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 I
THE UNITED STAT
 S
STRATEGIC B
OM
BI
N
SU
RVEY
'~
L
it
~j
U BJN£
C B
PS
S
1.0 ,8
IR
FORCES
LLIED WITH
THE
UNIT
ED ST TES
N
THE
W R
G INST
J P N
Military Analysis Divi sion February 1947
I
 
Thi~
report
II U
"-rillen primllrily for the
u<w
of
the United
States
Stratel'i(
Bambin,
SUTI·e)'
in
the preplITlltion of
further
I cport.~
of
H
or~
tomprehens;\"e
~ture
An)'
conclusion:
or
opinions
exp ·e..q~
in
thi.' report
mun
be
ronftidered
all
limited to the
~pec::ilic
material
covered
and
U
wbjtct
to
further intt'rpreUition
in
the light
of lurther
studies con
du ted
by
the
Surwy.
FOREWOR
The
United SUlles
Strlltegic
Bombing Sur\'eY was
established
by
the Secretary of
War
on 3 November
1944,
I)UrSullnt
to
II
directive
from the lale
P,'esident
Roosevelt,
Its miuion
liS
to conduct
an impartial and
ex
pert study of the
effect. l
of our
lIerilll
attack
on
Germany. to
be
IIlIcd
in connection
with
air
IIttliCks on
Japau and
to
elltablish a bllsill
for
evalnating the
illl-
portanee
and
potentialitie
s
of
air
power
as
n
inst
rum
ent of
mililllry
strategy
f
or
planning
the futUl·e development
of
the United
Stales
armed
forces
aud
for
determining future
eco-
nomic policies with
respect to
the
nationlll defense. A
summary report and
Orne
200
supllOrting repol'ls
containing the
findings
of
th
e
Survey
in
Cennlln
y ha"e been published, On
15
Augullt
1945,
Pl"ClIident
Truman
requested
that
the
Survey
conduct a si
milar
study
of the
effects
of
types
of
lIir attllck in the wllr
against
JalJan, lIubmitt
ing
' {'
l
lO
rb
in
dupJiCflte to
the
Secr
eta
ry
of
War aud
to
the
Secre
tar
y
of
the
NHvy.
The
o llcers
of
the
Survey during
ill'
,JII]la
nese
phase
were: Franklin
l)'Olier
, Cll(lirmall. Paul H. Nitze,
Henry
C,
Alexllnder,
ViC '
Chltirmtll
Harry
L,
Bowman,
J.
Kenneth
Galbraith,
I{enllis Likert,
Frank
A.
McNamee.
Jr., Fred
Searls,
" Monroe E.
Spaght,
I)r. Lewis
R.
Thompson, Theodore P.
Wright,
ireclf)~~,
Walter
Wild : ,
Ser, ctary,
civili nll. 350 oflicer
8.
lind 500
enli~ted
mell. The militArY
segment
of
the organiza
tion
was
drllwn from
the Army
to
the extent
of
60
per_ cent, nnd
from
the Navy
to
the extent
of
40
percellt. Both the
Army
and
the Navy
gave the Survey
all
I)Osgible
IIs~istance
in
furnishing
men,
SU
Iplies,
trnnsport.
and information.
The
Survey operated
from
headquarte
rs establilthed in Tokyo
enrly
in
September
1945,
with
subhea
dquarter
s
in
Nagoya,
Osaka,
Hil"Oll.hima,
and
NagllSllki, lind with mobile teams ollCrating in othe,' pari.
of Japan, the
island
of the
Pacific,
and the
A
siatic
mainland.
It
11'11:1
possible
to
reconst
ruct
much
of war-
time
JHIJaneSe lIIilitary
planning and
execution, engllgement by e
ngag
ement.
and
campaign
by camllllign.
and to secure
rea
llOn
ably accurate
~tatisties
on
Jupan's
economy
and
war
produc
tion.
1)ll1nt
by plllnt.
and
industry
by
industry,
In IIddition.
studies
were conducted on
Japan'
s over
_all
st
rategi
c plan
>t
and the background
of
her entry
into
the
WHr,
the internal
discussion
>t
lind
negotiation~
lellding to
her
acce
ptan
ce
of
unconditional
surre
nder, the
course
of
health
and
morale among
the
c
i ilian
population, the
ef
fec
til
'eness
of
the
Jllpane
l e
civilian defen
se
orglfnilllltion. lind
the
e,recti
of
the IItomic bombs. Separllte reporti will
be
iuued
covering
each
phase
of
the
st
udy.
Th
e SUl'vey i
nt
errogllted more
than
700
Ja
p
allelIC
militar
y,
governmenl, and
industrial
ofli
cia
a,
It
alllO
recovered lind
translated
mllny documents which not ouly have been useful
10
the Survey.
but
also will fu"nish
data
vllluabh: for o
th
er
IIlu
die~.
Arrangementil
have beeu made to t lrn ol'er
the
Sun·ey'/ files
to
the
Cen
tral
Intelligence
GI·OUp,
through
which
they
wili
hI
IlVllil/lbll fol'
further
eXllminlltion lind The
Survey',
complement prol·ided
for
300
di~lribution,
'"
 
T BLE
Of
coNTENTS .
 
.
 
.
 
