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M; ∆4 P C* D (# P # P " NŒ ‡ L •
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vh+ f C=F z .l +) # • C=I C S ) S" Q p 7* < (# #"
!"< 78 R ] ) # 9< C C=I X # … N 4=I c# L Q
4=I L => CD ϕ #" !"< 78 R b # 0 S '
V < c , '

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


I(kJ/kgkkk)
I
I2 1 1 (B)
t1
2`(C)
2(C)
l

t2
0
0(A)
t0

d=d
0 1
d2 d d (g/kgkkk)
2`

%S ' < D #" !"< 78 R N 7=; # ' Q"


7 Q- 9" (# 7=; !"< 78 )Q9AQ$B # 0
A $B = + $z $N 2n $Nl` N $2lJz $N ..J ‡ T
# 0 = J + $Nl` = J + $Nl` .l = J`UNm. ‡
K=I c# L Q (# #" !"< 78 R V
A $B A $ − B $N ..J Am − .lB
= $ + = N $2lJ +
−∆ J`UNm. + J2NJm
L

= N .. L
h # … (# 7* < 0 S ' X+ c
= + = $N 2 .ln N .. J`UNm.z $ 2N`U ‡
%E L => CD ϕ (# #" !"< 78 R
`J`
N ..
ϕ = = `J = ` NmJ {
A NU + B N ` 22 A NU + N .. B
>8p+. 75wI 7g
$ $
= = = J2N`.J L
− $ N .. − N $2lJ
Kz4 ƒz J2N`.J z $ l2` z .N 2 l

$ >82 O8p+. 75x 7RI5 7)2+. [m+5 7)D+. K2Q 7)m+5 aBd 75wI

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


n K=" 4=I S ' Z 7* < 7=; !"< 78 M$ 7 # b # C\
0 S '(# $ 0 Z 7* < $z m +
) ϕ$ z JN {N $z $N 2J
.
?+ C0
M$z $ Kz $N 2J .N 2 lz .N$``` .
n K=" 4=I S ' Z 7* < 7=; !"< 78 M 7 # b # C\
0 S '
(# $ 0 Z 7* < z .l +) ϕ z ` {N z $N$ U
.
= 3
M z Kz $N$ U .N 2 lz .N2 2 .
n K=" 4=I S ' 7" 8 7+ !"< 78 R M
M z NJ AM$n M Bz NJ A.N$```n .N2 2Bz .N. $ .
% 4 E 7+ # _ c CS 1 !"*

q yEx3 7)- OCE .EF 75Eg7 Ue 7YI ik


D CE 7+ !"< 78 R V
.N. $
= = = .Nml.U
Nm2`m
= 3 , •z 2NJ ' P 4 + + 0 S 9X 4
' 9<
z 5Eg7 O1G [F+. IW+ [\+. +5EP7
%S 43 , V # '
u 4=I " #+ !
= A $ − B = UUNl. A$$lN`.u U$N.U$ Bz .l UNU 2 ‡ L
n 4=I 0 ' !$
$ = − $ = J`UNm.u 2N$mUm .N.z 2`lN `m ‡ L
n P Q+ # C !
= A B A − B = J2N`.J $N
..J A.lu .N.Bz mmmN$. ‡ L
n P 4=I 0' P < P !“
!“z !$n! n! n! z 2`lN `mn mmmN$.n l N``2n JlN.Uz .`$lNJ2 ‡ L
M@ " f 4=I " #+ ! P 4=I 0' < P
!“ , V #" € C Q+ @" 45 Q+N 0 S Q+ 7+ !"< 78 '
+< b # C\ 4 7Y D +& # D Q+ 7# Cg N b # C\
* # D " CD ∆ = − ” V
∆ = − ” = .l U NU 2 − .`$l NJ2 = $m` N m ‡ L
q# # D => CD ε V

ε= = = 2N`l{ ’ $ {
$m`N m
.l UNU 2
# D 7+ ' +< 4 + a

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


F+. IW+ [\+. +5EP7

?CE O8p+. y_ 5EP2 f{]f. r3 T


$ 4=I 0' !$ 2`lN `m U.N2U
P Q+ < ! mmmN$. N`.
. P Q+ 3 4 " ! l N``2 `NJ
2 P Q+ 7=F ! JlN.U $NJ
J P 4=I ' +< !“ .`$lNJ2 lJN $
U P 4=I " #+ ! .l UNU 2 $
` # D => CD ε 2N`l

