injury
Minor Burns
1. Flood injured part with cold water for at least ten minutes
2. Remove any jewellery, watches or constricting clothing from injured area
3. Cover area with a sterile dressing and bandage loosely in place

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Major Burns
1. Lay casualty down and protect burned area from contact with the ground
2. Douse burn with plenty of cold water for at least ten minutes
3. Remove any jewellery, watches or constricting clothing from injured area
4. Cover injury with a sterile dressing
5. Monitor and record breathing and pulse rate
Choking
1. Ask casualty to cough to dislodge obstruction
2. If casualty seems to be weakening, or stops coughing or breathing, stand behind casualty and
place your arms around her abdomen, bend her slightly forwards and put your fist just below
the base of the breastbone. Put your other hand on top and pull sharply inwards and upwards
five times. Check mouth for dislodged obstruction. (Abdominal Thrust)
**If Casualty is pregnant, perform chest thrust
3. If casualty becomes unconscious, commence CPR.
Food Poisoning
1. Help casualty to lie down and rest
2. Call a doctor for advice
3. Give casualty plenty of water to drink and a bowl or bag for vomiting

(HLFC)
Example of Items in a First Aid Kit:
Suggested First Aid Kit Items for Red Cross Units
S/No Item Description Qty Units Remarks

01 Acriflavine Solution 1:1000 50ml 1 Bottle
02 Adhesive Plaster Approx 20mm width 20 pcs
03 Adhesive Plaster Approx 50mm width 10 pcs
04 Adhesive Tape White, 2.5 cm 2 roll
05 Antiseptic Wipes 20 packets
06 Antiseptic Cream 1 tube
07 Bandage Crepe 5cm 3 roll
08 Bandage Crepe 7.5cm 1 roll
11 Bandage Triangular 3 pcs
12 Chlorehexydine 0.03% 50ml 1 Bottle
13 Clinical Thermometer 1 pcs
14 Cotton Wool 25 gm 2 roll
15 Deep Heat 1 tube
16 Disposable Cleaning Kit c/w disposable forceps 3 set
17 Disposable Gloves 3 pairs
18 Dressing Scissors Stainless Steel 1 pair
19 Eye Drop Lotion 50ml 1 Bottle
20 Eye Patch 3 pcs
21 Gauze Absorbent approx 7.5 cm by 5 cm 20 pcs
22 Iodine Solution approx 50ml 1 Bottle
23 Safety Pins 10 pcs
24 Sodium Bicarbonate BP20G 1 Bottle
25 Forceps Stainless Steel 3 pcs
26 Plastic Bags 20 pcs
27 Combine Pad Gamma Sterilized 3 pcs
28 Opsite Spray 1 Bottle
29 Centrimide 0.15% 25ml 2 packets
30 Centrimide 0.15% 100ml 1 Bottle
31 Melolin 20cm by 10cm 1 pcs
32 Melolin 5cm by 5cm 3 pcs
33 Alcohol Swabs Isopropyl Alcohol 70% 5 packets
34 Torch Light 1 pcs

(HLFC)
Suggested First Aid Pouches Items for Red Cross Units
S/No Item Description Qty Units Remarks

Compartment A
01 Dressing Kit 3 packets
02 Non-Sterile Gauze 10pcs 5 packets
03 Non-Sterile Cotton Ball 10pcs 5 packets
04 Dressing Scissors Stainless Steel 1 pair
05 Metal Forceps Stainless Steel 1 pcs
06 Disposable Gloves 3 per pack 3 packets
Compartment B
07 Melolin 5cm by 5cm 3 packets
08 Crepe Bandage Crepe 5cm 2 roll
09 Crepe Bandage Crepe 7.5cm 2 roll
10 Crepe Bandage Crepe 10cm 1 roll
11 Gauze Bandage 10 cm x 4m 1 roll
Compartment C
12 Alcohol Swab 10pcs 2 packets
13 Plaster 20pcs 3 packets
Compartment D
14 Surgical Tape 1" width 1 roll
15 Safety Pin 10pcs 1 set
Compartment E
16 Antiseptic Cream 1 tube
17 Analgesic Cream 1 tube
or 5 tubes of
Chlorhexidine 0.05%
18 1 bottle 50ml
Miscellaneous
19 Clinical Thermometer 1 set
20 Sheath 20 pcs
21 Torch 1 pcs Optional
22 Triangular Bandage 3 pcs
23 Calamine Lotion 1 bottle
24 Water Bottles 2 bottle Optional
25 Pocket Mask (CPR) 1 pcs Optional

(HLFC)
Improvised Methods
Ponchos Method
You will require at least 3-4 ponchos laying above one another and rolling it inwards by the
lengthwise to ensure safety, durability and stability.
Bandages and Pole Method

Shoulders
Thigh
Waist
Ankle
Head
Hip
* The thick black lines indicate poles and the white boxes indicate triangular bandages.
! Adjust poles to width of casualty.