II
OrIaAnoN
I
a.
TIP
RoYAL
AU
na.uJA
N
AIR
FORCB
Ill.
OraATI
ONI
OF
THI
RoUL
NEW Z&\I..AND
Am
FORCE
.
..
IV.
()pa.a.TlONI
or
THI
ROYAL
NBTHBlU.A.N
D8
E sT
INDI
ES
AIR
Foaca
...
 
..
.
..
 
.
-
 
I
8
I.
I
nuod
ucrion
The
Anny
Air Corps
and
the
Naval
Air Arm of the
United
States
received
active
a8 listance from
the
air
forces
t
leven
nations
in defeating
Japan.
One
of
the le,
the
Chinese
Air
Force,
had
been in combat
with the
Jap
anese since
the
hMarco Polo Bridge Incident"
of
7
July
1937
and
its
American
Volunteer Group" formed
the
nucleus
of
the
American
air
forCe
in
China; the Briti
sh Royal
Air
Force,
thc
Royal
Australian Air
Force,
the
Ro
yal New Zealand
Air
Force3,
the
Royal Netherlands
East
lndie~
Air
Forees
and the
Phi1 ppine Commonwealth Ail' Force all joined
the
war
within
24
hours
after
the
bombing
of Pearl
Harbor;
and the M(.'xiean
Air
Force engaged
in
combat
fly-
ing
against
thc
Jall lnese in
the
Philipl)ines from
4
June
1946
through
the
Japan
e C
surrender
on
14
August
1946. All
of
the
se
air
forces, with the exception
of the
BI'itish Royal Ail' Force, dep'ended almost
entirely
on
the
aircraft
industry of
the United
States for combat type
planes.
The Austra
lian government, however,
was
able to
manufacture
trainers
and light
attack aircraft
( \
\
'ir
r
aways )
in
increasing numbers
as
the war
I)rogres.;ed.
together 'ith
spare
parts for
Ameriean
tYllCS.
Great
Britain
also
suppl
ied
> Orne
Illanes to
the
Itoyal
Australian
and Royal
New
Zealand
Air
Force
s. Both
of
these
air
forces
at
the
start
of
the
war
with
Japan wen'
little more
than
training
orl1anizations
for
providing
piloU
and airerews for the war with
Germany. They successfully undertook
expan.
sion
programs of
considerllble
SCOIJe
and
gave
important
nssistance to
the
Allied forces in the Pacific.
~xcepl
for a few obsolete
airerllft
in
rear
"rea~
and
the
plane~
of the Ameri
Clm
ohm
teer
GroUI),"
the
Chin(.'sc Ail'
~~orcc
existl'{] only
on
P
III)(,I'
at
the time of
Pearl
l1arl)O
I
.
La
ter, considerable
numbers of
Chinesc pllotll wcre
trnined
lit /lying schools in
the
Unite<l
States. Pilotll also wel'e trllined
in
the Unit
e<l
Stales for
the Netherlands
East
Indies Air Forces. These forces had been wiped
out
en
tirely
in
the early
montha
of
the war.
~t
before
the
Jallllnese lIurrender,
they
llgain
were taking
active roleJl in
the
fighting. Pilots
of
the Philippine Commonwealth
Air
Foree
took
part
in the defen le
of the
Philippine"
and
Orne
who escaped l ef\'ed
throughout
the war
\\'ith American unit l. In
thc
foll
owing
sections.
oper tion~
of
the
ROYIII
Au
stralian Air
Force,
the
Royal New Zealand
Air Foree and the
Roynl
Netherlands East
Indies
Air
Forces
are
discus~ed.
The
records
of
the Chinese
Air
Foree lind
the
Chinese-American Composite
Wing
an>
included in the USSBS publication,
Air
Operations
in Chinn." lind
the
Briti
sh
Royal
Air Force
record is included
in
the study.
The War
in South
cast
Asin." Table
1
indicatell
till
relatil'e
extenl
of the operations
of
eHeh
nil' force in
the Pa
cific Will'; ellch
contributed
to
the
fune~t
extent
of its
re:"OurCe~
and capllbilities.
II
Opera
tions
of
the
Ropl
AU5tralian Air Force
I
Rur/ groulld.
[n
1939 the Royal
Austra
lian
Air Force
consisted
of
12
:<Quadrons com
mande<1
by
an
experienced officer
of
the Briti
sh Royal
Air
Foree.
Air
Marshal
Sir
Chllrleli
Burnett,
who had been
1011
ned
lit
the
reque.~t
of the Australian
gOI'ernment to modernize
and
IITOmOt
l
greater
emcienc)' in
the
force.
Thc
lotal personnel consisted
of
3
10
officers
and
3,179
other
r nk
~."
After the outbreak
of
war with
German}"
Auslralin agreed
to ]»Irticipatc in
the
Briti~h
Commonwealth
Air
Trllining P
rogram
by IlTOviding
partly-trained
air
crews
for dillpatch to Canada. where
the
c
rew~
would complete
their
trRining.
The
first batch reache<1 Cllnnda
in
September
1940
and
under all
agreement
of
J
anuary
19·11
Austrfl
lia'K
mouth )' (Iuota
WRS
to
be
100 pilots. 52
obsel""er~
and
72
wircleS>l
ail' gunnllTS. In addition.
Au~tr llill
agrC( d
to
)lIild
up lin orgllniza_ lion in tht' Dominion
cHIllible
of
IIcCl'pting
fOI"
RES
TIH
CTED

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