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02092 PNO Titel AR1 07.08.

2002 11:14 Uhr Seite 1

PROFIBUS
Technology and Application

System Description

Open Solutions for the World of Automation


Commitment

We are and will remain the world’s leading organi-


zation in the field of digital networking for industrial
and process automation, serving our customers,
our members and the press with the best solu-
tions, benefits and information.

We are committed to setting and protecting the


standards for open communication and control in
the automation and process market.

Introduction
From the outset, the field of auto- around system integration, engi- tion technology in the world of
mation has been subject to con- neering and, in particular, the ap- automation opens up many new
tinuous change. Not so long ago, plication profiles. These profiles prospects for global data commu-
this change was limited to the pro- have made PROFIBUS the only nication between automation sys-
duction area of a company. In pro- fieldbus that provides comprehen- tems. In pursuit of this objective,
duction, the implementation of sive both factory and process PROFIBUS is enhanced by the
fieldbus technology has meant automation. Ethernet-based communication
considerable innovation, enabling standard PROFInet.
the migration from centralized to Additionally, Information Technol-
decentralized automation systems. ogy (IT) increasingly determines The use of open standards rather
This has been the PROFIBUS ob- development in today´s world of than proprietary solutions ensures
jective for more than 10 years. automation. Modern fieldbus sys- long-term compatibility and ex-
tems have adopted IT principles pandability - in other words - pro-
In those 10 years PROFIBUS has and are achieving greater consis- tection of existing investment. This
become the world market leader in tency with the corporate manage- is a matter of key importance to the
fieldbus technology. In spite of the ment level. In this respect, indus- PROFIBUS User Organization. The
outstanding success of recent trial automation is following the de- continuous development of PRO-
years, PROFIBUS development velopment trends of the office FIBUS technology provides
continues with undiminished en- world, where IT has long since left members with a long-term perspec-
thusiasm and energy. Initially the its mark, radically transforming in- tive.
focus was on communication tech- frastructure, systems and proc-
nology. Current activities center esses. The integration of informa-
Contents

1. Communication in Automation .........................1 6. System Profiles................................................ 23


1.1 Industrial Communication..............................1
1.2 Fieldbus Technology Terms ..........................2 7. Device Management ........................................ 25
1.3 International Standardization.........................3 7.1 GSD ........................................................... 25
7.2 EDD ........................................................... 26
2. PROFIBUS at a Glance.......................................4 7.3 FDT/DTM Concept ..................................... 27
2.1 History ...........................................................4
2.2 Market Position .............................................4 8. Quality Assurance ........................................... 28
2.3 Organization..................................................4 8.1 Test procedure ........................................... 28
2.4 The PROFIBUS ”Tool Box” ...........................5 8.2 Conformance Certificate............................. 28
2.5 PROFIBUS - The keys to success ................6
9. Implementation ................................................ 29
3. PROFIBUS Transmission and
Communication ..................................................7 9.1 Standard Components................................ 29
9.2 Implementation of Interfaces ...................... 30
3.1 Transmission Technology .............................7
3.2 Communication Protocol DP .......................10
10. PROFInet .......................................................... 31
4. General Application Profiles ...........................17 10.1 The PROFInet Engineering Model ............. 31
10.2 The PROFInet Communications Model........ 32
4.1 PROFIsafe ..................................................17 10.3 The PROFInet Migration Model .................. 32
4.2 HART on PROFIBUS DP ............................17 10.4 XML ............................................................ 32
4.3 Time Stamp.................................................18 10.5 OPC and OPC DX ...................................... 32
4.4 Slave Redundancy ......................................18
11. PROFIBUS International................................. 33
5. Specific Application Profiles ...........................19
5.1 PROFIdrive .................................................19
5.2 PA Devices..................................................20
5.3 Fluid Power .................................................21
5.4 SEMI Devices..............................................22
5.5 Ident Systems .............................................22
5.6 Remote I/O for PA .......................................22

Contents
This document describes the es- that, in spite of the care that has These chapters emulate the modu-
sential aspects of PROFIBUS and been taken in the preparation of lar layout of PROFIBUS, from
takes into account the level of this overview, only the PROFIBUS communication technology through
technology available at the end of documents available on the Inter- application profiles to system pro-
2002. Its objective is to provide a net are definitive and binding. files.
comprehensive description of the Please refer to them for more de-
world's leading fieldbus system, tailed information. Chapters 7 to 9 are more practi-
PROFIBUS, without becoming too cally oriented. They deal with sub-
engulfed in specific details. Chapters 1 and 2 offer an intro- jects such as device management,
duction to the principles of fieldbus implementation and certification.
This brochure not only offers suffi- technology and their implementa-
cient information to those with a tion with PROFIBUS. Chapter 10 presents the theory of
basic knowledge and readers in- operation of PROFInet.
terested in an overview, but it also Chapters 3 to 6 deal with the core
aspects of PROFIBUS and any Chapter 11 completes the bro-
introduces experts to more exten-
repetition of subject matter dealt chure with details of PROFIBUS In-
sive specialized literature. In this
with in Chapter 2 is intentional for ternational and the PROFIBUS
context, we would like to point out
reasons of completeness. User Organization.
1. Communication in PROFIBUS fulfills these criteria adopted standards IEC 61158 and
and offers an universal solution for IEC 61784. PROFIBUS is an inte-
Automation both factory and process automa- gral part of these standards.
tion.
Recently, Ethernet-based commu-
The communication capability of At the cell level programmable nication systems have emerged in
devices and subsystems and con- industrial automation. They offer
controllers such as PLCs and IPCs,
sistent information methodology wide-ranging options for communi-
communicate with each other and
are indispensible components of cations between the different levels
with IT systems of the office world
future-oriented automation con- of industrial automation and the of-
using standards such as Ethernet,
cepts. Communications are in- fice world. PROFInet is an example
TCP/IP, Intranet and Internet. This
creasingly occuring horizontally at of one such Ethernet-based com-
information flow requires large data
the field level as well as vertically munication system.
packets and a range of powerful
through several hierarchical levels
communication functions.
simultaneously. Layered and coor- A need for the coordinated devel-
dinated industrial communication As well as PROFIBUS, Ethernet- opment and distribution of these
systems, such as PROFIBUS with based PROFInet offers a trendset- fieldbus systems in the market has
lower-level interfacing to AS- ting solution for this purpose. seen the emergence of a number
Interface and upper level interfac- of User Organizations comprising
ing to Ethernet (over PROFInet) In the following PROFIBUS will be manufacturers, users and insti-
(see Figure 1), offer ideal precondi- described in detail as the central tutes, such as the PROFIBUS User
tions for transparent networking in connecting link for the information Organization (PNO) and its parent
all areas of the production process. flow in the automation industry. For organization PROFIBUS Interna-
information on AS-Interface please tional (PI) for PROFIBUS and
reffer to the relevant literature. Fur- PROFInet technologies.
1.1 Industrial thermore PROFInet will be briefly
presented in chapter 10. User benefits are the motivation
Communication for the emergence and continual
Fieldbuses are industrial com- development of fieldbus technol-
At the sensor-actuator level munication systems that use a
signals of binary sensors and ac- ogy. This ultimately manifests itself
range of media such as copper ca- as a reduction of the total cost of
tuators are transmitted over a sen-
ble, fiber optics or wireless, with ownership, as well as an increase
sor actuator bus. This provides a
bit-serial transmission for coupling in performance and quality im-
simple and cost-effective technol-
distributed field devices (sensors, provement during the setup and
ogy where data and power are
actuators, drives, transducers, etc.) operation of automation plants. The
transmitted over a shared medium.
to a central control or management benefits are achieved during con-
AS-Interface offers a suitable bus
system. Fieldbus technology was figuration, cabling, engineering,
system for this field of application.
developed in the 80s with the aim documentation, assembly and
At field level distributed devices of replacing the commonly used commissioning, as well as during
such as I/O modules, transducers, central parallel wiring and prevail- production. An additional benefit is
drive units, analysis devices, ing analog signal transmission achieved by the reduction of the to-
(4-20 mA- or +/- 10V interface) tal life-cycle costs in the form of
valves or operator terminals, com-
municate with automation systems withdigital technology. Due, in easy modification and continuous
parts, to the different industry- availability due to regular diagnosis
over a powerful, real-time commu-
specific demands and preferred information, preventive mainte-
nication system. Transmission of
proprietary solutions of large manu- nance, simple parameter assign-
the process data is cyclic, while
facturers, several bus systems with ment, consistent data flow and as-
additional interrupts, configuration
varying properties were established set management.
data and diagnosis data are trans-
mitted acyclically as required. in the market. The key technolo-
gies are now included in recently Fieldbuses increase the productiv-
ity and flexibility of automated
processes compared to conven-
tional technology and they create
Data communications

Enterprise the basic prerequisite for the con-


figuration of distributed automation
systems.

Production Today PROFIBUS is used in virtu-


Cell level ally all areas of automation, in fac-
Field communications

tory automation and process auto-


Field level mation, but also in traffic engineer-
Automation ing, power generation and power
distribution.
Sensor/actuator level

PROFInet IEC 61158/61784


PROFIBUS IEC 61158/61784
AS-Interface IEC 62026

Fig. 1: Communication in automation technology

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 1


Sender Receiver Designation and function of the layers
Interface to application program with application-oriented
7 7 Application layer commands (read, write)
Representation (coding) of data for analysis and
6 6 Presentation layer interpretation in the next layer
Establishing and clearing temporary station connections;
5 5 Session layer synchronization of communicating processes
Controlling data transmission for layer 5 (transport errors,
4 4 Transport layer break down into packets)
Establishing and clearing connections, avoiding network
3 3 Network layer congestion
Description of bus access protocol (Medium Access
2 2 Data-link layer Control, MAC) including data security
Definition of the medium (hardware), coding and speed of
1 1 Physical layer the data transmission
Transmission medium

Fig. 2: The OSI reference model

and simplify the transmission proc- oriented services (that means with
ess. handshake procedure and monitor-
1.2 Fieldbus Technology ing) and connectionless services.
Terms Bus access control (MAC, Me- The second group includes multi-
dium Access Control) is a specific cast and broadcast messages that
The ISO/OSI reference model procedure that determines at which are sent either to a specific group
describes communications be- point in time a station can send or to all stations.
tween the stations of a communica- data. While active stations can start
tion system. In order for it to run ef- the exchange of information, pas- Profiles are used in automation
fectively, defined rules and transfer sive stations may only begin com- technology to define specific prop-
interfaces need to be used for the munication when prompted by an erties and behavior for devices,
communications protocol. In 1983, active station. device families or entire systems.
the International Organization for Only devices and systems using a
Standardization (ISO) developed A distinction is made between a vendor-independent profile provide
the OSI reference model ("Open controlled, deterministic access interoperability on a fieldbus,
Systems Interconnection Re- procedure with real-time capability thereby fully exploiting the advan-
ference Model") for just this pur- (master-slave with PROFIBUS) tages of a fieldbus.
pose. This protocol defines the and a random, non-deterministic
elements, structures and tasks re- access procedure (CSMA/CD with Application profiles refer primarily
quired for communication and ar- Ethernet). to devices (field devices, controls
ranges them into seven layers with and integration tools) and comprise
each layer building upon the layer Addressing is necessary to se- both an agreed selection of bus
beneath (Fig. 2). Each layer has to lectively identify a station. For this communications and the specific
fulfill specified functions within the purpose, station addresses are as- device application. This type of pro-
communication process. If a com- signed either by an address switch file serves manufacturers as a
munication system does not re- (hard addresses) or during pa- specification for the development of
quire some of those specific func- rameter assignment during com- profile-conforming and interoper-
tions, the corresponding layers missioning (soft addresses). able devices. System profiles de-
have no purpose and are by- scribe classes of systems that in-
passed. PROFIBUS uses layers 1, Communication Services fulfill clude functionality, program inter-
2 and 7. communication tasks of the station faces and integration tools.
either cyclic or acyclic user data
Communications Protocols communication. The number and
define how two or more stations type of these services are criteria
exchange data using message for the application area of a com-
frames. A data frame contains dif- munications protocol. A distinction
ferent fields for messages and con- is made between connection-
trol information. The actual data
field is preceded by the header in- IEC 61158 OSI
Contents
formation (source and destination document layer
address and details of the subse- IEC 61158-1 Introduction
quent message) and followed by Physical layer specification and service
IEC 61158-2 1
the data security part containing definition
check information with regard to IEC 61158-3 Data-link service definition 2
the correctness of the transmission IEC 61158-4 Data-link protocol specification 2
(fault recognition). 7
IEC 61158-5 Application layer service definition
A feature of fieldbuses is that they IEC 61158-6 Application layer protocol specification 7
enable optimum transmission of
small, time-critical data volumes Table 1: Breakdown of IEC 61158

