p
 Heat and work

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 or next time:
± Look at practice exams and pick questions for
next time
± HW5 due on Thursday, October 2nd at the
exam
 Outline:
± Conventions for heat and work
± Work
± Heat

mportant points:
± How to determine the direction of heat and
work flow
±
ntegral and specific case equations for heat
and work
± How to compute work from property paths 
 ^nergy Transfer

 ¦  




 uu
energy can be added to or taken away
from the system by heat transfer, work
interactions, or with the mass that flows in
or out.

 
  uuenergy transfer is only
by heat and work interactions, because by
definition no mass goes in or out.

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 ºigns for heat, work and mass
transfer

ºign convention
Qin +
Wout + Qin is positive
Qout is negative
Qout u
Winu Win is negative
Wout is positive
mout u min is positive

min+ mout is negative

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 ¦



uuis done by a system (on its
surroundings) d the sole effect on
everything external to the system could
have been the raising of a weight.

3
 ºystem
boundary

Motor

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 ÿemember!

W < 0 is work done

 the system

W > 0 is work done  the system

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 ou¶ve seen work before in
mechanics.
t¶s  d  in terms
of force and displacement

 

o À
ote that and ds are vectors«.

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 What is work again?


uuan interaction between a system and
its surroundings whose equivalent action
can be the raising of a weight.

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 athudependent quantities

p to this point, what you¶ve seen in

calculus is primarily exact differentials
^xact differentials are pathuddependent

À

À    
À
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 Work is path dependent

We use an inexact differential, 9, with

work.


 '

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 nits of WOÿ

 tu or kJ

 ÿate of doing work, dW/dt, has units of

tu/h, ftulbf/h, J/s or Watts

 ÿate of doing work is called ¦

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 Moving boundary work

Gas

s s ds
s1 s2

A differential amount of
volume is given by
dV=Apistonds
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Moving boundary work

The force on
the piston is

!  v
© À

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Moving boundary work
 

!
o À !
À
 

!  v
© À

!
À !
 v
© À À

!
  dV
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What did an integral represent in
calculus?



 !
 





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ºo, if we know p = p(V),
then work due to
compression can be
interpreted as the area under
a curve in pressure u volume
coordinates.

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 J
p
or a pistonucylinder system, two paths are
shown from point 1 to 2. Compute the work
in kJ done in going by path A from 1 to a to
2 (call the work WA) and by path  from 1 to
b to 2 (call the work W).
, ka
1 A
a
300

150
b  2

0.05 0.15 V, m3 |ü
 Moving boundary work

Work for a closed, compressible system

is given by

  ! 
 

 This has a variety of names:
± expansion work
± dV work
± boundary work
± compression work |„
 oundary work

To integrate for work, we must know the

pressure as a function of the volume
 = (V)

This will give us the path of the

work.


 ºome Common (V) aths

 =C , constant pressure process

 =C/V, ideal gas, const.temp. process

 Vn=C, polytropic process

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 The constant pressure process is
the easiest

ºince =c, it¶s pulled out of the integral


 


  


O CA OL DO 
TH
º
TH^
ÿ^ººÿ^
º
COºTAT Dÿ
G
TH^ ÿOC^ºº!




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 J
p

How do you find the area under the curve

(work) when the pressure isn¶t constant?
 = f(v) below?

v1 v2 v
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 Moving boundary work

Consider an ideal gas undergoing an

isothermal process.

ºtart with the expression for work


!
©


3


or the gas, V = mÿT or 

 


m ! m

 m
• m
 

Collecting terms and integrating yields:



  

 ! m
!    ë

  
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ote that this result is very
different from the work for a
constant pressure process!

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 J
p

f you start at a 1 and volume 1 and

expand to a volume 2, which process
will produce more work:

(a) a constant pressure or

(b) constant temperature process?

Why? Justify your answer.

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 olytropic process

A frequently encountered process for gases

is the polytropic process:

 ! V!V À 
ºince this expression relates  & V, we can
calculate the work for this path.

È 

  
È
È „
General case of boundary work
for a gas which obeys the
polytropic equation
 
È
 
È V

 
È

 È 
  È The
 derivation is
on pg. 137

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 Other orms of Work

^lectrical Work

ù 
•
ºhaft Work


ù 
•
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 Work and heat transfer

 Work is one way a system can interact

with its surroundings.

 Another way is by means of a 

 

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 H^AT TÿAº ^ÿ

Heat is a form of energy transfer that

occurs solely as a result of a
temperature difference

 f  -

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ºign convention is the opposite of
that for work:

 Q > 0: heat transfer to the system

 Q < 0: heat transfer from the system

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 Heat transfer is 
 a property of a
system, just as work is not a
property.

 
    ù 


We can¶t identify Q2 (Q at state 2) or Q1.

Heat energy can be transferred to and from the
system or transformed into another form of
energy.
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 Heat and work summary

 They are only recognized at the boundary

of a system, as they cross the boundary.
 They are associated with a process, not a
state. nlike u and h which have definite
values at any state, q and w do not.
 They are both pathudependent functions.
 A system in general does not possess heat
or work.

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