Appendix 3.

 Roman Numerals

I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000,

archaic: =5000, =10000, =50000, =100000.

1 I i 11 XI xi 21 XXI xxi 31 XXXI xxxi 41 XLI Xli

2 II ii 12 XII xii 22 XXII xxii 32 XXXII xxxii 42 XLII Xlii

3 III iii 13 XIII xiii 23 XXIII xxiii 33 XXXIII xxxiii 43 XLIII Xliii

4 IV iv 14 XIV xiv 24 XXIV xxiv 34 XXXIV xxxiv 44 XLIV Xliv

5 V v 15 XV xv 25 XXV xxv 35 XXXV xxxv 45 XLV Xlv

6 VI vi 16 XVI xvi 26 XXVI xxvi 36 XXXVI xxxvi 46 XLVI Xlvi

7 VII vii 17 XVII xvii 27 XXVII xxvii 37 XXXVII xxxvii 47 XLVII Xlvii

8 VIII viii 18 XVIII xviii 28 XXVIII xxviii 38 XXXVIII xxxviii 48 XLVIII Xlviii

9 IX ix 19 XIX xix 29 XXIX xxix 39 XXXIX xxxix 49 XLIX Xlix

10 X x 20 XX xx 30 XXX xxx 40 XL Xl 50 L L

Appendix 4.1

Appendix 4.2
Appendix 4.3

Diagram 7: Chinese Rod Numerals

Conclusion

A developed of country depends a great extent on the advancement of

mathematics of its own. Only people who are trained with good mathematical skills
are capable to carry out complex duties efficiently and effectively. Thus, learning
mathematics trains human mind how to think or to reason logically and rationally.
Mathematics developed began from 400 B.C.E. or earlier and base on country and
its way.

In addition, Egypt, Greece, Roman, Maya, China, India and Middle East had
created their own number systems. It shows that they have different thinking. From
this, number developed by refers to all the countries way and form the numbers like
we use now.

Let we think if we still use the ancient numbers without its developed, the
businessman might suffer when he want to calculate his profit. Then, try to write the
number 304, using various ancient civilisation systems. Are their ways of writing this
number 304 easier or more difficult? The developed of number that produce now is
easy for the businessman to calculate and write his profit. Besides, the developer of
number now is easy for us to understand and to remember.

Refer to the number that we use now, most of our digit is refer to the Arabic
Hindu. The creation of symbol for zero (0) is based on the development from the
Arabic – Hindu system of number. The creation of the symbol zero (0) was actually a
great contribution to the development of numbers. With the symbol (0), all numbers
can be represented by using some or any of the ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

In short, mathematics can be defined as a way of thinking, study of patterns

and relationships, an art and unique language, an instrument in social life as well as
human recreational activities.
 HISTORY OF NUMBER IN ROME

The Roman system of number

There were a few rules to write
had been used in European
Roman number:-
Continent for almost 2000
years. The Romans used 1. If certain symbols are
symbols I , V , X for number 1, 5 repeated, its value would be
and 10. For numbers bigger obtained by addition.
than 10, it use symbols
L ,C , D , M to represent 50, 100, II=1+1=2
500, and 1000. CCC=100+100+100=300

2. If a certain symbols were situated by

the right side to other symbols which
was the same or less value, then its
value was obtained by addition with
the value of these symbols.
LX=50+10=60
DLX =500+50+10=560
MC=1000+100=1100
3. If certain symbol is situated by
the left side of another symbol
which is bigger, its value is
obtained by subtraction from the
symbol of its bigger value.
IV =5−1=4
IX =10−1=9
CD=500−100=400

5. Indeed, they are still in use today

4. Usually a certain symbol could
not be repeated more than three
times. For example, number 4
cannot be written as IIII but
must use IV .
For other examples, please
refer to appendix 3.1
for certain purposes, such as
numbering appendices in books,
denoting dates in the credits of
films and television programmes,
and on watches and clocks.