2 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


Physical Implementa- PROFIBUS is Type 3 and PROFI-
Profile set Data link net Type 10.
layer tion
RS485 IEC 61158 notes that bus commu-
IEC 61158 subsets;
Plastic fiber nication (by definition) is only pos-
Profile 3/1 asynchronous
Glass fiber
PROFIBUS
transmission sible between devices that belong
PCF fiber to the same protocol type.
IEC 61158 subsets;
Profile 3/2 synchronous MBP PROFIBUS IEC 61784 bears the title "Profile
transmission Sets for Continuous and Discrete
Manufacturing Relative to Fieldbus
ISO/IEC8802-3 ISO/IEC Use in Industrial Control Systems“.
Profile 3/3 TCP/UDP/IP/Ethernet 8802-3
PROFInet
Assignment to IEC 61158 is estab-
lished through the following intro-
Table 2: Properties of the Communication Profile Family CPF 3 ductory comment: "This interna-
(PROFIBUS) tional standard (i.e. IEC 61784)
specifies a set of protocol specific
1.3 International and is broken down into 6 parts communication profiles based on
Standardization that are designated 61158-1, IEC 61158, to be used in the de-
61158-2 etc. The contents of Part 1 sign of devices involved in commu-
International standardization deal with introductory subjects, nications in factory manufacturing
of a fieldbus system is necessary while the subsequent parts are ori- and process control“.
for its acceptance, establishment ented towards the OSI reference
IEC 61784 depicts which subsets
and its benefits. PROFIBUS model (layers 1, 2 and 7); see
of the total available set of "ser-
achieved national standardization Table 1.
vices“ and “protocols” specified in
in 1991/1993 in DIN 19245, Part 1-
The various parts of IEC 61158 de- IEC 61158 (and other standards)
3 and Europe-wide standardization
fine, among other things, the nu- are used by a specific fieldbus sys-
in 1996 in EN 50170.
merous services and protocols for tem for communication. The field-
Together with other fieldbus sys- communication between stations bus-specific "communication pro-
tems, PROFIBUS has been stan- which are regarded as the total files“ determined in this manner are
dardized in IEC 61158 since 1999. available set, from which a specific summarized in the "Communica-
2002 saw the completion of activi- selection (subset) is made for spe- tion Profile Families (CPF)“ accord-
ties to update IEC 61158. In the cific fieldbus systems. ing to their implementation in the
course of these activities, the latest individual fieldbus systems.
PROFIBUS and PROFInet devel- The fact that a wide range of differ-
ent fieldbus systems is available on The profile sets implemented with
opments were incorporated in this
the market is acknowledged in IEC PROFIBUS are summarized under
standard.
61158 by the definition of 10 "field- the designation "Family 3“ with
IEC 61158 bears the title "Digital bus protocol types“ with the desig- subdivisions 3/1, 3/2 und 3/3. Table
nation Type 1 to Type 10. 2 shows their assignment to
Data Communication for Meas-
PROFIBUS and PROFInet.
urement and Control – Fieldbus for
Use in Industrial Control Systems“

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 3


2. PROFIBUS ZVEI (Central Association for the gressive technology and the suc-
Electrical Industry) agreed to sup- cess of its non-commercial PRO-
at a Glance port a mutual technical concept for FIBUS User Organisation e.V.
factory and process automation. (PNO), the trade body of manufac-
PROFIBUS is an open, digital turers and users founded in 1989.
A first step saw the specification of Together with the 22 other regional
communication system with a wide the complex communications pro- PROFIBUS associations in coun-
range of applications, particularly in tocol PROFIBUS FMS (Fieldbus tries around the world, and the in-
the fields of factory and process Message Specification), which was ternational umbrella organization
automation. PROFIBUS is suitable tailored to demanding communica- PROFIBUS International (PI)
for both fast, time-critical applica- tion tasks. A further step in 1993 founded in 1995, this organization
tions and complex communication saw completion of the specification now boasts more than 1,100 mem-
tasks. for the more simply configured and bers worldwide. Objectives are the
faster PROFIBUS DP protocol continuous further development of
PROFIBUS communication is an-
(Decentralized Periphery). This PROFIBUS technology and in-
chored in the international stan-
protocol is now available in three creased acceptance worldwide.
dards IEC 61158 and IEC 61784.
functionally scaleable versions DP-
The application and engineering
V0, DP-V1 and DP-V2. As well as sponsoring the wide
aspects are specified in the gener-
range development of technology
ally available guidelines of the
and its acceptance, PI also under-
PROFIBUS User Organization. 2.2 Market Position takes additional tasks for the
This fulfills user demand for manu-
worldwide support of members
facturer independence and open- Building on these two communica- (users and manufacturer) with ad-
ness and ensures communication tions protocols, coupled with the vice, information and procedures
between devices of various manu- development of numerous applica- for quality assurance as well as the
facturers. tion-oriented profiles and a fast standardization of technology in in-
growing number of devices, ternational standards.
PROFIBUS began ist advance, ini-
2.1 History tially in factory automation and, PI forms the largest fieldbus user
since 1995, in process automation. association in the world. This
The history of PROFIBUS goes
Today, PROFIBUS is the fieldbus represents future opportunities and
back to a association venture pro-
world market leader with more than responsibility in equal measure,
ject supported by the public au-
a 20% share of the market, approx. opportunity to continue creating
thorities, which began in 1987 in
500,000 equipped applications and and establishing leading technolo-
Germany. Within the framework of
more than 5 million nodes. Today, gies that are useful to users and
this venture, 21 companies and in-
there are more than 2000 responsibility for those at the head
stitutes joined forces and created a
PROFIBUS products available from of these user associations to be
strategic fieldbus project. The goal
a wide range of manufacturers. unwavering in their endeavors to
was the realization and establish-
ment of a bit-serial fieldbus, the target openness and investment
basic requirement of which was the protection for PROFIBUS in the fu-
2.3 Organization ture. This commitment (see intro-
standardization of the field device
interface. For this purpose, the duction) serves as the guiding prin-
The success of PROFIBUS stems
relevant member companies of the ciple for all concerned.
in equal measures from its pro-
Dosing
& Dosing

Application
Systems
Ident Systems

Profiles II
Devices

PROFIdrive
PA Devices

PROFIdrive
PA
for PA

V3.0

Encoder
and V3.0

Encoder
SEMI
SEMI

Weighing &
RIO for

V2.0 and

Technologies

Profiles 1…x
Weighing
RIO

Integration
V2.0

Ident
PA

System

Application Common Application Profiles (optional):


etc.)
FDT, etc.)

Profiles I PROFIsafe, Time Stamp, Redundancy, etc.


Classes
Conformance Classes
(Comm-FB, FDT,
Configurators)
(DTM, Configurators)
EDD)
(GSD, EDD)

IEC 61158/61784
Interfaces (Comm-FB,

Communication
Master Conformance
Descriptions (GSD,

Technologies
PROFIBUS DP
DP-V0...V2
Tools (DTM,
•• Descriptions

Constraints
•• Constraints
•• Interfaces

Transmission
•• Master

RS485: NRZ Fiber: Glass Multi Mode MBP *): Manchester Bus Powered
•• Tools

Technologies RS485-IS: Intrinsic Safety Optics: Glass Single Mode MBP-LP: Low Power
PCF / Plastic Fiber MBP-IS: Intrinsic Safety

Fig. 3: Technical system structure PROFIBUS

4 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


2.4 The PROFIBUS best known PROFIBUS versions protection type EEx-i for use in po-
”Tool Box” (Fig. 4). tentially explosive areas. The
specified levels of voltage and cur-
PROFIBUS has a modular design PROFIBUS DP is the main em- rent refer to the safety-relevant
and offers a range of communica- phasis for factory automation; it maximum values that must not be
tion technologies, numerous appli- uses RS485 transmission technol- exceeded in either individual de-
cation and system profiles, as well ogy, one of the DP commu- vices or during interconnection in
as device management tools. Thus nications protocol versions and one the system. In contrast to the
PROFIBUS covers the diverse and or more application profile(s) typi- FISCO model (see Chapter 3.1.2),
application-specific demands from cal of factory automation, such as which only has one intrinsically
the field of factory and process Ident Systems or Robots/NC. safe source, in this case all stations
automation. The number of in- represent active sources.
stalled PROFIBUS plants are proof PROFIBUS PA is the main em-
of the high acceptance of this field- phasis for process automation, The MBP transmission technology
bus technology. typically with MBP-IS transmission (Manchester Coded, Bus Powered,
technology, the communications previous designation "IEC 1158-2 -
From the technological stand- protocol version DP-V1 and the Physics", see Chapter 3.1) is avail-
point the lower level (communica- application profile PA Devices. able for applications in process
tions) of the system structure of automation with a demand for bus
PROFIBUS (see Fig. 3) is based
Motion Control with PROFI- powering and intrinsic safety of de-
on the aforementioned ISO/OSI BUS is the main emphasis for vices. Compared to the previously
reference model. This intentionally drive technology using RS485 used procedure, the "Fieldbus In-
gave an abstract description of the transmission technology, the com- trinsically Safe Concept“ (FISCO,
communication steps without pro- munications protocol version DP- see Chapter 3.1.2), which was
viding details of content/practical V2 and the application profile specially developed for intercon-
implementation. Fig. 3 contains the PROFIdrive. nection of intrinsically safe fieldbus
implementation of the OSI model devices, considerably simplifies
(layers 1, 2 and 7) in PROFIBUS
PROFIsafe is the main emphasis planning and installation.
for safety-relevant applications
with details on how the layers are
(universal use for allmost all indus- Fiber-optic transmission is suit-
individually implemented/specified.
tries), using RS485 or MBP-IS able for use in areas with high elec-
Specifications agreed between transmission technology, one of the tromagnetic interference or where
manufacturers and users on spe- available DP versions for commu- greater network distances are re-
cific device applications are ar- nication and the application profile quired (see chapter 3.1.3).
ranged above layer 7 in application PROFIsafe.
profiles I and II.

Across several layers, the modular


2.4.2 Communication
2.4.1 Transmission Protocols
system as shown in Fig. 3 has the
following:
Technologies
At the protocol level, PROFIBUS
There is a whole range of trans- with DP and its versions DP-V0 to
• Functions and tools for device
mission technologies available for DP-V2 offers a broad spectrum of
description and integration
PROFIBUS. options, which enable optimum
(umbrella term: Integration
Technologies, see Chapter 7) communication between different
RS485 is the most commonly applications. Historically speaking,
and used transmission technology. It FMS was the first PROFIBUS
uses a shielded twisted pair cable communications protocol.
• A range of standards (inter-
and enables transmission rates up
faces, master profiles; um-
to 12 Mbit/sec. FMS
brella term: system profiles)
that primarily serve the realiza- (Fieldbus Message Specifica-
The newly specified version tion) is designed for communica-
tion of uniform, standardized RS485-IS has been recently
systems, see Chapter 6. tion at the cell level, where pro-
specified as a 4-wire medium in grammable controllers, such as

From the user standpoint


PROFIBUS presents itself in the
form of different typical-application
main emphases that are not spe-
cifically defined but have proven
useful as a result of frequent appli-
cations. Each main emphasis re-
sults from a typical (but not specifi-
cally defined) combination of
modular elements from the groups
"transmission technology", "com-
munications protocol" and "applica-
tion profiles". The following exam-
ples explain this principle using the Fig. 4: Typical, application-oriented features of PROFIBUS

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 5


PLCs and PCs primarily communi- cial features of field devices, con- • PROFIBUS offers plant manu-
cate with each other. It was the trols and methods of integration facturers and operators an in-
forerunner of PROFIBUS DP. (engineering). The term profile dustry-wide, universal, open
ranges from just a few specifica- technology.
DP tions for a specific device class
(Decentralized Periphery) is the through comprehensive specifica- • PROFIBUS is a key factor in
simple, fast, cyclic and determinis- tions for applications in a specific noticeably reducing costs in
tic process data exchange between industry. The generic term used for the field of machine and plant
a bus master and the assigned all profiles is application profiles. engineering.
slave devices. The original version,
designated DP-V0, has been ex- A distinction is then drawn between • PROFIBUS has consistently
panded to include version DP-V1, general application profiles with and logically expanded its ap-
offering acyclic data exchange be- implementation options for different plication area while taking into
tween master and slave. A further applications (this includes, for ex- account the demands of the
version DP-V2 is also available, ample, the profiles PROFIsafe, respective application fields.
which provides for direct slave-to- Redundancy and Time Stamp), This ensures optimum support
slave communication with an specific application profiles, of industry-specific applica-
isochronous bus cycle. which are developed for a specific tions.
application, such as PROFIdrive,
SEMI or PA Devices, and system • PROFIBUS means optimum
The Bus Access Protocol, and master profiles, which de- integration in many automation
layer 2 or the data-link layer, de- scribe specific system performance and engineering systems for
fines the master-slave procedure that is available to field devices. users due to its overall accep-
and the token passing procedure tance and widespread use.
for coordination of several masters PROFIBUS offers a wide range of
on the bus (Fig. 5). The tasks of such application profiles, which al- • PROFIBUS has pursued the
layer 2 also include functions, such low application-oriented implemen- stabilization and broad accep-
as data security and the handling tation. tance of communication plat-
of data frames. forms, the further development
2.5 PROFIBUS - of application profiles and the
connection of industrial auto-
The Application Layer, Layer 7,
The keys to success mation to the IT world of corpo-
defines the application layer and The success of PROFIBUS, its rate management.
forms the interface to the applica-
world market leadership is deter-
tion program. It offers various ser-
mined by many factors:
vices for cyclic and acyclic data ex-
change.