6"# D 4 " + 7+ , V 0 S P Q+ <


# C P Q+ MK # C 4 C< S P
7# 7=F 7 aN 0 S H !"# M8 3 1 CE (# 7# H
C0 E # 7Y !"# 71 T E D
!"# b # / 4=" 5 C C@ q> ^#N !"# ' +< Cg < 0
S N CE + a (# 4; > 7 @" + ;
CE M8 3 N 0 S 7+ ' +< q / !"#
C C@

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


58;+. $
% & "'

$ R+5 I5Z+ I-OD)E|S) UL O} 5;E


# 1 #4+7 WX7 ' u > )#4+7 WX7 ' u > 4 4+* 7#+ CP
0 < _ 7+ D 4 > ,+ + = + D 4
' " S CE ?+ D +, = α (# > 4;
> D 7#+ CP CD 4=" ^# & + (# D ; '
α X+ 45 " 7" @ '# ' =F C=I 4 <
A 8 ^ 3 B CS _ =F " !", 7#+ CP = 3
#4+7 WX7 'u > 7+ [ "3 =F 4 4+* < _ 0 <
€ < =; < 7 S #4+7 WX7 'u > C=I , 9"
] 4+ X+ E !" "L
' +< #4+7 WX7 'u > 4 ' +< @ & 7" @ • /
4=" 4=I CE + 7# (# ' CE
' + #4+7 WX7 “ =F 4 V CE 7=F CE (#
' 7# s } 4 CE + v 9< C X+ " /"

u 4=I #4+7 WX7 / " + < 6 ' Z


c
6 z K A…$ u …+B
7+ C0
KA B 4 D 4=I ' / + !"< 78 R
…$ …+ => c 4 X # (# 7=; #" 7# H #4+7 WX7
6z $ l2` A$$lN`.u U$N.U$ Bz U.mlU.N J2 ‡
?+ CE < #+ 4f # 1 4Y > 0 < " ,+ +
4 2 #7 7# , =; > =; ,+ + X+ < " # 0 L +<
> 7z $.. T‡ CE CE > ,+ Y# $2.NU )
: , ~ " " (# #4+7 WX7 4 η ! = `J{
u K=" 4=I > / " ? 4
U.mlU.N J2
?z = = .llN2$2
η! N`J $..
) 1 4Y > 0 < D4 < " 4 4 2 #7N _ "
J
u " #+ > + E #4+7 WX7
?$z A$ − η ! B z A$u N`JB .llN2$2z llNmJ2
u T C0 @ & 7" @ (# #4+7 WX7 V
=
∆ η!
M;
T D 7" @ (# #4+7 WX7

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


∆ CE 4 CE 7" 8 ^# ' >
η!4 " " (# #4+7 WX7
7+ #4+7 WX7 'u > N Q S 0 4 > =; = 0
CE CP “$z s$z z + €C 4 CE \+ Y# (# > =;
∆ #9 z u “ z $2.NU u .N.z $ N. +)
∆ z u s z $2.NU u .l z $ 2NU +)
∆ #9 − ∆ $ N. − $ 2NU
∆ = = = $$ N m`
∆ #9 $ N.
4 4
∆ $ 2NU
q D 7" @ • C=I ' X+ c / Cb CD ; #4+7 WX7
> =; #" A < ' +< 7#+ CP B
•z #Aωρ B
M; # z $ NJ ÷$2N # 1 # z $
z NJ ÷ N`N # 1 z NU
ω u D CE ' * X | N Z C ω z 2NJ
ρu D 4=I 7 (# 'N Z C ρz $N l. .
NU
•z$ A2NJ $N l.B z .2NJ ƒ T
= =
U.mlU.N J2 $
∆ η!
⇒ z U$N$ ≈ U
.2NJ $$ N m` N`J .U
# 1 2 #4+7 WX7N Q ' 7#+ CP • 4 $JNJ

$ R+5 7)9 OwI UL I5Z+ K2C7


$ R+5 7)9 OwI
u ' " "L xX %=F ' 7" 8 (# 4 V Qz
N $ € CE 7" 8 (# z JlNJ +) 0 S4 / Cb υ
uU
z$mNl$l $ ?+ C0