! Tie bandages across the poles as shown. Adjust bandages as necessary to the height of the
casualty. Use a reef knot to secure.
! Load casualty onto the improvised stretcher and it is ready for use.
! When explaining method to cadets, involve thinking skills like for instance, getting them to
brainstorm things like which parts of the body that require more support?
! Take note to rotate the people carrying the stretcher.
! Always check whether the knots are tight enough before loading the casualty onto the
stretcher.
As for safety, the aiders will have to be alert and look out for any signs and symptoms of
dangers. They must always be ready to support the casualty.

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 5 (Map Reading 3)

Lesson Objective
a. Finding Directions without Compass
Method of Instruction
c. Demonstration by instructors
d. There will be a session of explaining how to use a compass and the common mistakes

l. 1 meter pole
Safety Precautions
NIL
Wet-Weather Programme
a. Demonstration can be conducted in open spaces although raining

(HLFC)
1 STICK SHADOW
A stick shadow can give you an accurate indication of direction.

Push a stick vertically into the ground and mark where the tip of its shadow falls.
After the shadow has moved several inches, mark the tip again.
A line connecting the two marks will run East and West, East being in the direction of the
second mark. (See below).
Another line perpendicular to the first will run North and South.
EAST
SOUTH
1st Shadow
NORTH
WEST
2nd Shadow
2 COMMON MISTAKE [METHOD OF INSTRUCTION]
a) Hold your compass steadily in your hand so the base plate is level and the direction-
of-travel arrow is pointing straight away from you.
b) Hold it about halfway between your face and waist in a comfortable arm position
with your elbow bent and compass held close to your stomach.
c) Look down at the compass and see where the needle points.
This compass is pointing due North (also 0 degrees)
a) Turn your body while keeping the compass right in front of you.
b) Notice that as the compass rotates, the needle stays pointing the same direction.

(HLFC)
c) Keep turning until the needle points East like the picture below, keeping the
direction-of-travel arrow and North mark facing straight in front of you.
This compass is pointing East (90 degrees)
IMPORTANT: This is a very common mistake! The compass needle is pointing towards
East so you must be pointing East, right? No!
To find your direction, you must turn the compass dial until the North mark and the
"Orienting Arrow" is lined up with the North end of the needle. Then you can read the
direction you are traveling with the use of the Direction of Travel Arrow.
Since the Orienting Arrow is usually two parallel lines on the floor of the compass housing,
a good thing to memorize is:
RED IN THE SHED
Now we know we are really heading West (270 degrees)

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 6 (Campfire 2)

Lesson Objectives
h. Participate actively in a campfire and learning the campfire songs.
i. Conduct and building a campfire, its layout and preparations.
j. Able to prepare a Torch or Fire Ball.
k. Play more active roles in the campfire such as Emcee and Campfire Assistances.
l. Be a Campfire Leader (At least 1.5 hours)
d. Instructors are to assist Trainees
e. Trainees will be able to conduct on how to setup a campfire and its preparations

g. Firewood
h. Kerosene
i. Zinc Sheets
j. Bricks
k. 1.2m tall spar
l. Cloth
m. Metal Wire
n. Pliers
o. Wire Mesh
p. Sand
q. Water
r. Fire Extinguisher
s. Newspapers
t. Pails