2.4.3 Profiles
Profiles are the specifications de-
fined by manufacturers and users
regarding specific properties, per-
formance features and behavior of
devices and systems. Profile speci-
fications define the parameters and
behavior of devices and systems
that belong to a profile family built
around to profile-conformance de-
velopment, which facilitate device
interoperability and, in some in-
stances, device interchangeability
on a bus. Profiles take into account
application and type-specific spe- Fig. 5: PROFIBUS configuration with active masters and slaves

6 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


3. PROFIBUS fect on stations already in opera- When connecting the stations, al-
tion. ways ensure that the data lines are
Transmission and not reversed. Always use a
Communication One new option is the ability of shielded data line (type A is
RS485 to also operate in intrinsi- shielded) to ensure high interfer-
cally safe areas (RS485-IS, see ence immunity of the system
explanation at the end of this sec- against electromagnetic emissions.
3.1 Transmission tion). The shield should be grounded on
Technology both sides where possible and
Characteristics of RS485 large-area shield clamps should be
In the ISO/OSI reference model, Various transmission rates can
layer 1 defines the method of used for grounding to ensure good
be selected between 9.6 Kbit/s and conductivity. Furthermore, always
"physical" data transmission, i.e. 12 Mbit/s. One uniform speed is
electrical and mechanical. This in- ensure that the data line is laid
selected for all devices on the bus separately and, where possible,
cludes the type of encoding and when commissioning the system.
the transmission standard used away from all power cables. Never
Up to 32 stations can be con- use spur lines for transmission
(RS485). Layer 1 is called the nected. The maximum permissible
physical layer. rates ≥ 1.5 Mbit/s.
line length depends on the trans-
mission rate. These and other Commercially available connectors
PROFIBUS provides different
properties are summarized in support direct connection of the in-
versions of layer 1 as a transmis-
Table 4. coming and outgoing data cable in
sion technology (see Table 4). All
the connector. This eliminates the
versions are based on international
Installation instructions for need for spur lines and the bus
standards and are assigned to
RS485 connector can be connected and
PROFIBUS in both IEC 61158 and
disconnected to the bus at any time
IEC 61784.
Topology without interrupting data communi-
All devices are connected in a bus cations. The type of connector
Transmission Range per structure (line). Up to 32 stations suitable for RS485 transmission
Rate Segment (masters or slaves) can be con- technology depends on the degree
[KBit/s] [m] nected in a single segment. The of protection. A 9-pin D-Sub con-
9.6; 19.2; 45.45; beginning and end of each seg- nector is primarily used for protec-
1200
93.75
ment is fitted with an active bus tion rating IP 20. For IP 65/67 there
187.5 1000
terminator (Fig. 6). Both bus termi- are three common alternatives:
500 400 nators have a permanent power
1500 200 supply to ensure error-free opera- • M12 circular connector in ac-
3000; 6000; 12000 100 tion. The bus terminator is usually cordance with IEC 947-5-2
switched in the devices or in the
The values refer to cable type A • Han-Brid connector in accor-
connectors. If more than 32 sta-
with the following properties: dance with DESINA recom-
tions are implemented or there is a
Impedance 135 to 165 Ω need to expand the network area, mendation
Capacity ≤ 30 pf/m repeaters must be used to link the
• Siemens hybrid connector
Loop resistance ≤ 110 Ω/km individual bus segments.
Wire diameter > 0.64 mm The hybrid connector system also
Cables and Connectors provides a version for the trans-
Core cross-section > 0.34 mm2 Different cable types (type designa- mission of data using fiber optics
tion A - D) for different applications and 24 V working voltage for pe-
Table 3: Transmission rate and are available on the market for
range for cable type A
ripherals over copper cable in a
connecting devices either to each shared hybrid cable.
other or to network elements (seg-
ment couplers, links and repeat- Problems with data transmission in
3.1.1 RS485 Transmission ers). When using RS485 transmis- PROFIBUS networks can usually
Technology sion technology, PI recommends be attributed to incorrect wiring or
the use of cable type A (see data in installation. These problems can
RS485 transmission technology is Table 3). often be solved using bus test de-
simple and cost-effective and pri- vices, which are able to detect
marily used for tasks that require "PROFIBUS" cables are offered by many typical wiring errors even be-
high transmission rates. Shielded, a wide range of manufacturers; PI fore commissioning.
twisted pair copper cable with one particularly recommends the fast-
conductor pair is used. connect system which, when used For a list of suppliers of the many
with a suitable cable and special different connectors, cables, re-
RS485 transmission technology is stripping tool, allows fast, reliable peaters, bus test devices men-
easy to use. No expert knowledge and extremely simple wiring. tioned here, please refer to the
is required for installation of the PROFIBUS online Product Catalog
cable. The bus structure allows ad- (www.profibus.com).
dition or removal of stations or the
step-by-step commissioning of the RS485-IS
system without influencing other There has been great demand
stations. Subsequent expansions among users to support the use of
(within defined limits) have no ef-

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 7


VP (6) ing attributes
Station 1 Station 2

390 Ω
• "Manchester Coding (M)", and
Data line
• "Bus Powered", (BP).
RxD/TxD-P (3) (3) RxD/TxD-P RxD/TxD-P (3)

DGND (5) (5) DGND This term replaces the previously


220 Ω
VP (6) (6) VP common terms for intrinsically safe
RxD/TxD-N (8) (8) RxD/TxD-N
Data line
RxD/TxD-N (8) transmission "Physics in accor-
Shielding
dance with IEC 61158-2", "1158-2",
Protective Protective 390 Ω etc. The reason for this change is
ground ground
that, in its definitive version, the
DGND (5)
IEC 61158-2 (physical layer) de-
scribes several different connection
Wiring Bus termination
technologies, including MBP tech-
nology, not being therefore unam-
Fig. 6: Wiring and bus termination for RS485 transmission technology
biguos.
RS485 with its fast transmission maximum permissible current. MBP is synchronous transmission
rates in intrinsically safe areas. with a defined transmission rate of
An innovation of the RS485-IS
31.25 Kbit/s and Manchester cod-
The PNO has addressed this task concept is that, in contrast to the
ing. This transmission technology
and worked out a guideline for the FISCO model that only has one in-
is frequently used in process auto-
configuration of intrinsically safe trinsically safe source, all stations
mation as it satisfies the key de-
RS485 solutions with simple device now represent active sources. The
mands of the chemical and petro-
interchangeability. continuing investigations of the
chemical industries for intrinsic
testing agency lead us to expect
The specification of the interface safety and bus power using two-
that it will be possible to connect up
details the levels for current and wire technology. The characteris-
to 32 stations to the intrinsically
voltage that must be adhered to by tics of this transmission technology
safe bus circuit.
all stations in order to ensure safe are summarized in Table 4. This
functioning during operation. An means that PROFIBUS can also be
electric circuit permits maximum used in potentially explosive areas
currents at a specified voltage 3.1.2 Transmission in and be intrinsically safe.
level. When connecting active Accordance with MBP
sources, the sum of the currents of
The term MBP stands for trans-
all stations must not exceed the
mission technology with the follow-

MBP RS485 RS485-IS Fiber Optic

Data transmission Digital, bit-synchronous, Digital, differential Digital, differential Optical, digital, NRZ
Manchester encoding signals according signals according
to RS485, NRZ to RS485, NRZ
Transmission rate 31.25 KBit/s 9.6 to 12,000 KBit/s 9.6 to 1,500 KBit/s 9.6 to 12,000 KBit/s
Data security Preamble,error-protected, HD=4, Parity bit, HD=4, Parity bit, HD=4, Parity bit,
start/end delimiter start/end delimiter start/end delimiter start/end delimiter
Cable Shielded, twisted pair Shielded, twisted pair Shielded, twisted Multimode glass fiber,
copper copper, cable type A 4-wire, cable type A singlemode glass
fiber, PCF, plastic
Remote feeding Optional available over Available over Available over Available over
signal wire additional wire additional wire hybrid line
Protection type Instrinsic safety None Instrinsic safety None
(EEx ia/ib) (EEx ib)
Topology Line and tree topology Line topology with Line topology with Star and ring topology
with termination; also in termination termination typical; line topology
combination possible
Number Up to 32 stations per Up to 32 stations per Up to 32 stations per Up to 126 stations per
of stations segment; total sum of segment without segment; up to 126 network
max. 126 per network repeater; up to 126 stations with repeater
stations with repeater
Number Max. 4 repeater Max. 9 repeater with Max. 9 repeater with Unlimited with signal
of repeaters signal refreshing signal refreshing refreshing (time delay
of signal)
Table 4: Transmission technologies (Physical Layer) at PROFIBUS

8 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


Installation Instructions for pedance. When using a tree topol- to specify a supply unit and the line
MBP ogy, all field devices connected to length for the selected cable type.
the fieldbus segment are wired in The required current (=Σ power re-
Connection technology parallel in the field distributor. In all quirements) is derived from the
The intrinsically safe transmission cases, the maximum permissible sum of the basic currents of the
technology MBP is usually limited spur line lengths must be taken into field devices connected in the re-
to a specific segment (field devices account when calculating the over- spective segment plus, where ap-
in hazardous areas) of a plant, all line length. In intrinsically safe plicable, a reserve of 9 mA per
which are then linked to the RS485 applications, a spur line has a max. segment for the operating current
segment (control system and engi- permissible length of 30 m. of the FDE (Fault Disconnection
neering devices in the control Electronics). The FDE prevents
room) via a segment coupler or Transmission Medium faulty devices permanently block-
links (Fig. 7). A shielded two-wire cable is used ing the bus.
as the transmission medium, see
Segment couplers are signal con- Fig. 6. The bus trunk cable has a Joint operation of bus-powered and
verters that modulate the RS485 passive line terminator at each externally fed devices is permissi-
signals to the MBP signal level and end, which comprises an RC ele- ble. Please note that externally fed
vice versa. They are transparent ment connected in series with R = devices also consume a basic cur-
from the bus protocol standpoint. 100 Ω and C = 2 µF. The bus ter- rent over the bus terminator, which
minator is already integrated in the must be taken into account accord-
In contrast, links have their own in- segment coupler or link. When us- ingly when calculating the max.
trinsic intelligence. They map all ing MBP technology, incorrect con- available feed current.
the field devices connected to the nection of a field device (i.e. polar-
MBP segment as a single slave in ity reversal) has no effect on the The FISCO model considerably
the RS485 segment. There is no functionality of the bus as these simplifies the planning, installation
limit to the transmission rate in the devices are usually fitted with an and expansion of PROFIBUS net-
RS485 segment when using links, automatic polarity detection func- works in potentially explosive areas
so that fast networks can also be tion. (see chapter 3.1.4).
implemented using field devices
with MBP connection. No. of Stations,
Line Length 3.1.3 Fiber Optic Transmis-
Network Topologies with The number of stations that can be sion Technology
MBP connected to a segment is limited
Tree or line structures (and any to 32. However, this number may Some fieldbus application condi-
combination of the two) are net- be further determined by the pro- tions place restrictions on wire-
work topologies supported by tection type selected and bus bound transmission technology,
PROFIBUS with MBP transmis- power (if any). such as those in environments with
sion. very high electromagnetic interfer-
In intrinsically safe networks, both ence or when particularly large dis-
In a line structure, stations are the maximum feed voltage and the tances need to be covered.
connected to the trunk cable using maximum feed current are defined Fiber optic transmission over fiber
tee adapters. The tree topology is within strict limits. But the output of optic conductors is suitable in such
comparable to the classic field in- the supply unit is limited even for cases. The PROFIBUS guideline
stallation method. The multi-core nonintrinsically safe networks. (2.022) for fiber optic transmission
master cable is replaced by the
specifies the technology available
two-wire bus master cable, the field As a rule of thumb for determining
for this purpose. When determining
distributor retains its function of the max. line length, it suffices to
these specifications, great care
connecting the field devices and calculate the power requirements
was naturally taken to allow prob-
detecting the bus terminator im- of the connected field devices, and
lem-free integration of existing
PROFIBUS devices in a fiber optic
network without the need to
change the protocol behavior of
PROFIBUS (layer 1). This ensures
backward compatibility with exist-
ing PROFIBUS installations.

The supported fiber optic types are


shown in Table 5. The transmission
characteristics support not only star
and ring topology structures, but
also line structures.

In the simplest case, a fiber optic


network is implemented using elec-
trical/optical transformers that are
connected to the device and the fi-
ber optics over a RS485 interface.
Fig. 7: Plant topology and bus powering of field devices using MBP
transmission technology This allows you to switch between
RS485 and fiber optic transmission

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 9


within a plant, depending on the Boundary conditions for the application of FISCO
circumstances. • Only one power source permitted per segment
3.1.4 The FISCO model • All stations must be approved in accordance with FISCO
• The cable length must not exceed 1000 m (ignition protection
The FISCO model (Fieldbus Intrin- class i, category a)/ 1900 m (ignition protection class i, category b)
sically Safe Concept) considerably • The cable must satisfy the following values:
simplifies the planning, installation
R´= 15 ... 150 Ω/km
and expansion of PROFIBUS net-
works in potentially explosive ar- L´= 0.4 ... 1mH/km
eas. C´= 80 ... 200 nF/km
• All combinations of power supply unit and field devices must ensure
This model was developed in Ger- that the permissible input variables of any of the field devices (Ui, Ii
many by the PTB ( Physikalisch
and Pi) must be above the, in case of a fault, maximum possible and
Technische Bundesanstalt - Ger-
man Federal Technical Institute) approved output variables (U0, I0 and P0; in the US: Vmax, Imax and
and is now internationally recog- Pmax) of the relevant supply unit.
nized as the basic model for the
operation of fieldbuses in poten- User benefits of FISCO
tially explosive areas. • Plug & Play supported, even in hazardous areas
The model is based on the specifi- • No system certification
cation that a network is intrinsically • Interchangeability of devices or expansion
safe and requires no individual in- of plant without time-consuming calculations
trinsic safety calculations when the • Maximization of the number of connected devices
relevant four bus components (field
devices, cables, segment couplers
and bus terminators) fall within • No power is fed to the bus 3.2 Communication
predefined limits with regard to when a station is sending. Protocol DP
voltage, current, output, inductance • Each segment has only one
source of power, the supply The communications protocol DP
and capacity. The corresponding
unit. (Decentralized Peripherals) has
proof can be provided by certifica-
been designed for fast data ex-
tion of the components through au- • Each field device consumes a change at field level. This is where
thorized accreditation agencies, constant basic current of at central programmable controllers,
such as PTB (Germany) or UL least 10 mA in steady state. such as PLCs, PCs or process
(USA) and others.
• The field devices act as a pas- control systems, communicate with
If FISCO-approved devices are sive current sink. distributed field devices, such as
used, not only is it possible to op- I/O, drives, valves, transducers or
• Passive line termination is im-
erate more devices on a single line, analysis devices, over a fast serial
plemented at both ends of the
but the devices can be replaced connection. Data exchange with
bus trunk line.
during runtime by devices of other the distributed devices is primarily
• Networks in line, tree and star cyclic. The communication func-
manufacturers or the line can be
topology are supported. tions required for this are specified
expanded - all without the need for
time-consuming calculations or With bus power, the basic current through the DP basic functions
system certification. So you can of at least 10 mA per device serves (version DP-V0). Geared towards
simply plug & play - even in haz- to supply power to the field device. the special demands of the various
ardous areas! You merely need to Communication signals are gener- areas of application, these basic
ensure adherence to the aforemen- ated by the sending device, which DP functions have been expanded
tioned rules (see "Installation in- modulates ± 9 mA to the basic cur- step-by-step with special functions,
structions for MBP) when selecting rent. so that DP is now available in three
supply unit, line length and bus versions; DP-V0, DP-V1 and DP-
terminator. V2, whereby each version has its
own special key features (see Fig.
Transmission according to MBP 8). This breakdown into versions
and the FISCO model is based on largely reflects the chronological
the following principles: sequence of specification work as
a result of the ever-increasing de-
mands of applications. Versions V0
Fiber type Core diameter [µm] Range and V1 contain both "characteris-
tics" (binding for implementation)
Multimode glass fiber 62.5/125 2-3 km and options, while version V2 only
Singlemode glass fiber 9/125 > 15 km specifies options.
Plastic fiber 980/1000 < 80 m
HCS® fiber 200/230 approx. 500 m