One theory is that it may have been based on the number 5. Thus, the symbol for 5,
V, could have its origins in a representation of a hand held flat with the fingers
together, and X, for 10, could be a double V. Three of the other symbols could have
come from Greek letters not needed in the early Roman alphabet: C (100) from theta
(), M (1000) from phi (), and L (50) from chi (, also written as ).  and  were
probably changed gradually, HISTORY OFinfluence
under the NUMBER of IN
theCHINA
initials of the number words
centum (100), and mille (1000), to C and M.
 In general terms, the Chinese
The system of numbers in China is system of numbers was a decimal
usually written in three ways , system by way of adding the
products of each group of digit
with base 10. In addition to the
 Common use character shown above for zero, a
 Official use simple circle is also used.
 Business propose Pronunciation for the characters
uses the standard Romanization
Refer to the appendix 4.1 and 4.2 scheme in China called "pinyin".
The number at the end of the
pinyin indicates the tone.

Refer to the appendix 4.3

Chinese inverted this decimal

The rod or stick numerals, derived system as early 475 B.C. It used for
from the wooden sticks used on simple operations of addition,
counting boards, are quite simple. subtraction, multiplication and
division by using bamboo chips as
Refer to appendix 4.4
calculation instruments. They used
Apart from the rod system, the these bamboo chips to arrange
Chinese have several other systems numerals 1 to 9 in various forms,
of numerals, including the "common" more than a thousand years earlier
numerals (hsiao-hsieh), and the before the Arabic- Hindu Numerals
"official" numerals, which are highly System was introduced to the west.
decorated versions of the common
numerals used on documents to
prevent fraud. Since 1955 it has
been government policy to introduce
Eleven in Chinese is "ten one". Twelve is "ten two", and so on.
Arabic numerals.
Twenty is "Two ten", twenty-one is "two ten one" (2*10 + 1), and
However, in ancient times, the
so on up to 99. One-hundred is "one hundred". One-hundred
Chinese first started to use
and one is "one hundred zero one". One hundred and eleven is
vertical line (|) to represent 1
"one hundred one ten one". Notice that for eleven alone, you
and hyphen (—) to represent 5.
only need "ten one" and not "one ten one", but when used in a
larger number (such as 111), you must add the extra "one". An
exception to this is for zeroes. When a zero occurs in the
number (except at the end), you need to say "zero", but only
once for two or more consecutive zeroes. So one-thousand and
one would be "one thousand zero one", where zero stands in for
the hundreds and tens places.
Regular Chinese characters for numbers
use relatively few strokes. The characters
for one, two, and three are just one, two
and three parallel horizontal strokes,
respectively. To prevent fraud when writing
checks and other cases where fraud is
possible, Chinese also uses a series of
more complex characters for the numbers.
It is easy to change a "one" into a "two" in
regular characters, but with the formal
complex characters, this is impossible.
     To express fractions and
percents, Chinese uses the
denominator followed by the two
characters (fen1 zhi1, "parts of"),
followed by the numerator. So
two-thirds would be "three
fen1zhi1 two". In the case of
percents, you would say
"hundred fen1zhi1 amounts",
e.g. the way to say 63% is
"hundred fen1zhi1 six ten three".
When used in percents, just say
hundred and not "one hundred".
The decimal point is expressed
with the character (dian3).
REFERENCE

- Prof. Dr Asma Ahmad Shariff, Dr. Fadzilah Abd. Manaf, Dr Ibrahim Mohamed,
(2006), College Matriculation Mathematics Semester 1

- Harold H. Lerch (1981), Teaching Elementary School Mathematics :An Active

Learning Approach , University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign , U.S.A.

- Donald R.,(1994)Islamic Science and Engineering (Edinburgh University Press.

-Carl B., (Wiley, 1991) A History of Mathematics, Second Edition

-Struik, Dirk J. (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics. New York: Dover

Publications.