(HLFC)
1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
(a) Choose the location carefully, keep away from flammable objects. Make sure fires are
allowed where you plan to build one. Secure permission on a written permit.
(b) Avoid turfing whenever possible. Turfs must be removed and replaced neatly
(c) Build a fire just big enough.
(d) Feed the fire consistently.
(e) Personal safety precautions include tying back long hair, rolling up loose sleeves, and not
wearing frilly outfits and plastic or synthetic garments while building or tending a fire.
(f) Always keep a pail of water or fire extinguisher within easy reach for safety measures.
(g) Never leave the fire unattended, even temporarily.
(h) Fully extinguish your fire at the end of the campfire.
(i) Do not go too near the fire unless necessary, even if the flames do not reach you, the heat
can still burn you.
2 SITE
(a) Before lighting the fire, check that you are allowed to light fires on the site you have
chosen. Find a fare patch of ground well away from dry grass, leaves, twigs, etc, to
prevent the fire from spreading to the surrounding areas.
(b) Using Zinc Sheets would be desirable but it could still damage the field or ground.
(c) Wetting the area with lots of water help minimize the damage.
(d) Placing bricks by elevating the zinc sheet.
(e) Place sand around the zinc sheet.
(f) Using lesser firewood and having additional zinc sheets above the existing one does not
help minimize the damage at all.
3 TURF
(a) If the site for the fire is on a grass patch, it is necessary to cut out a turf large enough to
accommodate the fire.
(b) Mark the size of the turf with a changkul. Then dig in and remove the turf from below
the roots. If the area you are turfing is large, divide it into smaller square portions.
(c) Keep the turf moist in a shady area for replacement later.
(d) Replace the turf only when the ground is cool.
4 MATERIALS NEEDED FOR LIGHTING A FIRE
(a) Collect/Buy the firewood beforehand.

(b) Soak those you wish to be use as the initial stack to start the fire with kerosene a few
days before the event. This will ensure that the stack will burn easily when ignited by the
fire torches.
(c) Prepare sufficient kerosene bags filled at least ¼ of the bag. Do not fill too much as it is
dangerous if the fire gets too big.

(HLFC)
5 LAYING THE FIREWOOD
(a) Stack up a pile of firewood in the shape of a Pyramid.

(b) At the centre of the Pyramid, you can place a ball of rugs. This will serve as the kindling.
(c) Be sure that there is plenty of air space in between each piece of firewood. Without
oxygen, wood that is packed too tightly will not burn properly.
6 LIGHTING THE FIRE – FIRE TORCH
(a) The ideal length of a fire torch is approximately 1.2m.

(b) Use an old cloth or shirt to wrap the top of the torch together with the thin metal wire to
secure the cloth to the torch.
(c) A short Torch may be dangerous to the person holding it as it might burn the person
lighting the campfire, while a long Torch may be unsightly and difficult to handle when
lighting the campfire.
(d) Soak the Torch with kerosene about 5 minutes before lighting.
(e) Use lighter/matches to light a fire torch. Take note of the direction of the wind, we do not
want the wind to blow the flame at you.
(f) Do not light the fire directly using lighter/matchsticks.
(g) Stick the Torch into the middle of the stack all the way down to the base.
(h) If there’s a need to reuse the Torch, take it out carefully and extinguish the Torch with
sand or water.

(HLFC)
Notice that the Fire Torch is more than 1.2m. It becomes difficult and unsightly when you
remove it from the pit. This is a common mistake made by people who do campfire preparations
for the first time.
OR LIGHTING THE FIRE – FIRE BALL
(a) Wire Mesh, Pliers, Cloth, Small pieces of bricks and thin and thick metal wires would be
required.
(b) Form a shape of a cage for the Fire Ball with the wire mesh.
(c) Put in the small pieces of bricks with the cloth to act as the weight for the Fire Ball when
lighting the fire from a higher ground. Tie the cloth.
(d) Use the thin metal wires to tie the cloth of bricks.
(e) Make a hook for the Fire Ball to descend from higher ground via the thick metal wire.
(f) Ensure that the thick metal wire is able to allow the Fire Ball descend smoothly.
(g) Tie the thick metal wire to a couple of large piece of bricks to ensure that the Fire Ball
would hit it and not move the whole campfire structure.
(h) Do not light the fire directly using lighter/matchsticks.
(i) Use a smaller torch to light the Fire Ball.
(j) Ensure that there are people looking after the safety of the thick metal wire as it may hurt
people.
(k) Ensure that no one sits under the path of the Fire Ball as it is dangerous if the Fire Ball
drops, hits or burn anyone.
(l) Someone is to hold onto the thick metal wire and cut it. Be careful of the tension as if not
held properly, it may fly and hit someone.
7 TENDING THE FIRE
(a) Add more wood before the fire gets too low. Use dry, seasoned wood. At the same time
stressing the safety precautions to be taken.
(b) It would be desirable to prepare the remaining firewood in stacks about 10 feet away
from the pit to add more wood to the fire.
(c) The wind should be blowing from your back to prevent being burnt by the fire.