Table 5: Characteristics of optical fibers

10 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, August 2002


The key contents of the three ver-
Functional
sions are as follows: Levels
DP-V2
DP-V0 provides the basic func- „ Data Exchange Broadcast (Publisher / Subscriber)
„ Isochronous Mode (Equidistance)
tionality of DP, including cyclic data plus extensions:
„ Clock Synchronization & Time Stamps
exchange as well as station diag- „ HARTonDP
nosis, module diagnosis and chan- „
„
Up/Download (Segmentation)
Redundancy
nel-specific diagnosis. DP-V1
„ Acyclic Data Exchange between PC or PLC and Slave Devices

DP-V1 contains enhancements „


plus extensions:
Integration within Engineering: EDD and FDT

Features
Device Features
geared towards process automa- „ Portable PLC Software Function Blocks (IEC 61131-3)
„ Fail-Safe Communication (PROFIsafe)
tion, in particular acyclic data „ Alarms
communication for parameter as- DP-V0

Device
„ Cyclic Data Exchange between PLC and Slave Devices
signment, operation, visualization plus extensions:
and alarm handling of intelligent „ GSD Configuration
„ Diagnosis
field devices, parallel to cyclic user Time
data communication. This permits
online access to stations using en- Fig. 8: Functionality of the PROFIBUS DP version with key features
gineering tools. In addition, DP-V1
defines alarms. Examples for dif- of these characteristics (see sum- System Configuration
ferent types of alarms are status mary in table 6).
alarm, update alarm and a manu-
and Device Types
facturer-specific alarm. Transmission Speed DP supports implementation of
DP only requires approx. 1 ms at both mono-master and multi-
DP-V2 contains further enhance- 12 Mbit/s for the transmission of master systems. This affords a
ments and is geared primarily to- 512 bits of input and 512 bits of high degree of flexibility during sys-
wards the demands of drive tech- output data distributed over 32 sta- tem configuration. A maximum of
nology. Due to additional function- tions. 126 devices (masters or slaves)
alities, such as isochronous slave Fig. 9 shows typical DP transmis- can be connected to a bus. The
mode and slave-to-slave communi- sion times, depending on the num- specifications for system configura-
cation (DXB, Data eXchange ber of stations and the transmis- tion define the following:
Broadcast) etc., the DP-V2 can sion rate. When using DP, input
also be implemented as a drive bus and output data are transmitted in • number of stations
for controlling fast movement se- a single message cycle. With DP,
quences in drive axes. • assignment of station ad-
user data is transmitted using the dresses to the I/O addresses,
The various versions of DP are SRD Services (Send and Receive
Data Service) of layer 2. • data consistences of I/O data,
specified in detail in the IEC 61158.
The following explains the key • the format of diagnosis mes-
Diagnosis Functions sages and
characteristics.
The comprehensive diagnosis
• the bus parameters used.
functions of DP enable fast location
of faults. The diagnosis messages Device Types
3.2.1 Basic Functions are transmitted over the bus and Each DP system is made up of 3
DP-V0 collected at the master. These different device types.
messages are divided into three
The central controller (master) levels: DP Master Class 1 (DPM1)
This is a central controller that cy-
• reads input information from Device-Specific Diagnosis clically exchanges information with
the slaves cyclically and Messages on the general readi- the distributed stations (slaves) at a
ness for service of a station, such specified message cycle. Typical
• writes output information to the as "Overheating", "Undervoltage" DPM1 devices are programmable
slaves cyclically. or "Interface unclear". logic controllers (PLCs) or PCs. A
The bus cycle time should be DPM1 has active bus access with
Module-Related Diagnosis which it can read measurement
shorter than the program cycle time These messages indicate whether
of the central automation system, data (inputs) of the field devices
a diagnosis is pending within a and write the setpoint values (out-
which is approx. 10 ms for many specific I/O subdomain of a station
applications. However, a faster puts) of the actuators at fixed
(for example 8-bit output module). times. This continuously repeating
data throughput alone is not
enough for successful implementa- Channel-Related Diagnosis cycle is the basis of the automation
tion of a bus system. Simple han- These messages indicate the function.
dling, good diagnosis capabilities cause of a fault related to an indi-
and interference-proof transmission vidual input/output bit (channel),
technology are also key factors. DP such as "Short-circuit at output".
provides an optimum combination

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 11


DP Master Class 2 (DPM2) Bus access • Token passing procedure between masters
Devices of this type are engineer-
and data passing between masters and slaves
ing, configuration or operating de-
• Mono-master or multi-master system option
vices. They are implemented dur-
ing commissioning and for mainte- • Master and slave devices, max. 126 stations
nance and diagnosis in order to on one bus
configure connected devices, Communication • Peer-to-peer (user data communication) or
evaluate measured values and pa- multicast (control commands)
rameters and request the device • Cyclic master-slave user data communication
status. A DPM2 does not have to Operating states • Operate
be permanently connected to the Cyclic transmission of input and output data
bus system. The DPM2 also has • Clear
active bus access. Inputs are read, outputs remain in fail-safe
state
Slaves • Stop
A slave is a peripheral (I/O de- Diagnosis and parameter assignment, no
vices, drives, HMIs, valves, trans- user data transmission
ducers, analysis devices), which Synchronization • Control commands enable the
reads in process information
synchronization of inputs and outputs
and/or uses output information to
• Sync mode
intervene in the process. There are
Outputs are synchronized
also devices that solely process
input information or output informa- • Freeze mode
tion. As far as communication is Inputs are synchronized
concerned, slaves are passive de- Functionality • Cyclic user data transfer between
vices, they only respond to direct DP master and slave(s)
queries. This behavior is simple • Dynamic activation/deactivation of individual
and cost-effective to implement (in slaves; checking of slave configuration
the case of DP-V0 it is already • Powerful diagnosis functions,
completely included in the hard- 3 levels of diagnosis messages
ware). • Synchronization of inputs and/or outputs
• Optional address assignment for slaves over
In the case of mono-master sys- the bus
tems, only one master is active on • Maximum 244 bytes of input/output data per
the bus during operation of the bus slave
system. Figure 10 shows the sys- Protective func- • Message transmission at Hamming Distance
tem configuration of a mono- tions HD=4
master system. The PLC is the • Watchdog control of DP slaves
central control component. The detects failure of assigned master
slaves are decentrally coupled to
• Access protection for outputs of slaves
the PLC over the transmission
• Monitoring of user data communication with
medium. This system configuration
adjustable monitoring timer in master
enables the shortest bus cycle
times.
Device types • DP master class 1 (DPM1) for example cen-
tral programmable controllers, such as PLCs,
In multi-master operation several PCs.
masters are connected to one bus. • DP master class 2 (DPM2)
They represent either independent for example engineering or diagnosis tools
subsystems, comprising one • DP slave for example devices with binary or
DPM1 and its assigned slaves, or analog inputs/outputs, drives, valves
additional configuration and diag-
nosis devices. The input and out- Table 6: Overview of DP-V0
put images of the slaves can be
read by all DP masters, while only
one DP master (the DPM1 as- tion device. There are three main tion, inputs are read from the
signed during configuration) can states: slaves and output information writ-
write-access the outputs. ten to the slaves.
Stop
System Behavior No data communication between The DPM1 cyclically sends its
In order to ensure a high degree of the DPM1 and the slaves. status to all its assigned slaves at
device interchangeability among configurable intervals using a mul-
Clear ticast command.
devices of the same type, the sys- The DPM1 reads the input informa-
tem behavior of DP has also been tion of the slaves and keeps the
standardized. This behavior is de- The reaction of the system to a
outputs of the slaves in a fail-safe fault during the data transfer phase
termined primarily by the operating state ("0" output).
state of the DPM1. of the DPM1, for example the
Operate failure of a slave, is determined by
This can be controlled either locally The DPM1 is in the data transfer the "auto clear" configuration pa-
or over the bus from the configura- phase. In cyclic data communica- rameter.

12 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


If this parameter is set to True, the
Bus cycle time
DPM1 switches the outputs of all [ms]
assigned slaves to a fail-safe state
18
the moment a slave is no longer
ready for user data transmission.
The DPM1 subsequently switches 14 500 Kbit/s
to the clear state.
10
If this parameter is set to False, the
DPM1 remains in the operate state 6
1.5 Mbit/s
even in the event of a fault and the
user can control the reaction of the 12 Mbit/s
2
system.
2 10 20 30 Slaves

Cyclic Data Communication Fig. 9: Bus cycle times of a DP mono-master system. Boundary conditions:
each slave has 2 bytes of input and output data
between the DPM1 and the
Slaves
The slaves begin sync mode when slaves are fitted with monitoring
Data communication between the they receive a sync command from mechanisms in the form of time
DPM1 and its assigned slaves is the assigned master. The outputs monitors. The monitoring interval is
automatically handled by the DPM1 of all addressed slaves are then defined during configuration.
in a defined, recurring sequence frozen in their current state. During
(see Fig. 11). The user defines the subsequent user data transmis- At the DP Master
assignment of the slave(s) to the sion, the output data are stored at The DPM1 uses a
DPM1 when configuring the bus the slave while the output states Data_Control_Timer to monitor the
system. The user also defines remain unchanged. The stored data communication of the slaves.
which slaves are to be in- output data are not sent to the out- A separate timer is used for each
cluded/excluded in the cyclic user puts until the next sync command slave. The time monitor is tripped if
data communication. is received. Sync mode is termi- no correct user data transfer is
nated with the "unsync" command. executed within the monitoring in-
Data communication between the terval. In this case, the user is noti-
DPM1 and the slaves is divided In the same way, a freeze com- fied. If the automatic error handling
into three phases: parameteriza- mand causes the addressed slaves (Auto_Clear = True) is enabled, the
tion, configuration and data trans- to enter freeze mode. In this DPM1 exits the operate state,
fer. Before the master includes a mode, the states of the inputs are switches the outputs of the as-
DP slave in the data transfer frozen at their current value. The signed slaves to the fail-safe state
phase, a check is run during the input data are not updated again and shifts to the clear mode.
parameterization and configuration until the master sends the next
phase to ensure that the configured freeze command. Freeze mode is At the Slave
setpoint configuration matches the terminated with the "unfreeze" The slave uses the watchdog con-
actual device configuration. During command. trol to detect errors of the master or
this check, the device type, format transmission. If no data communi-
and length information and the cation with the master occurs
number of inputs and outputs must within the watchdog control inter-
Protective Mechanisms
also correspond. This provides the val, the slave automatically
user with reliable protection against For safety reasons, it is necessary switches its outputs to the fail-safe
parameterization errors. In addition to ensure that DP has effective pro- state.
to user data transfer, which is tective functions against incorrect
automatically executed by the In addition, access protection is re-
parameterization or failure of
DPM1, the user can also request quired for the outputs of the slaves
transmission equipment. For this
that new parameterization data are operating in multi-master systems.
purpose the DP master and the
sent to the slaves. This ensures that only the author-

Sync and freeze mode


In addition to the station-related
user data communication, which is
automatically handled by the
DPM1, the master can also send
control commands to all slaves or a
group of slaves simultaneously.
These control commands are
transmitted as multicast commands
and enable sync and freeze modes
for event-controlled synchroniza-
tion of the slaves. Fig. 10: PROFIBUS DP mono-master system

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 13


into the categories alarms and the actual data acquisition (TI )
status messages (see Fig. 12). over control (Rx) through to the
setpoint data output (TO), which
usually extends over two bus cy-
3.2.3 Version DP-V2 cles.

