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Crude oil was formed over millions of years from the remains of
plants and animals covered by layers of sand and silt. The process
was helped along by the heat and pressure in the layers.
Crude oil is pumped from the ground and then sent to a refinery where
it is separated into gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, etc.
If the barrels were lined up edge to edge, this could extend from Minnesota to
Florida.
Oil Consumption in the World is Around 1000 Barrels a Second
For Every 1000 People Number of Car Owners
World Average is 111
Oil refineries give off a variety of pollutants and use a huge amount of
water. Many petroleum refineries use hydrofluoric acid in their processing,
which poses a great public safety risk both because of its extreme toxicity
and its propensity to form a toxic aerosol cloud when released.
Drilling for oil offshore presents additional risks for
pollution.
Negative - Scarcity
Automobile Truck
Plane
Rail Ship
Automobiles
Automobiles are the most common
method of transportation for moving
people from place to place. Most
commonly powered by an internal
combustion engine using gasoline for
fuel. In European countries diesel
engine automobiles are popular.
Large luxury cars from years ago could get less than 10 mpg.
Ethanol
E85 fuel is often sold for less, reason most often given is because of
subsidies
Electric Powered Automobiles
Hybrid vehicles combine fuel powered engines and electric motors powered
by batteries to increase fuel efficiency. Batteries are recharged by generator
powered by the engine or from energy recovered from braking.
Toyota Prius has been the most popular hybrid car, worldwide
cumulative sales reached over 2 million cars in September 2010.
Plug-in Electric Hybrid Automobile
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TOYOTA_FCHV_01.jpg
Wikimedia Commons author (GNU Free Documentation License)
(Public Domain)
About Hydrogen
Large trucks deliver nearly 70% of all goods in the United States,
typical fuel mileage is around 5 mpg so even small increases in
efficiency reduces consumption a significant amount. Diesel fuel
used in large trucks is more expensive than gasoline.
About Diesel Engines
Without the fairing over the cab there is more wind resistance
from the hitting the front of the trailer.
Fairing over this truck cab
reduces the drag hitting
the front of the trailer.
For trucks that start and stop often such a delivery or garbage trucks,
hydraulic hybrid technology can save significant fuel by compressing
a gas pushed by hydraulic fluid pumped during braking .
This “hydraulic hybrid” car was designed and constructed by Eden Prairie
High School students and entered in a super mileage competition,
average mileage was 150 m.p.g.
Jets and Airplanes
The newest jet engines are twice as efficient as jet engines built in the
1960’s. Fuel costs have risen faster and are a major expense for an airline.
On average, a passenger jet burns about 910 lbs. of fuel, or 136
gallons, during its takeoff and climb. It will burn a similar amount
during its descent and landing. As much as 50% of carbon emissions
from planes come from the combination of the takeoff and landing.
Different fuel blends are needed to operate jet aircraft in colder
weather.
Small planes use internal combustion engines using a high-
octane gasoline called av-gas.
Biofuel or Synthetic Fuel for Jet Aircraft
Barges are said to be more efficient than rail for moving large amounts
of freight on rivers, some people will dispute this.
Air travel has mostly replaced ships for passenger travel except for
cruise ships.
How Do You Make a Ship More Efficient
• Reduce the drag on the hull of the ship including anything that
protrudes from the hull.
There are now electric hybrid locomotives too which can provide up to 15%
saving on fuel and emissions. The energy produced by braking a 207 ton
locomotive in one year is enough to power 160 households for a year. A full
charge of the batteries can power the train for up to 100 miles.
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