(HLFC)
8 PREVENTION OF KEROSENE LEAKAGE
(a) Making a wall of sand around the pit helps to prevent kerosene from leaking out of the
campfire pit.
(b) Making water moats around the pit does not help as kerosene floats.
9 CLOSING THE CAMPFIRE
(a) Sand is the most apropriate method to close a campfire by the Guest-Of-Honour if there
is.
(b) Water could be used as an alternative method to close a campfire in replace of sand.
(c) Avoid using the fire extinguisher to close a campfire as it creates a mess and a
replacement of the used fire extinguisher is necessary.
10 EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE
(a) Douse the ash with generous amount of water.

(b) When you are sure it is cold, remove the ashes.
(c) The fire must be fully put out before you leave the place.
(d) If the ground is turfed, the original turf which was put on one side earlier has to be put
back.
11 FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL CAMPFIRE
(a) The most critical success factor for a campfire is identifying the Emcees and ensuring the
participants learn the campfire songs.
(b) Appropriate and early invitation of Guest-Of-Honour is a showing a form of polite
gesture.
(c) Decorations and sitting arrangements are recommended to make the campfire look more
presentable.
(d) Offering good food and venue is optional, but with the presence of any Guest-Of-Honour
or VIPs, it would be recommended.
12 PREVENTION OF KEROSENE LEAKAGE
(a) Making a wall of sand around the pit helps to prevent kerosene from leaking out of the
campfire pit.
(b) Making water moats around the pit does not help as kerosene floats.

(HLFC)
13 CLOSING THE CAMPFIRE
(a) Sand is the most apropriate method to close a campfire by the Guest-Of-Honour if there
is.
(b) Water could be used as an alternative method to close a campfire in replace of sand.
(c) Avoid using the fire extinguisher to close a campfire as it creates a mess and a
replacement of the used fire extinguisher is necessary.
14 EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE
(a) Douse the ash with generous amount of water.

(b) When you are sure it is cold, remove the ashes.
(c) The fire must be fully put out before you leave the place.
(d) If the ground is turfed, the original turf which was put on one side earlier has to be put
back.
15 FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL CAMPFIRE
(a) The most critical success factor for a campfire is identifying the Emcees and ensuring the
participants learn the campfire songs.
(b) Appropriate and early invitation of Guest-Of-Honour is a showing a form of polite
gesture.
(c) Decorations and sitting arrangements are recommended to make the campfire look more
presentable.
(d) Offering good food and venue is optional, but with the presence of any Guest-Of-Honour
or VIPs, it would be recommended.
16 CLEARING OF CAMPFIRE PIT
(a) Make sure the fire is put out properly.

(b) Clean up the place, especially the fire pit.
(c) Leftover kerosene should be stored properly and in a cool area.
(d) Spilled kerosene could be washed away with soap powder mixed with water in disposing
of the spilled kerosene.
(e) The burnt firewood which are now charcoal should be disposed off properly and not be
an eye-sore to others. Best is spread it among bushes as it is a source of fertilizer.

(HLFC)
Campfire Songs
1) ADIJI YELL 4) THE MORE WE GET TOGETHER
Adiji adiji ah oh ah
Adiji adiji zis boom bah The more we get together, together, together.
Ah oh ah The more we get together, the merrier we’ll be.
Zis boom bah For your friends are my friends.
Ra ra ra ( Together) And my friends are your friends.
The more we’re together, the merrier we’ll be.
2) CAMPFIRE’S BURNING
5) WHEN YOU ARE HAPPY
Campfire’s burning, Campfire’s buring,
Draw nearer, draw nearer, * When you’re happy and you know it
In the glooming, in the glooming, Clap your hands (X 2)
Come sing and be merry
When you’re happy and you know it,
And you really want to show it.
3) PASS IT ON When you’re happy and you know it
Clap your hands.
It only takes a spark, to get the fire going.
And soon all those around, When you’re happy … snap your fingers
Can warm up in its glowing. When you’re happy … stamp your feet
When you’re happy … nod your head
That’s how it is with God’s Love When you’re happy … say hello
Once you’ve experienced it. When you’re happy … do all five
You’ll spread his love, to everyone.
You want to pass it on, pass it on pass it on,
pass it pass it pass it on 6) RED CROSS SPIRIT
What a wondrous time is spring, I’ve got the Red Cross Spirit
When all the trees are budding. * Deep in my heart (X 3)
The birds begin to sing, I’ve got the Red Cross Spirit
The flowers start their blooming. Deep in my heart,
Deep in my heart to stay.
That’s how it is with God’s Love
Once you’ve experienced it. (* Repeat with: right in my head, all over me)
You want to sing, it’s fresh like spring.
You want to pass it on, pass it on pass it on,
pass it pass it pass it on.
I wish for you my friend