Slave-to-Slave Clock Control


This function (a real-time master
Communications (DXB) sends time stamps to all slaves
This function enables direct and
over the new connectionless MS3
time-saving communication bet-
services, designed for this pur-
ween slaves using broadcast
pose) synchronizes all stations to a
communication without the detour
system time with a deviation of less
Fig. 11: Cyclic user data over a master. In this case the
than one millisecond. This allows
transmission in DP slaves act as "publisher", i.e., the
the precise tracking of events. This
ized master has direct access. For slave response does not go
is particularly useful for the acquisi-
all other masters, the slaves pro- through the coordinating master,
tion of timing functions in networks
vide an image of their inputs and but directly to other slaves embed-
with numerous masters. This facili-
that can be read without access ded in the sequence, the so-called
tates the diagnosis of faults as well
rights. "subscribers" (see Fig. 15). This
as the chronological planning of
enables slaves to directly read data
events.
from other slaves and use them as
their own input. This opens up the Upload and Download
3.2.2 Version DP-V1 possibility of completely new appli- (Load Region)
cations; it also reduces response
Acyclic data communications This function allows the loading of
times on the bus by up to 90 %.
The key feature of version DP-V1 any size of data area in a field de-
is the extended function for acyclic Isochronous Mode vice with few commands. This en-
data communication. This forms This function enables clock syn- ables, for example, programs to be
the requirement for parameteriza- chronous control in masters and updated or devices replaced with-
tion and calibration of the field de- slaves, irrespective of the bus load. out the need for manual loading
vices over the bus during runtime The function enables highly precise processes.
and for the introduction of con- positioning processes with clock
firmed alarm messages. Transmis- deviations of less than one micro-
sion of acyclic data is executed second. All participating device cy-
parallel to cyclic data communica- cles are synchronized to the bus
tion, but with lower priority. Figure master cycle through a "global con-
13 shows some sample communi- trol" broadcast message. A special
cation sequences. The master sign of life (consecutive number)
class 1 has the token and is able to allows monitoring of the synchroni-
send messages to or retrieve them zation. Fig. 14 shows the available
from slave 1, then slave 2, etc. in a times for data exchange (DX,
fixed sequence until it reaches the green), access of a master class 2
last slave of the current list (MS0 (yellow) and reserve (white). The
channel); it then passes on the to- red arrow identifies the route from
ken to the master class 2. This
master can then use the remaining
available time ("gap") of the pro-
grammed cycle to set up an acyclic
connection to any slave (in Figure
13 slave 3) to exchange records
(MS2 channel); at the end of the
current cycle time it returns the to-
ken to the master class 1. The
acyclic exchange of records can
last for several scan cycles or their
"gaps"; at the end, the master class
2 uses the gap to clear the connec-
tion. Similarly, as well as the mas-
ter class 2, the master class 1 can
also execute acyclic data exchange
with slaves (MS1 channel).

Additional available services are


shown in Table 7.

Extended diagnosis
As a further function, the device-
specific diagnosis of the DP-V1 Fig. 12: Configuration of diagnosis messages in DP-V0 and DP-V1
have been enhanced and divided

14 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


blocks enabled for read/write ac-
cess are also regarded as as-
PROFIBUS-DP Token PROFIBUS-DP signed to the modules and can be
Master Class 1 Master Class 2 addressed using slot number and
index. The slot number addresses
the module and the index ad-
dresses the data blocks assigned
to a module. Each data block can
be up to 244 bytes (see Fig. 16). In
the case of modular devices, the
slot number is assigned to the
DP- Slave DP-Slave DP-Slave modules. The modules begin at 1
1 2 3
and are numbered in ascending
contiguous sequence. The slot
number 0 is for the device itself.
Cycle: Slave1 Slave2 Slave3 Slave3
Compact devices are regarded as
a unit of virtual modules. These
Cyclic Access Acyclic Access can also be addressed with slot
of Master 1 of Master 2
number and index.

Fig. 13: Cyclic and acyclic communication in DP-V1 Through the length specification in
the read/write request it is also
possible to read/write parts of a
data block. When access to the
Master data block was successful, the
position controller cycle TM TM TM
slave sends a positive read/write
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 response or may otherwise be able
to classify the problem by means of
global
control
its negative response.
DP-cycle
MSG DX
S1 DX

velocity controller cycle

Slave1..3
TO TI TO TI TO TI

Fig. 14: Isochronous mode

Function Invocation which is also checked by the DPM1


Function Invocation services allow when the system starts up.
to control (start, stop, return, re-
start) of programs or call of func- The acyclic data communication is
tions (for example acquisition of also based on this model. All data
measured values) in a DP slave.
PROFIBUS - DP
3.2.4 Addressing with Slot Master Class 1
and Index
When addressing data, PROFIBUS
assumes that the physical structure
of the slaves is modular or can be Output Input data via Broadcast
structured internally in logical func- data
tional units, so-called modules.
This model is also used in the ba-
sic DP functions for cyclic data
communication, where each mod- Publisher Subscriber Subscriber
ule has a constant number of in- (e.g. light array) (e.g. drive) (e.g. drive)
put/output bytes that are transmit- Slave Slave Slave
ted in a fixed position in the user
data telegram. The addressing
procedure is based on identifiers,
which characterize a module type
as input, output or a combination of
Slave-to-slave communications
both. All identifiers combined pro-
duce the configuration of a slave,
Fig. 15: Slave-slave data exchange

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 15


Services for Acyclic Data Communication
between the DPM1 and Slaves
Read The master reads a data block from the slave
Write The master writes a data block to the slave
An alarm is transmitted from the slave to the master,
which explicitly acknowledges receipt. The slave can
Alarm only send a new alarm message after it has received
this acknowledgment; this prevents any alarms being
overwritten.
Alarm_Ack- The master acknowledges receipt of an alarm to the
nowledge slave
A status message is transmitted from the slave to the
Status
master. There is no acknowledgment.
Data transmission is connection-oriented over a MS1 connection. This is set
up by the DPM1 and is closely linked to the connection for cyclic data com-
munication. It can be used by the master that has parameterized and config-
ured the respective slave.

Services for Acyclic Data Communication


between the DPM2 and Slaves
Initiate Setup and termination of a connection for acyclic data
Abort communication between the DPM2 and the slave
Read The master reads a data block from the slave
Write The master writes a data block to the slave
The master can write application-specific data (speci-
Data_ Transport fied in profiles) acyclically to the slave and, if required,
read data from the slave in the same cycle.
Data transmission is connection-oriented over a MS2 connection. This is set
up before the start of the acyclic data communication by the DPM2 using the
Initiate service. The connection is then available for Read, Write and
Data_Transport services. The connection is terminated correspondingly. A
slave can maintain several active MS2 connections simultaneously. How-
ever, the number of connections is limited by the resources available in the
respective slave.

Table 7: Services for acyclic data communication

Fig. 16: Addressing with slot and index

16 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


4. General • Timeout for incoming message can be found in the document
frames and their acknowledg- "PROFIsafe, Profile for Safety
Application Profiles ment. Technology", Order No. 3.092.
• Identifier between sender and
General application profiles de- receiver ("password").
scribe functions and characteristics • Additional data security 4.2 HART on PROFIBUS DP
that relate to more than just one (Cyclic Redundancy Check,
application. They can also be used In view of the large number of
CRC).
in conjunction with specific applica- HART devices installed in the field,
tion profiles. By skillfully combining these reme- the integration of these devices in
dial measures in connection with a existing or new PROFIBUS sys-
patented "SIL monitor" (monitoring tems is of key importance to most
of the frequency of failed mes- users.
4.1 PROFIsafe
sages) PROFIsafe achieves safety
The PROFIBUS "HART" specifica-
For considerable time, the distrib- classes up to SIL 3 and beyond.
tion offers an open solution for this
uted fieldbus technology for factory problem. It includes the benefits of
and process automation was sub- PROFIsafe is a single-channel
software solution, which is imple- the PROFIBUS communication
ject to the restriction that safety mechanisms without any changes
tasks could only be solved using mented in the devices as an addi-
tional layer "above" layer 7 (see required to the PROFIBUS protocol
conventional technology in a sec- and services, the PROFIBUS
ond layer or distributed over spe- Fig. 17); the standard PROFIBUS
components, such as lines, ASICs PDUs (Protocol Data Units) or the
cial buses. With PROFIsafe, state machines and functional
PROFIBUS has created a compre- or protocols, remain unchanged.
This ensures redundancy mode characteristics.
hensive, open solution for safety-
relevant applications that satisfies and retrofit capability.
This specification defines a profile
most known safety criteria. Devices with the PROFIsafe profile of PROFIBUS that is implemented
can be operated in coexistence in the master and slave above
PROFIsafe defines how fail-safe layer 7, thus enabling mapping of
devices (emergency stop pushbut- with standard devices without re-
striction on the same cable. the HART client-master-server
tons, light arrays, overfill cutouts, model on PROFIBUS. The coop-
etc.) can communicate over PROFIsafe uses acyclic communi- eration of the HART Foundation on
PROFIBUS with fail-safe control- cation and can be used with the specification work ensures
lers so safely that they can be used RS485, fiber optic or MBP trans- complete conformity with the HART
for safety-related automation tasks mission technology. This ensures specifications.
up to KAT4 compliant with EN954, both fast response times (important
AK6 or SIL3 (Safety Integrity The HART-client application is in-
for the manufacturing industry) and
Level). It implements safe commu- tegrated in a PROFIBUS master
intrinsically safe operation (impor-
nications over a profile, i.e. over a and the HART master in a
tant for process automation).
special format of user data and a PROFIBUS slave (see Fig. 19),
special protocol. In process technology, it is only whereby the latter serves as a mul-
necessary to provide and prepare tiplexer and handles communica-
The specification has been jointly tion to the HART devices.
one standard device type for fail-
drawn up by manufacturers, users, safe or normal operation, as the
standardization committees and in- For the transmission of HART
fail-safe functionality can be con-
spectorates (TÜV, BIA). It is based figured during application (SIL2 for messages, a communication chan-
on the relevant standards, primarily nel has been defined that operates
operational reliability).
the IEC 61508, which address the independently of the MS1 and MS2
concerns of software development As a generic software driver, connections. An HMD (HART Mas-
in particular. PROFIsafe is available for a wide ter Device) can support several cli-
range of development and runtime ents. The number of clients de-
PROFIsafe takes into account a pends on the implementation.
environments. The specification
number of error possibilities that
can occur in serial bus communica-
tions, such as the delay, loss or
repetition of data, incorrect se-
quences, addressing or corrupt
data.

There are a range of remedial


measures, the following of which
have been selected for PROFIsafe:

• Consecutive numbering of
safety telegrams.

Fig. 17: Fail-safe mode with PROFIsafe

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 17


HART devices can be connected PROFIBUS master PROFIBUS slave HART device
with the HMD to PROFIBUS over
different components (PROFIBUS
HART client HART HART
Guideline "PROFIBUS Profile for application master server
HART“ Order No. 3.102).
HART profile HART profile HART HART
7 7 comm comm
4.3 Time Stamp
2 2
When recording timing functions in 1 1
networks, particularly those such HART communication
as diagnosis or fault location, it is
useful to be able to provide certain
events and actions with a time PROFIBUS DP
stamp, which enables precise time
assignment. Fig. 19:Integration of HART devices into PROFIBUS DP

For this purpose, PROFIBUS offers


• Slave devices contain two dif- • No additional configuration of
the time stamp profile. Precondition
ferent PROFIBUS interfaces the backup slave required,
is clock control in the slaves
that are called primary and thus no need for complex
through a clock master over MS3
backup (slave interface). tools.
services. An event can be given a
These may be either in a sin- • Complete monitoring of both
precise system time stamp and
gle device or distributed over slave parts possible.
read out accordingly. A concept of
two devices.
graded messages is used. The • The slave device has no influ-
message types are summarized • The devices are equipped with ence on the bus load and
two independent protocol therefore on the dynamic re-
stacks with a special redun- sponse of PROFIBUS.
dancy expansion.
• A redundancy communica- The redundancy of PROFIBUS
tion (RedCom) runs between slave devices provides high avail-
the protocol stacks, i.e. within ability, short reversing times, no
a device or between two de- data loss and ensures fault toler-
vices, that is independent of ance. Please refer to the corre-
PROFIBUS and whose per- sponding document, the
formance capability is largely PROFIBUS Guideline "Specifica-
determined by the redundancy tion Slave Redundancy", Order No.
reversing times. 2.212.

Fig. 18: Time stamp and alarm In normal mode, communications


messages are sent exclusively over the pri-
Control System (Master)
mary slave; only this slave is con- n Life-
Life-List m
under the term "Alerts" and are di- figured, it also sends the diagnosis
vided into high-priority "alarms" data of the backup slave. In the
FDL_Status FDL_Status

(these transmit a diagnosis mes- PROFIBUS PROFIBUS


event that the primary slave fails (Primary) (Backup)
sage) and low-priority "events". In the backup slave takes over its
Redundancy Redundancy
both cases, the master acyclically functions, either because it has de- Extensions RedCom Extensions
reads (using the MS1 services) the tected the failure itself or because it
time-stamped process values and was requested to do so by the Process Data
alarm messages from the alarm master. In addition, the master Redundant Slave
and event buffer of the field device monitors all slaves and sends a di-
(see Fig. 18). Please refer to the agnosis message as soon as the Fig. 20: Slave redundancy in
corresponding document, the backup slave fails and there is no PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS Guideline "Time further redundancy.
Stamp", Order No. 2.192.
A redundant slave device can be
operated on one PROFIBUS line
or, in the event of an additional line
4.4 Slave Redundancy
redundancy, on two PROFIBUS
The installation of field devices with lines. The advantages of this re-
redundant communication behavior dundancy solution for the user are
is desired in many applications. For as follows:
this reason, PROFIBUS has drawn
up the specification for a slave- • Only one device version re-
redundancy mechanism that de- quired to implement different
scribes the following device redundancy structures.
characteristics (see Fig. 20): • Master, line and slave redun-
dancy are available independ-
ently of one another.