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


2NJ N $
xXz = = .`mNJU
υ $mNl$l $ −U
uq D ( CE #
2l $ 2l $
= JNmJ + + = JNmJ + + = mN$
xX xX .`mNJU .`mNJU
u T D 4=I 7 Q- 9"
N JA $+ Bβ +
ρ =
N JA B N J
= = .mN``` .
N`J N`J 2NJ$.
uq D ζ "4 D 4=I 7 (# 4 ρ z UJ .
#
0
ρ −ρ
ζ =
UJ − .mN```
= = Nl2
ρ UJ
uq D )$
$ − ζ $ − Nl2
$ = = = N U`l
ζ Nl2
u 7Z 4R !"# 4; * = 3 7Z 4R (# !"# 4; * V
ρ $ mN$ 2N A2NJB $N U$UJ N U`l
∆ $= = = J.N.2 q†
" lNm N $
–' C b #4 D 4=I 7 ρ (# =4 D 4=I 7
'Z +
CE JlNJ ) V ρ z N U$UJ .

u 7Z 4R 9 4+ #4+7 WX7 X+ 7Z 4R !"# 9 4+ ∆ z


q †N 7Z 4R !"# #4+7 WX7 4 ∆ ! z .N` q † A Q+ •z 2NJ Zm
) 8 ρ z $N
+ .
4=" D (# ' 4 2NJ BN 7Z 4R
E < P 4 J{
P 7Z 4R P 7Z 4R , f V
∆ = $N JA∆ $ + ∆ +∆ ! B = $N JA J.N.2 + . + .N`B = `.N 2
q†
u : < < CE : , ~ D CE 7# H !"* 0 D CE •z T C0
< < CE V
ρ $N U$UJ
= = = $NU` q†
" lNm
u )E < (# !"*
∆ =∆ +∆ = `.N 2 n $NU`z l2NU q†

$ 5Z+ K2C7 I5D 5P 75Y+. aBd 75o+. K2-d


%S 3 " S < 7+ D =F # =F Q
# 4+* !"* !"* 4 !"* =; 7 N 1 4+* !"* +N D [

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


"3 #+ "4 "E + D C& 7= (# D N 7Z 4R
!"* , f ∆ N _ " # !"* / , C M ( = CE
CE L (# < 1 !"* < 7 / 9< C 4 " " (#
!"*
# 1 !"* + D !"# 4 !"* 4 N 0 # 4
CL b <
) " *+ (# !"*
E A
N

B
P

G K

)_ c + E < ∆ z l2NU
.
q† 4=" 4=I M z $$mm.NU #
1 !"* 4 N E < • !"* 4 $2`N. q †N 4=" 4=I • !"* 4
.
$$mm.NU X+ S" Cg 7 8 $` $ A 7 ..UŠ Tq B , <
!"* ] 2NJ u U C@" ‘# \ _ " E < " /" 7# S" Cg
1 !"* # 1 !"* 7" < +U wz UJ ?+ C0 D Y !"# (#
!"* V
# UJ
$= = ≈ $$
U U
$ 5Z+ bdIOD+ OZI aF+ G5r3
7+ D #Q 9 4+ CS " g , L # X+ <
7=; , 7# 7=F G 4+ +* CE X+ " 45 4
? ' Q D ' ^# 9 4+ 4 V A.u 2B 4/ Q (#
Q- D CE 7+ Q- =I !"< A u JB S
. .
' 9 4+ ' X+ 4=" 4=I 4 9 9j NU +$ C=#
+ X+ CS D 7' $ # @" 9 4+
) " *+ (# 9 4+ < ' =; > ,
? C=F ' 9 4+
?$ C=F ' D 7"
Q C=F ' / a (# p"
$ @" Q / D 7" f + 9 4+
@" #+ / 8 7 (# 9 4+
. @" #+ (# p"
@" Q Q Q- + 9 4+

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


$
?$

.
Q

)_ c + 4=" 4=I < Mz $$mm.NU . N X+ , $` .


A 7. $ Tq B # 0 < ' =; A ' X+ a B
?z $Nm ‹ #z N2J ‹ z Nl ‹ Qz N.U ‹ $z NU ‹ z Nm J ‹ .z
$N22 ‹ ?$z Nl ‹ ?u #z $N.J

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,


0y A > !
$ T[ "3 Šq+ M_ ) =; u GvTqT
' +< D Št: Tq 7/ M_ t b
. T[ "3 , 9" Š " p 1 u Q+• 4+#Q ] X7 X
2 CE [ "3 Št: t * K ?/ N t: v q, u Gv
TqT u $ll`
J OE D 4 "4 ] * X7 X @ , 9"

! "#$% &' (" ) *+ *+ #,

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