The happiness that I’ve found.
You can depend on Him,
It matters not where you’re bound.
I shouted it from the mountain top. “RED

CROSS!!!”
I want the world to know,
The LORD of Love has come to me,
I want to pass it on, pass it on pass it on, pass
it pass it pass it on.

(HLFC)
7) PEACE LIKE A RIVER 10) FATHER ABRAHAM
* I got peace like a river (X 3) Father Abraham had seven children,

In my soul Seven children had Father Abraham
IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *) Some of them were tall,
Some of them were short,
* I got joy overflowing (X 3) But none of them were bright.
In my soul
IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *) Raise your left (hand)
* I got life everlasting (X 3) Raise your right (hand)

In my soul Stamp your left (feet)
IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *) Stamp your right (feet)
Butts up
* I got peace like a river Chest front
I got joy overflowing Stick your tongue
I got life everlasting
In my soul
IN MY SOUL! (Repeat *) 11) EPPO
Oh eppo eh tai tai eh yah (X 2)

8) GAKO THE FROG Oh eppo eh tai tai
Eppo eh tuki tuki
Kae-Ro No Yo Ma-Wa-Ri Eppo eh tuki tuki eh
Gako gako geko piong piong.
Hapa luke, hapa luke Oh Eppo eh tuki tuki eh yah (X 2)
Gako Geko Piong Eppo eh tuki tuki
Gako Piong, Geko Piong Eppo eh tuki tuki, Eppo eh tuki tuki eh yah
Gako Geko Piong
Gako Gako Ga …
Piong Piong Piong 12) CHEK CHEK KOLEK
Geko Geko Ge … * Chek Chek Kolek, Chek Ko Pisang,

Piong Piong Piong Pisang Salangka, Ada-lah Selangka,
Gako Piong, Geko Piong, Oh my Chek Chek (Slow)
Gako Geko Piong (Repeat *)
9) HAI TI 13) SAMPAN LOW SAMPAN LAY
Hai Ti, Tili Tili Tong, Sampan Low ah Sampan Lay ya

Hai Ti, Tili Tili Tong, Sampan Low ah Sampan Lay ya
Hai Ti, Tili Tili Tong,
Tili, Tili, Tong Tong Tong Ah mina mina eh eh
Ah mina mina eh eh

(HLFC)
14) POM CHIKA POM 17) FLEA FLY MOSQUITO
Pom Chika Pom, Flea, flea fly, flea fly mosquito

Pom Chika Pom, Calamine,
Pom Chika Wana, Chika Wana, Chika Pom. Calamine, calamine calamine lotion
Oh yeah? Oh no more, calamine lotion
Ride on! Itchy itchy scratchy scratchy up and down my
backy wacky
Let’s make it even louder Itchy itchy scratchy scratchy up and down my
Let’s make it even softer backside
Let’s make it even faster Beep went the bug when I spray,
Let’s make it even slower With my spray can, pssssssss ….
Let’s make it even sexier
18) FLEA FLY MOTORCAR

15) THE LITTLE GREEN FROG
Flea, flea fly, flea fly motorcar
Mm.. Hm went the little green frog one day, Honda,
Mm.. Hm went the little green frog. Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi Lancer,
Oh no more Mitsubishi Lancer
Hm.. Hm went the little green frog one day, Driving on the highway without a license
And the little green frog went Mm.. Hm One day kanna accident
Pi po pi po pi pi po
But we know frogs go, Dong cheng dong cheng dong dong cheng
Sha-la-la-la-la
Sha-la-la-la-la
Sha-la-la-la-la 19) CHA CHIKA CHA
But we know frogs go, Hands up, palms together