18 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


5. Specific tion solutions is highly dependent ing on and off of bottle tops). The
on the task of the drive. For this positioning tasks are passed to the
Application Profiles reason, PROFIdrive defines six drive controller over PROFIBUS
application classes, which cover and started.
PROFIBUS stands out from other the majority of applications.
fieldbus systems primarily due to The central motion control
the extraordinary breadth of appli- With standard drives (class 1), (classes 4 and 5) enables the co-
cation options. The PROFIBUS the drive is controlled by means of ordinated motion sequence of mul-
concept has set new standards. a main setpoint value (for example tiple drives. The motion is primarily
Not only has it developed specific rotational speed), whereby the controlled over a central numeric
profiles that take into account key speed control is carried out in the control (CNC). PROFIBUS serves
industry-specific user demands - it drive controller. to close the position control loop as
has also successfully united all key well as synchronize the clock (Fig.
In the case of standard drives 21). The position control concept
aspects across all applications in a
with technological function (Dynamic Servo Control) of this so-
standardized and open fieldbus
(class 2), the automation process lution also supports extremely so-
system, thus ensuring full protec-
is broken down into several sub- phisticated applications with linear
tion of existing investment.
processes and some of the auto- motors.
Table 8 shows all current specific mation functions are shifted from
PROFIBUS application profiles as the central programmable control- Distributed automation by means
well as those pending. ler to the drive controllers. of clocked processes and elec-
PROFIBUS serves as the technol- tronic shafts (class 6) can be im-
ogy interface in this case. plemented using slave-to-slave
communication and isochronous
5.1 PROFIdrive Slave-to-slave communication be- slaves. Sample applications in-
tween the individual drive control- clude "electrical gears", "curve
The PROFIdrive profile defines de- lers is a requirement for this solu-
vice behavior and the access pro- discs" and "angular synchronous
tion. processes".
cedure to drive data for
electric drives on PROFIBUS, from The positioning drive (class 3) PROFIdrive defines a device model
simple frequency converters integrates an additional position as functional modules that operate
through to highly dynamic controller in the drive, thus cover- together internally and which reflect
servo-controls. ing an extremely broad spectrum of the intelligence of the drive system.
applications (for example the twist- These modules are assigned ob-
The integration of drives in automa-

Current status
Designation Profile contents of
PNO guideline
V2
3.072
The profile specifies the behavior of devices and the access proce-
PROFIdrive
dure to data for variable-speed electrical drives on PROFIBUS.
V3
3.172
The profile specifies the characteristics of devices of process engi- V3.0
PA devices
neering in process automation on PROFIBUS. 3.042
The profile describes how handling and assembly robots are con- V1.0
Robots/NC
trolled over PROFIBUS. 3.052
The profile describes the interfacing of simple human machine inter- V1.0D
Panel devices
face devices (HMI) to higher-level automation components. 3.082
The profile describes the interfacing of rotary, angle and linear en- V1.1
Encoders
coders with single-turn or multi-turn resolution. 3.062
The profile describes the control of hydraulic drives over PROFIBUS. V1.5
Fluid power
In cooperation with VDMA. 3.112
The profile describes characteristics of devices for semiconductor
SEMI 3.152
manufacture on PROFIBUS (SEMI standard).
Low-voltage The profile defines data exchange for low-voltage switchgear (switch-
3.122
switchgear disconnectors, motor starters, etc.) on PROFIBUS DP.
The profile describes the implementation of weighing and dosage sys-
Dosing/weighing 3.162
tems on PROFIBUS DP.
The profile describes the communications between devices for identi-
Ident systems 3.142
fication purposes (bar codes, transponders).
The profile defines the implementation of liquid pumps on PROFIBUS
Liquid pumps 3.172
DP. In cooperation with VDMA.
Due to their special place in bus operations, a different device model
Remote I/O for PA
and data types are applied to the remote I/Os compared to the 3.132
devices
PROFIBUS PA devices.

Table 8: The PROFIBUS specific application profiles

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 19


Application Class 4 Physical Block (PB)
A PB contains the characteristic
Automation
data of a device, such as device
Technology
name, manufacturer, version and
Interpolation
Pos.Control serial number, etc. There can only
be one physical block in each de-
Clock
vice.
Control Word + Speed Setpoint + ... Status Word + Actual Position...

Clock synchronism Transducer Block (TB)


Drive Drive Drive
A TB contains all the data required
for processing an unconditioned
Closed Loop Speed Ctrl. Closed Loop Speed Ctrl. Closed Loop Speed Ctrl.
signal delivered from a sensor for
passing on to a function block. If no
processing is required, the TB can
be omitted.
M M M
Encoder Encoder Encoder
Multifunctional devices with two or
more sensors have a correspond-
Fig. 21: PROFIdrive, positioning with central interpolation and ing number of TBs.
position control
Function Block (FB)
An FB contains all data for final
jects that are described in the pro- typical for signal flow - from proc-
processing of a measured value
file and defined with regard to their ess sensor signals through to the
prior to transmission to the control
functions. The overall functionality preprocessed process value which
system, or on the other hand, for
of a drive is described by the sum is read out at the control system
processing of a setting before the
of its parameters. together with a measured value
setting process.
status. The various steps of infor-
In contrast to other drive profiles, mation processing (signal chain) The following function blocks are
PROFIdrive only defines the ac- and the status forming process are available:
cess mechanisms to the parame- shown in Fig. 25.
ters and a subset of approx. 30 Analog Input Block (AI)
profile parameters, which include The PA devices profile is docu- An AI delivers the measured value
fault buffers, drive controllers, de- mented in a general requirement from the sensor/TB to the control
vice identification, etc. part containing the currently valid system.
specifications for all device types
All other parameters (which may and in device data sheets contain- Analog Output Block (AO)
number more than 1,000 in com- ing the agreed specifications for An AO provides the device with the
plex devices) are manufacturer- specific device classes. The PA value specified by the control sys-
specific, which provide drive manu- device profile is available in version tem.
facturers great flexibility when im- 3.0 and contains device data
plementing control functions. The sheets for the following: Digital Input (DI)
elements of a parameter are ac- A DI provides the control system
cessed acyclic over the DP-V1 pa- • Pressure and differential with a digital value from the device.
rameter channel. pressure
Digital Output (DO)
PROFIdrive V3 uses the version • Level, temperature and flow A DO provides the device with the
DP-V2 as its communications pro- rate value specified by the control sys-
tocol with its innovative slave-to- • Analog and digital inputs and tem.
slave communication and isochro- outputs
nous mode, see Chapter 3.2. The blocks are implemented by the
• Valves and actuators
manufacturers as software in the
Both application profiles are avail- • Analyzers field devices and, taken as a
able on the Internet: "Profiles for whole, represent the functionality of
variable speed drives", V2, Order- The Block Model the device. As a rule, several
No.: 3.072; "PROFIdrive Profile In process engineering it is com- blocks work together in an applica-
Drive Technology", V3, Order-No.: mon to use blocks to describe the tion, see Fig. 22, which shows a
3.172. characteristics and functions of a simplified block structure of a multi-
measuring point or manipulating functional field device.
point at a certain control point and
to represent an automation applica- The configuration corresponds to
5.2 PA Devices tion through a combination of these the division of a signal chain in two
types of blocks. The specification subprocesses:
Modern process devices are intrin-
sically intelligent and can execute of PA devices uses this function
block model to represent functional The functionality of the first sub-
part of the information processing process "measuring/actuating prin-
or even the overall functionality in sequences as shown in Fig. 22.
ciple" (Fig. 25- calibration, lineari-
automation systems. The PA De- The following three block types are zation, scaling) is in the trans-
vices profile defines all functions used: ducer blocks, the functionality of
and parameters for different the second subprocess "preproc-
classes of process devices that are essing measured val-

20 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


warning/alarm limits are exceeded
or fallen below (see Fig. 24).

Value Status
A value status information item is
added to the measured value,
which delivers a statement of the
quality of the measured value.
There are three quality levels bad,
uncertain and good and additional
information is provided on a sub-
status that is assigned to each
quality level.
Fig. 22: Block structure of a field device (with multifunctionality) Fail-Safe Behavior
ues/postprocessing settings" (Fig. block is a "module" in this context. The PA Device profile also pro-
21- filter, limit value control, fail- The PA Device profile offers a se- vides fail-safe characteristics. If a
safe behavior, operating mode se- lection of function blocks for this fault has occurred in the measuring
lection) is in the function blocks. purpose. Devices with a configured chain, the device output is set to a
modularity are described as multi- user-definable value. Users can se-
Specifications in the variable devices. lect between three different fail-
PA Device Profile safe behavior types.
Devices with Several
It is only possible to show a selec- Process Variables Please refer to the relevant docu-
tion of the specifications in brief. Process devices increasingly offer ment, the PROFIBUS Guideline
For further details, please refer to several process variables, for ex- "Profile for Process Control De-
the specification or the relevant lit- ample using several sensors or in vices", Order No. 3.042.
erature, for example "PROFIBUS the form of derived variables. This
PA" (Ch. Diedrich/ Th. Bange- is taken into account in the trans- 5.3 Fluid Power
mann, Oldenbourg-Industrie- ducer blocks of the profile by dif-
verlag). This profile describes data ex-
ferentiating between Primary Value change formats and parameters for
(PV) and Secondary Value (SV). proportional valves, hydrostatic
Illustration of the Signal
Chain pumps and drives and is based
Limit-Value Check
The profile PA Devices specifies closely on the PROFIdrive defini-
Part of the information processing
the functions and parameters that tions. Either a parameter channel
transferred to the device is the
are related to each step of the sig- on DP-V0 or acyclic communica-
limit-value check. For this purpose,
nal chain, as shown in Fig. 25. As tion over DP-V1 are used for sup-
PA Devices offers corresponding
an example, Fig. 23 and Table 9 plying device parameters.
mechanisms for signalling when
provide details of the step "calibra-
tion" and Fig. 24 shows the step
"limit-value check". Parameter Parameter description

Addressing Parameters LEVEL_HI


Range of measured filling level
Blocks are determined by means of
their start address and parameters LEVEL_LO
through a relative index within the
block; as a rule, these can be freely Section from the sensor measuring
CAL_POINT_HI
selected by the device manufac- range with which the level range is
turer. For access to the parameters mapped.
CAL_POINT_LO
(for example using an operator
tool) the device-specific block Table 9: Parameters for the calibration function
structures are stored in the direc-
tory of the device.
sensor
the sensor
of
Values of

Level
Batch Parameter Sets
Values

For implementation of field devices


the

Output
in batch processes, the profile al- Upper limit in cm³

lows storage of several parameter


S
S
sets even during the commission-
Sensor
ing phase. The current batch proc- Lower limit
ess is then switched to the as-
signed parameter set during run- Lower Upper Sensor value

time. calibration point calibration point

Modular Devices
With PROFIBUS a distinction is Sensor measured value Adaptation of measuring range Time

made between compact and modu-


lar devices, whereby a function Fig. 23: Specification of the calibration function

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 21


5.5 Ident Systems
Ident systems is a profile for bar-
code readers and transponder sys-
tems. These are primarily intended
for extensive use with the DP-V1
functionality. While the cyclic data
transmission channel is used for
small data volumes to transfer
status/control information, the
acyclic channel serves the trans-
mission of large data volumes that
result from the information in the
barcode reader or transponder.
The definition of standard function
blocks has facilitated the use of
Fig. 24: Specification of the limit-value check function these systems and paves the way
for the application of open solutions
Please refer to the corresponding on completion of international
5.4 SEMI Devices
document, the PROFIBUS Guide- standards, such as ISO/IEC 15962
line "Profile Fluid Power Technol- Some kind of devices used in proc- and ISO/IEC18000.
ogy", Order No. 3.112. ess automation are, together with
others, also applied in semi-
conductor manufacturing, such as 5.6 Remote I/O for PA
vacuum pumps or flow meters.
Sensor measured value
Due to their largely (fine) modular
Measured value status The organization "Semiconductor design, remote I/O devices are dif-
Equipment and Materials Interna- ficult to bring in line with the "ideal"
Calibration tional" did already specify a PA Device model. For this reason,
branch-specific device standard they have a special place in the
Linearization, scaling (SECS, Semiconductor Equipment field of distributed process automa-
Communication Standard) to which tion. Furthermore, economic sensi-
Filter the PROFIBUS Application Profile tivity also strongly influences the
SEMI is compatible. selected device configurations
Limit value control
(modules, blocks, ...), resources
SEMI is structured in 4 parts (Gen- (memory, records, ...) and func-
Fail-safe behavior eral Definitions, Massflow Control- tions (for example acyclic access).
lers, Vacuum Pressure Gauges For this reason a simplified device
Operating mode selection and Vacuum Pumps). model has been defined and the
quantity framework restricted. The
Over the bus to the control system aim is to offer maximum support on
the basis of cyclically exchanged
data formats.
Fig. 25: Signal chain in the
PA device profil

22 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


6. System Profiles

Profiles in automation technology


define specific characteristics and
behavior for devices and systems
so that these are uniquely charac-
terized (in classes or families) and
are vendor-independent, thus sup-
porting device interoperability and
interchangeability on a bus.