Sha-la-la-la-la
Frogs don’t go Mm.. Hm CHORUS
Cha, Chika Cha, Chika Cha, Chika Cha Cha
Cha
16) MY BONNIE (Action: moving the arms and body to the left
and right)
My Bonnie lies over the mountain,
My bonnie lies over the sea, Hands up, palms together, elbows together
My bonnie lies over the ocean, Chorus
Oh bring back my bonnie to me.
Hands up, palms together, elbows together,
Bring back, bring back knees together
Oh bring back my bonnie to me, to me Chorus
Bring back, bring back
Oh bring back my bonnie to me Hands up, palms together, elbows together,
knees together, legs apart
Chorus
Hands up, palms together, elbows together,

knees together, legs apart, tongue out
Ah, ah ah ah, ah ah ah, ah ah ah ah, ah ah

(HLFC)
20) BY THE LIGHT OF THE SILVERY MOON Odrum odrum

Odrum munadi binadi
By the light (not the darkm but the light) Odrum munadi odrum binadi
Of the silvery moon (not the sun but the moon) Odrum munadi binadi
I want to spoon (not the fork but the spoon)
To my honey I’ll croon love true
Honeymoon (no the sun but the moon) 23) FRIENDSHIP DANCE
Keep on shinning in June (not in May, but in
June) As …we walk to the left and we walk to the
Your silvery beams will bring love dreams right
We’ll be cuddling soon (not too late but too As we walk as we walk as we walk all night
soon) With a heel and a toe and a half turn around
By the silvery moon (not the sun but the moon) With a heel and a toe and a new friend found
21) MOONLIGHT BAY 24) AULD LANG SYNE
We were sailing along (we were sailing along) Should all acquaintance be forgot
On moonlight bay (on moonlight bay) And never brought to mind
We could hear the voices singing (singing) Should all acquaintance be forgot
They seems to say (I happy lay) And the days of auld lang syne
You have stolen my heart (I have stolen your
heart) For auld lang syne, my dear
Now don’t go away (I won’t go away) My auld lang syne,
As we sing love’s old sweet song (sweet song) We’ll take a cup of kindles yet
On the moonlight bay (on moonlight bay) For auld lang syne
22) YOUR SIDE
Your side (X2)

Your side, your front, your back
Your side, your front
Your side, your back
Your side, your front, your back
Pang Bian Pang Bian

Pang bian qian mian hou mian
Pang bian qian mian pang bian hou
mian
Pang bian qian mian hou mian
Tepi Tepi
Tepi hapadan belakang
Tepi hapadan tepi belakang
Tepi hapadan belakang

(HLFC)
Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 7 (Leadership)

Lesson Objectives
m. Explain the purpose of an outdoor hike.
n. Conduct safety briefings of an outdoor hike.
o. Know what to bring and what not to bring.
p. Being a Group Leader in Outdoor Hike (At least 2 hours)
OR [Related Notes from Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 6 (Campfire 2)]
a. Participate actively in a campfire and learning the campfire songs.

b. Conduct and building a campfire, its layout and preparations.
c. Able to prepare a Torch or Fire Ball.
d. Play more active roles in the campfire such as Emcee and Campfire Assistances.
e. Being a Group Leader in Campfire (At least 2 hours)
f. Briefing by instructors, hike planning committee or campfire planning committee.
g. Trainees will learn to conduct this session as part of Method of Instructions.

u. Maps
v. Compasses
w. First Aid Kits
x. Things to Bring List
y. Whistle
z. Bag-pack
aa. Mobile Phone
bb. Walkie-Talkie

(HLFC)
1 PURPOSE OF AN OUTDOOR HIKE
The purpose of an outdoor hike may have different objectives. Examples of them are:
• To be familiar with the use of maps and compasses.
• To encourage and build team-spirit among members in the group.
• To learn about the safety briefing and points to take note while hiking.
• To be able to execute the Outdoor Hike.
• To be trained and alert in times of emergencies.
More purposes could be developed as long as the hike participants are aware of what they
should accomplish at the end of the outdoor hike.
However, the utmost importance of consideration when planning for an outdoor hike
would be the safety considerations.
2 SAFETY BRIEFING
It is important and necessary to conduct a hike safety briefing before the start of the hike.
Planning the hike may or may not require a site reconnaissance (recce). If given just a map, it is
also possible to plan out the route and deciding what could be done along the way.
Basic Rules and Considerations
Refer to Lesson 1 – You Can Help!
Well-Being of Participants
Always ensure that water is being brought and filled with water before the hike. Do conduct
water parades to ensure every participant is hydrated.
Do conduct stretching exercises for the participants as it would be preferred to have little or no
casualties during the hike. Such exercises would aid participants such that common cramps
would be avoided if the hike duration is long.
Remember to also check for any allergies of participants, dietary restrictions and their body
condition before the hike. If they are not feeling well, inform the Teacher or Instructor
immediately.
Cheering to motivate participants would be advised as it would serve as an encouragement to

them to complete the outdoor hike. Nevertheless, group members during the hike itself should
constantly motivate one another.
It is also advisable to have the emergency contact numbers of the planning hike committee or
Teacher or Instructor. However, do take note that not always there may be reception when using
a mobile phone or a walkie-talkie.