Master Profiles for PROFIBUS


describe classes of controller, each
of which support a specific "subset“
of all the possible master function-
alities, such as Fig. 27: System and application profiles (in correlation)

• Cyclic communications
rameters that are made avail- Standardized Function
• Acyclic communications able to the field devices, Blocks (Communication
• Diagnosis, alarm handling • application profiles require Function Blocks)
• Clock control specific system parameters in To realize manufacturer independ-
order to simplify their defined ent system profiles, it is necessary
• Slave-to-slave communication,
characteristics. to specify, additionally to the al-
isochronous mode
ready existing communications
• Safety By using these profiles the device platform, an Application Program-
manufacturers focus on existing or mer´s Interface (API, Fig. 27), us-
specified system profiles and the ing standardized function blocks.
system manufacturers can provide
System Profiles for PROFIBUS the platforms required by the exist- While application programmers can
go a step further and describe ing or specified device application usually access cyclic communica-
classes of systems including the profiles. tion data (MS0 channel) over the
master functionality, the possible process image of a control system,
functionality of Standard Program PROFIBUS has realized a number in the past there was no system-
Interfaces (FB in accordance with of system profiles based on tried neutral program interface for acy-
IEC 61131-3, safety layer and and tested applications in the field, clic data. In view of the wide range
FDT) and integration options (GSD, (see Fig. 26). These are expected of manufacturers and devices,
EDD and DTM). Fig. 26 shows the to be stipulated in specifications in standards are needed to be estab-
standard platforms available today. the near future and extended by lished in this area to enable inte-
further profiles in keeping with fu- gration of different field devices
In the PROFIBUS system, the ture demands.
master and system profiles provide without specific communication
the much needed counterpart to knowledge in the application pro-
the application profiles (Fig. 27): grams of different control systems.
For this purpose, the PNO has now
• Master and system profiles specified its guideline "Communi-
describe specific system pa- cation and Proxy Function Blocks
according to IEC 61138-3". This
guideline specifies function blocks
in a " combinations of standards "
that are based on the widely used
..... standard IEC 61131-3 (program-
Application Profiles ming languages) and also use the
are using one or more of these
PROFIBUS-defined communication
Master/System Profiles services of the IEC 61158.
are supporting one ore more of
these Application Profiles The guideline defines communica-
Master/System Profiles tions blocks for Master Classes 1
and 2 as well as slaves and several
auxiliary functions. The technologi-
cal functionality of a field device
Discrete Discrete
Manu- Manu-
e.g. can be addressed under a compact
Motion PG/PC
facturing facturing Process Safety identification, which is used consis-
Control Master
Lower Upper Class 2 tently by all blocks. All blocks also
Range Range
have a common concept for dis-
playing errors with coding in accor-
dance with IEC 61158-6.
Fig. 26: Master/system profiles for PROFIBUS The PLC manufacturers of the cor-
responding system classes/profiles

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 23


offer these standard communica-
tion blocks ("Comm-FBs") in PLC- Device Type
User- z.B. Proxy-FB
specific "IEC libraries". The field Program (IEC 61131-3) Manager (DTM),
(EDD – Interpreter)
device manufacturers can respond
by creating uniform proxy function Process Comm -FB Field-Device - Application Programmer's
blocks, which can be used with all Image (IEC 61131 -3) Tool (FDT) Interface (API)

control systems. MS0 MS1 MS2 Communications


Platform
PROFIBUS PROFIBUS
Application Programmer´s
Interface (API)
In order to make it as easy as pos-
sible for application programmers PROFIBUS

to use the communication services, MS0 MS1 MS2


Communications
Platform
blocks or function calls are made
available in the standard program-
ming language libraries. Together
with the FDT interface, the PRO- Fig. 28: Application Programmer´s Interface, API
FIBUS "Comm-FBs" expand the
Application Programmer's Interface
as shown in Fig. 28. PLC System A PLC System B
3 FD-M delivers Field Device
Proxy FB Manufacturer
Proxy Function Blocks Library:
(FD-M) C
Library:
Proxy function blocks represent a
technological device function by Proxy FB CommFB 2 FD-M uses Proxy FB Comm FB
Comm FB
providing all the necessary input
and output parameters at the block C A 1 PLC-M delivers C
interface. These proxy function Comm FB B

blocks are usually created once by


the field device manufacturers and
can be implemented in the control 4 Programmer (D) uses
Comm FB and Proxy FB
systems of the relevant system
classes/profiles without any special D C A D C B
adjustment (see Fig. 29). Portability
Proxy Comm Proxy Comm
FB FB FB FB
Application program Application program

Fig. 29: Portable function blocks

24 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


7. Device Management PROFIBUS device are described in are optional, for example
a communication feature list Sync_Mode_supported. A GSD re-
(GSD) in a defined data format; the places the previously conventional
Modern field devices provide a GSD is very much suited for simple manuals and supports automatic
wide range of information and also applications. It is created by the checks for input errors and data
execute functions that were previ- device manufacturer and is in- consistency, even during the con-
ously executed in PLCs and control cluded in the delivery of the device. figuration phase.
systems. To execute these tasks,
the tools for commissioning, main- The application features of a
Structure of a GSD
tenance, engineering and parame- PROFIBUS device (device charac-
terization of these devices require teristics) are described by means A GSD is divided into three sec-
an exact and complete description of a universal Electronic Device tions:
of device data and functions, such Description Language (EDDL). The
as the type of application function, file (EDD) created in this manner is General Specifications
configuration parameters, range of also provided by the device manu- This section contains information
values, units of measurement, de- facturer. The interpreter based on vendor and device names,
fault values, limit values, identifica- EDD is very much proven for ap- hardware and software release
tion, etc. The same applies to the plications with medium complexity. versions, as well as the supported
controller/control system, whose transmission rates, possible time
For complex applications there is intervals for monitoring times and
device-specific parameters and
also the solution of mapping all de- signal assignment on the bus con-
data formats must also be made
vice-specific functions, including nector.
known (integrated) to ensure error-
the user interface for parameteriza-
free data exchange with the field
tion, diagnosis, etc., as software Master Specifications
devices. component in a Device Type Man- This section contains all the mas-
PROFIBUS has developed a num- ager (DTM). The DTM acts as the ter-related parameters, such as the
ber of methods and tools ("integra- "driver" of the device opposite the maximum number of connectable
tion technologies") for this type of standardized FDT interface, which slaves or upload and download op-
device description which enable is implemented in the engineering tions. This section is not available
standardization of device man- tool or in the control system. in slave devices.
agement. The performance range
of these tools is optimized to spe- Slave Specifications
cific tasks, which has given rise to 7.1 GSD This section contains all slave-
the term scaleable device integra- specific information, such as the
tion. Therefore the tools are put to- A GSD is a readable ASCII text file number and type of I/O channels,
gether in one specification with and contains both general and de- specification of diagnosis text and
three volumes. vice-specific specifications for information on the available mod-
communication. Each of the entries ules in the case of modular de-
In factory automation, for historical describes a feature that is sup- vices.
reasons, the GSD is used prefera- ported by a device. By means of
bly, but the use of FDT increases keywords, a configuration tool It is also possible to integrate bit-
as well. In process automation, de- reads the device identification, the map files with the symbols of the
pending on the requirements, EDD adjustable parameters, the corre- devices. The format of the GSD is
and FDT are used (see Fig. 30). sponding data type and the permit- designed for maximum flexibility. It
ted limit values for the configuration contains lists, such as the trans-
Methods of device description: of the device from the GSD. Some mission rates supported by the de-
of the keywords are mandatory, for vice, as well as the option to de-
The communication features of a example Vendor_Name. Others scribe the modules available in a
modular device. Plain text can also
be assigned to the diagnosis mes-
Discrete Manufacturing • Controls • Parameterization at Start-up
• Binary Remote I/O • Simplest Handling
sages.
(Factory Automation) • Fixed Configuration
There are two ways to use the
• Network GSD:
Configuration
• GSD for compact devices
• Drives • In-process whose block configuration is
• Functional Safety Measurement already known on delivery.
GSD
This GSD can be created
completely by the device
Program FDT EDD Interpreter
• Uniform Device Handling
manufacturer.
• Device Specific Handling
• Application Interface • Device Description • GSD for modular devices
• Middle to high Complexity Language
• Low to middle Complexity
whose block configuration is
not yet conclusively specified
Continuous Manufacturing • Closed-loop Control on delivery. In this case, the
(Process Automation) • Tool-based Parameterization & Diagnosis user must use the configura-
• Device Tuning at Run-time tion tool to configure the GSD
in accordance with the actual
Fig. 30: Integration technologies at PROFIBUS module configuration.

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 25


By reading the GSD into the con- Profile ID This also contains support mecha-
figuration tool (into a PROFIBUS A special range of ID numbers (ge- nisms to
configurator), the user is able to neric ID numbers) have been re-
make optimum use of the special served for field devices for process • integrate existing profile de-
communication features of the de- automation and drives respectively: scriptions in the device de-
vice. 9700h - 977Fh or 3A00h - 3AFFh. scription,
All field devices corresponding ex- • allow references to existing
Certification with GSD actly to the specifications of the objects so that only supple-
The device manufacturers are re- PROFIBUS PA Devices profile ver- ments require description,
sponsible for the scope and quality sion 3.0 or higher, or PROFIdrive
of the GSD of their devices. Sub- • allow access to standard dic-
version 3, may use ID numbers tionaries and
mission of a GSD profile (contains from this special range. The speci-
the information from the profile of a fication of these profile ID numbers • allow assignment of the device
device family) or an individual de- has further increased the inter- description to a device.
vice GSD (device-specific) is es- changeability of these devices. The
sential for certification of a device. Using the EDDL device manufac-
ID number to be selected for the
turers can create the relevant EDD
respective device depends on vari-
PNO Support file for their devices which, like the
ous factors for example in the case
To support device manufacturers, GSD file, supplies the device in-
of PA Devices on the type and
the PROFIBUS Web site has a formation to the engineering tool
number of existing function blocks.
special GSD editor/checker avail- and then subsequently to the con-
The ID number 9760H is reserved
able to download, which facilitates trol system.
for PA field devices that provide
the creation and checking of GSD several different function blocks
files. EDD application
(multivariable devices). Special An EDD is a very versatile source
The specification of the GSD file conventions also apply to the des- of information, for example
formats is described in the follow- ignation of the GSD files of these
ing PROFIBUS guideline GSD, or- PA field devices. These are de- • Engineering
der No. 2.122. scribed in detail in the PA Devices • Commissioning
profile. • Runtime
New Development Stages The first profile ID number reserved • Asset Management
of the communication functions of • Documentation and eCom-
for PROFIdrive (3A00h) is used
PROFIBUS are continually inte- merce
during the DP-V1 connection
grated in the GSD by the PNO.
buildup to check that the master EDD advantages
Thus, the keywords for DP-V1 can
and slave are using the same pro- An EDD provides significant advan-
be found in the GSD Revision 3
file. Slaves that positively acknowl- tages to both device users and de-
and those for DP-V2 in the GSD
edge this identifier support the DP- vice manufacturers.
Revision 4.
V1 parameter channel described in
Manufacturer ID the PROFIdrive profile. All further The uniform user and operation in-
Every PROFIBUS slave and every profile ID numbers serve to identify terface supports the user by
master class 1 must have an ID vendor-independent GSD files.
number. This is required so that a This enables the interchangeability • Reducing training expenses
master can identify the types of of devices of different manufacturer • Reliable operation
connected devices without the without the need for new bus con- • Only one tool for all applica-
need for extensive protocol over- figurations. For example, the VIK- tions
heads. The master compares the NAMUR mode with vendor- • Validation of the input data
ID number of the connected de- independent PROFIdrive GSD is
vices with the ID numbers specified defined as a component of the The device manufacturer is sup-
in the configuration data by the PROFIdrive profile for the chemical ported by the fact, that developing
configuration tool. Transfer of the industry. an EDD is very easy and cost ef-
user data is not started until the fective
correct device types with the cor-
rect station addresses are con- 7.2 EDD • Without specific knowledge, by
nected to the bus. This ensures op- the device developer
timum protection against configura- The GSD is inadequate for describ- • By using existing EDDs and
tion errors. ing application-related parameters text libraries
and functions of a field device (for • By universal suitability for sim-
For an ID number for each device example configuration parameters, ple to complex devices
type, device manufacturers must ranges of values, units of meas-
apply to the PROFIBUS User Or- urement, default values, etc.). This
An EDD also provides investment
ganization who also handle ad- requires a more powerful descrip-
protection to both users and manu-
ministration of the ID numbers. Ap- tion language, which has been de-
factures because an EDD is inde-
plication forms can be obtained veloped in the form of the univer-
pendent of operating systems and
from any regional agency sally applicable Electronic Device
easy to extent.
or from the PROFIBUS Web site Description Language (EDDL).
on the Internet. Above all, the EDDL provides the New Development Stages
language means for the description As with the GSD, the EDDL will
of the functionality of field devices. also be subject to upgrade that

26 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


keep it in step with the continuous The FDT specification is currently MS VisualBasic.
development of advancing device available as version 1.2. The speci-
technology. Work is currently un- fication of FDT is contained in the With DTMs it is possible to obtain
derway on a unique specification PROFIBUS guideline 2.162. direct access to all field devices for
for dynamic semantics and for the planning, diagnosis and mainte-
description of hardware modular Device Description as nance purposes from a central
slaves. Software Component workstation. A DTM is not a stand-
The specific functions and dialog of alone tool, but an ActiveX compo-
The specification of the EDDL is an a field device for parameterization, nent with defined interfaces.
integral component of the interna- configuration, diagnosis and main-
tional standard IEC 61804. It is in- tenance, complete with user inter- User Benefits
cluded in the PROFIBUS guideline face, are mapped in a software of FDT/DTM
2.152. component. This component is The FDT/DTM concept is protocol-
called the DTM (Device Type Man- independent and, with its mapping
ager) and is integrated in the engi- of device functions in software
7.3 FDT/DTM Concept neering tool or control system over components, opens up interesting
the FDT interface. new user options.
The existing description languages
for configuration and parameteriza- A DTM uses the routing function of The concept incorporates integra-
tion have their limits. This becomes an engineering system for commu- tion options where they are most
clear when, for example nicating across the hierarchical useful, in the areas of engineering,
levels. Furthermore it uses its pro- diagnosis, service and asset man-
• complex, non-standardized ject data management with agement - liberated from the spe-
characteristics of intelligent versioning. It works as a "driver", cific communication technologies of
field devices including the di- similar to a printer driver, which the the various fieldbuses and the spe-
agnosis capabilities are to be printer supplier includes in delivery cific engineering environment of
made useable for the plant op- and must be installed on the PC by automation systems.
erator or the user. The DTM is generated by
The FDT standard provides a basis
• in the "Optimization of assets" the device manufacturer and is in-
for integrated solutions from the
field, functions for preventative cluded in delivery of the device.
field to the tools and methods of
maintenance or for mainte- corporate management.
nance procedures are to be DTM generation
supported. There are various options for gen-
erating the DTM:
• the operation of devices needs
to be "encapsulated" in soft- • Specific programming in a
ware (safety technology, cali- higher programming language.
bration, etc). • Reuse of existing component
or tools through their encapsu-
These complex task areas, require lation as DTM.
an "auxiliary tool" that allows de-
vice manufacturers to provide us- • Generation from an existing
ers with expanded and also very device description using a
specific characteristics of their field compiler or interpreter.
devices in standardized form and • Use of the DTM toolkit of
which at the same time allows the
manufacturers of automation sys-
tems to integrate these field device
characteristics in the control sys-
tem over standardized interfaces.