(HLFC)
Things to observe during a hike
Maintain a minimum noise level as the place you are hiking may be a reserve or neighbourhood.
Do not touch any floral or fauna as some plants may be poisonous or you may destroy these
plants.
Keep a lookout for one another and do head count from time to time.
Logistics and Food Rations
It is important to conduct Logistics and Food Rations checking before you start the hike. If in
case you lack any logistics, you will have to think of means to ensure that the group has a
backup logistics or plan. Rations are also important as it serves as a motivation to the group
members; it also may keep them surviving for a couple of days if they do happen to get lost
during the hike.
Whistle Drill
Type of Whistle Blow What it means What to do

Campers to lie flat on their front and cover
Continuous Short Blows Hornet Attack
their exposed necks with their hands.
Execute the hornet drill when there is a hornet attack. The above type of whistle blow is an
example of what to do as well.
First Aid may be used in times of emergency. Expect the unexpected when you are in an
outdoor hike.
3 WHAT TO BRING AND WHAT NOT TO BRING
ITEM QTY
# BACKPACK 1
# COMPASS 1
# MAP 1
# WHISTLE 1
# FIRST AID KIT / POUCH 1
# PONCHO 1
# T-SHIRT 1
# SHORTS/TRACK PANTS 1
# SOCKS 1
# TRACK SHOES 1
# TOILETRIES 1 SET
# BOTTLE (1.5L) 1
# PERSONAL MEDICATION SUFFICIENT
# CASH SUFFICIENT
# FOOD PACK 1 SET
# ZIPLOC BAGS SUFFICIENT
All items are required to be waterproofed.

(HLFC)
ADDITIONAL NOTES

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SINGAPORE RED CROSS

RED CROSS YOUTH

OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES NOTES

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 1

LESSON OUTLINE PAGES

LESSON 1 – OUTDOOR COOKING 3 3–9

LESSON 2 – MAKING OF GADGETS 10 – 13

LESSON 3 – IMPROVISED TENT PITCHING 14 – 17

LESSON 4 – OUTDOOR FIRST AID 18 – 24

LESSON 5 – MAP READING 3 25 – 27

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 2

Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 1 (Outdoor Cooking 3)

Equipment and Training Aids

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 3

LESSON PLAN ON “OUTDOOR COOKING”

There are few methods if cooking your food in an outdoor environment.

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 4

OUTDOOR COOKING: HOW TO BUILD A FIRE

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 5

Containing the fire

Set the Kindling

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 6

Lighting the kindling

Campfire Cooking Gadgets

Setting up of a Roast Chicken Pit

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 7

Setting up of a Mud Chicken Pit

Maintaining the fire

Extinguish the fire

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 8

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 9

Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 2 (Making of Gadgets)

Please refer to Annex 2A for other gadgets.

Equipment and Training Aids

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 10

Figure of Eight Lashing

(a) Three poles are laid side by side

Note for Trainers

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 11

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 12

Erection of Flag Pole (Advanced – Optional)

Materials needed to erect a flag pole

1. 2 x long poles (preferably of similar size)

Securing a flag to a flag pole

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 13

Outdoor Activities (Gold) – Lesson 3 (Improvised Tent Pitching)

Equipment and Training Aids

Wet Weather Programme

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 14

The following are some example of improvised shelter:

(a) Most commonly used

(b) Making use of natural shelter

(d) Stake or weigh down the edges. If your

(e) Place extra layer or waterproof material a few

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 15

USING YOUR TENT

REMEMBER YOUR TENT CAN BURN, CAMP SAFELY – FOLLOW THESE

3.2 Parts of a Improvised Tent

(iii) Wooden Poles

(iv) Tent Pins

Outdoor Activities (Gold) Notes 16

3.3 Pitching and Striking of Improvised Tent

3.4 CLEANLINESS & MAINTENANCE