The solution to this is the fieldbus-


independent interface concept
FDT/DTM (see Fig. 31), which was
developed in a working group of
the PNO and the ZVEI (Central As-
sociation for the Electrical Industry)
and made generally available.

The FDT Interface


The definition of a universal inter-
face provides the ability to imple-
ment suitable created software
components on all engineering or
other integration platforms of
automation systems fitted with this
interface. Such an interface has
been specified and designated Fig. 31: FDT/DTM concept
FDT (Field Device Tool).

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 27


8. Quality Assurance pared with the target behavior and
the result is written to the protocol
file.
In order for PROFIBUS devices of
different types and manufacturers Behavior in the Case of Fault,
to correctly fulfill tasks in the auto- which simulates bus faults, such as
mation process, it is essential to interruptions, short-circuits of the
ensure the error-free exchange of bus line and power failure.
information over the bus. The re-
Addressability: the test device is
quirement for this is a standard-
addressed under three arbitrary
compliant implementation of the
addresses within the address
communications protocol and ap-
range and tested for error-free
plication profiles by device manu-
functionality.
facturers.
Diagnosis Data: the diagnosis
To ensure that this requirement is
data must correspond to the entry
fulfilled, the PNO has established a
in the GSD and the standard. This
quality assurance procedure
requires external activation of the
whereby, on the basis of test re-
diagnosis.
ports, certificates are issued to de-
vices that successfully complete Mixed Operation: combination
the test . slaves are checked for correct
Fig. 32: Device certification procedure
functioning with an FMS and DP
The aim of the certification is to
The test procedure, which is the master.
provide users the necessary secu-
rity for error-free functionality dur- same for all test laboratories, is Interoperability test: the test de-
ing the common operation of de- made up of several parts: vice is checked for interoperability
vices of different manufacturers. To with the PROFIBUS devices of
achieve this, the device undergoes The GSD/EDD Check ensures that
the device description files comply other manufacturers in a multiven-
rigorous practical testing in inde- dor plant. This checks that the
pendent test laboratories. This en- with the specification.
functionality of the plant is main-
ables early detection of any misin- The Hardware Test tests the elec- tained when the test device is
terpretations of the standards by tric characteristics of the added. Operation is also tested
developers, thus allowing remedial PROFIBUS interface of the device with different masters.
action by manufacturers before de- for compliance with the specifica-
vices are implemented in the field. tions. This includes terminating re- Each step of the test is carefully
Interoperability of the device with sistors, suitability of the imple- documented. The test records are
other certified devices is also part mented drivers and other modules made available to the manufacturer
of the test. Upon successful com- and the quality of line level. and the PROFIBUS User
pletion of the test, the manufacturer Organization. The test report
can apply for a device certificate. The Function Test examines the serves as the basis for issuing a
bus access and transmission pro- certificate.
Basis for the certification procedure tocol and the functionality of the
(see Fig. 35) is the standard EN test device. The GSD is used to
45000. The PROFIBUS User Or- 8.2 Conformance Certificate
parameterize and customize the
ganization has approved manufac- test system. The black-box proce- Once a device has successfully
turer-independent test laboratories dure is used during testing, which passed all the tests, the manufac-
in accordance with the specifica- means that no knowledge is re- turer can apply for a certificate from
tions of this standard. Only these quired of the internal structure of the PROFIBUS User Organization.
test laboratories are authorized to the implementation. The reactions Each certified device contains a
carry out device tests, which form generated in the test specimen and certification number as a reference.
the basis for certification. their time ratios are recorded on The certificate is valid for 3 years
The test procedure and sequence the bus monitor. If necessary, the but can be extended after undergo-
for certification are described in the outputs of the test device are moni- ing a further test.
guidelines No. 2.032 (DP slaves), tored and logged.
The addresses of the test laborato-
No. 2.062 (PA field devices) and The Conformity Test forms the ries can be obtained from the
No. 2.072 (DP master). main part of the test. The object is PROFIBUS Web site.
to test conformity of the protocol
implementation with the standard.
8.1 Test procedure Essentially, the test deals with the:

A precondition for the test is the State machine: the PROFIBUS


assigned ID number and a GSD protocol is defined in the form of a
file, as well as an EDD for the de- state machine. All externally visible
vice where applicable. state transitions are tested. The
target behavior is summarized in
programmable sequences. The ac-
tual behavior is analyzed, com-

28 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


9. Implementation

This chapter contains instructions


on how to implement the communi-
cations protocol and the interfaces
in automation/field devices.

For the device development or im-


plementation of the PROFIBUS
protocol, a broad spectrum of stan-
dard components and development
tools (PROFIBUS ASICs, PROFI-
BUS stacks, monitor and commis-
sioning tools) as well as services
are available that enable device
manufacturers to realize cost-
effective development. A corre-
sponding overview is available in
the product catalog of the PRO-
FIBUS User Organization
(www.profibus.com/productguide.htm).
For further details please use tech-
nical literature and, for expert ad-
vice, contact one of the PROFIBUS Fig. 33: Example for the implementation of a PROFIBUS slave
Competence Centers.
the chip and also require an These ASICs offer a universal in-
During implementation of a additional controller and terface and operate together with
PROFIBUS interface, please note common microcontrollers. A further
that the certification refers to the • Protocol chips with integrated
microcontroller. option is offered by microproces-
overall device. Standard compo- sors with an integrated PROFIBUS
nents are not subject to the certifi- core.
The type of implementation version
cation process as this does not
largely depends on the complexity
provide a guarantee for the end Implementation of
of the field device, and the per-
product device. However the qual- Complex Masters
formance and functionality re-
ity of the standard components In this form of implementation, the
quired. The following offers some
also plays an important role in the time-critical parts of the PROFIBUS
examples.
successful certification of devices. protocol are also implemented on a
Implementation of protocol chip and the remaining
Simple Slaves protocol parts implemented as
9.1 Standard Components The implementation of single-chip software on a microcontroller. Vari-
ASICs is ideal for simple I/O de- ous ASICs of different suppliers are
Interface Modules vices. All protocol functions are al- currently available for the imple-
The use of a complete PROFIBUS ready integrated on the ASIC. No mentation of complex master de-
interface module is ideal for a microprocessors or software are vices. They can be operated in
low/medium number of devices. required. Only the bus interface combination with many common
These credit card size modules im- driver, the quartz and the power microprocessors.
plement the entire bus protocol. electronics are required as external
They are fitted on the master board components. A corresponding protocol chip
of the device as an additional mod- overview is available on the
ule. Implementation of PROFIBUS website. For further in-
Intelligent Slaves formation please contact the sup-
Protocol Chips In this form of implementation, the pliers directly.
In the case of high numbers of de- essential layer-2 parts of the
vices, an individual implementation PROFIBUS protocol are imple-
PROFIBUS Stacks
on the basis of commercially avail- Frequently, chips and the respec-
mented on a protocol chip and the
able PROFIBUS basic technology tive protocol software (PROFIBUS
remaining protocol parts imple-
components is recommendable, stacks) may originate from different
mented as software on a microcon-
whereby a distinction is made be- suppliers, positively increasing the
troller. In most of the ASICS avail-
tween variety of solutions available in the
able on the market all cyclic proto-
market.
col parts have been implemented,
• Single chips, in which all pro-
which are responsible for transmis- Based on that, technically opti-
tocol functions are integrated
sion of time-critical data. mized and cost effective products
on the chip and which do not
require an additional controller, can be developed, which meet ap-
Alternatively, protocol chips with in-
plication specific market require-
• Communications chips, terpreted controllers may be used,
ments, in accordance with the re-
which implement smaller or where part of the protocol for less
spective commitment of the PRO-
larger parts of the protocol on time-critical data transmission can
FIBUS User Organization. This
be realized.

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 29


This also proves the openness and must be paid to low power con- sion technology, please refer to the
multi-vendor capability of sumption. technical PNO guideline No. 2.092.
PROFIBUS which are not limited to
specifications but also comprise As a rule, only a feed current of RS485 Transmission
product implementations. 10-15 mA over the bus cable is Technology
available for these devices, which For field devices that cannot be
Pure software solutions are rare must supply the overall device, in- powered over the bus, it is possible
because of their unfavorable cluding the bus interface and the to use the standard RS485 inter-
cost/performance relation com- measuring electronics. face. This increases flexibility when
pared with chip-oriented implemen- implementing the device as this
tations. Therefore, they are used Special modem chips are available
can then be connected to a PRO-
only for specific applications. to meet these requirements. These
FIBUS DP segment without a cou-
modems take the required operat-
pler or link.
A corresponding overview of ing energy for the overall device
PROFIBUS stacks that are avail- from the MBP bus connection and Key features of RS485 Technology
able on the market is presented on make it available as feed voltage are its low interface costs and rug-
the PROFIBUS website. For further for the other electronic components gedness. Data rates of 9.6 Kbit/s
information please contact the re- of the device. At the same time, the to12 Mbit/s are supported without
spective suppliers. digital signals of the connected pro- the need to implement any
tocol chip are converted into the changes.
bus signal of the MBP connection
9.2 Implementation of modulated to the energy supply. A As a further enhancement, the
Interfaces typical configuration with a com- RS485 IS has been developed,
mercially available roundboard is which offers an intrinsically safe
MBP transmission shown in Fig. 36. version of the RS485.
technology
When implementing a bus-powered For further details on how to im- The RS485 modules are available
field device with MBP transmission plement the bus connection for from various manufacturers and
technology, particular attention field devices with MBP transmis- proven in millions of applications.

30 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


10. PROFInet
PROFInet components
The basic approach of PROFInet is the application of the object model,
PROFInet is a comprehensive already tried and tested in the software world, on automation technol-
automation concept that has ogy. For this purpose, machines, plants and their parts are divided into
emerged as a result of the trend in technological modules, each of which comprises mechchanical, electri-
automation technology towards cal/electronical and application software. The functionality of the tech-
modular, reusable machines and nological module is encapsulated in PROFInet components, which can
plants with distributed intelligence. be accessed over universally defined "interfaces". The components can
With its comprehensive design be combined over their interfaces according to the modular principle
(uniform model for engineering, and interconnected to applications.
runtime and migration architecture
to other communication systems, In this context "components" means an encapsulated, reusable soft-
such as PROFIBUS and OPC) ware unit. For the implementation of this component model, PROFInet
PROFInet fulfills all the key de- uses the model most common in the PC world, the Microsoft Compo-
mands of automation technology nent Object Model (COM), in its expansion for distributed systems
for (DCOM). In this case, all the objects of a system are equal and, to all
outward appearances, identical.
• consistent communications
from field level to corporate This type of distributed automation system enables the modular design
management level using of plants and machines and supports reusability of plant and machine
Ethernet, parts.
• a vendor-independent plant-
wide engineering model for the
entire automation landscape, specification of manufac- nents to an application using the
turer/customized functional expan- PROFInet engineering tool (con-
• openness to other systems, sions. nection editor). To do this, the gen-
• implementation of IT standards erated PROFInet components are
and The PROFInet engineering model transferred to the connection editor
distinguishes between the by importing their XML files and the
• integration capability of programming of the control logics relationship is established over
PROFIBUS segments without of the individual technological graphical lines. This allows plant-
the need to change them. modules and the configuration of wide combination of distributed ap-
the overall plant for an application. plications (of different manufactur-
PROFInet is available as a specifi-
cation and as an operating sys- ers) to an overall application (see
As previously, programming of the
tem-independent source software. Fig. 34). The decisive advantage of
individual devices and their con-
The specification describes all as- this is the fact that the communica-
figuration and parameterization is
pects of PROFInet: the object and tion no longer needs to be pro-
carried out by the manufacturer
component model, the runtime grammed. Instead, the communica-
with manufacturer-specific tools.
communication, the proxy concept tion relationships between the
The software created during pro-
and the engineering. PROFInet components are established over
gramming is then encapsulated in
software covers all runtime com- lines, called interconnections.
the form of a PROFInet component
munications. This combination of using the component editor inter- The interconnection information is
specification and software as face that is also to be integrated in then downloaded to the device with
source code enables simple and the tool. The component editor in- a simple mouse click. This means
efficient integration of PROFInet in terface generates the component that each device knows its com-
the broadest range of device oper- description in the form of an XML munication partners and relation-
ating system environments. The file whose configuration and con- ships and the information to be ex-
chosen path of preparing a source tents are defined in the PROFInet changed.
software upon which all product specification.
implementations are built presents
an outstanding opportunity to en- The plant is configured by inter-
sure the consistent quality of the connecting the PROFInet compo-
PROFInet interface in products.
The procedure ensures that any in-
teroperability problems are reduced
to a minimum.

10.1 The PROFInet


Engineering Model
A vendor-independent engineering
concept has been defined to en-
able user-friendly configuration of a
PROFInet system. It is based on
an engineering object model which
enables the development of con-
Fig. 34: Creation and interconnection of components
figuration tools as well as the

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 31


10.2 The PROFInet
Communications Model
The PROFInet communications
model defines a vendor-
independent standard for commu-
nication on Ethernet with conven-
tional IT mechanisms (runtime
communications). It uses TCP/IP
and COM/DCOM, the most com-
mon standards of the PC world. It
provides direct access from the of-
fice world to the automation level
and vice versa (vertical integra-
tion).

With PROFInet, the DCOM wire


protocol, together with the afore-
mentioned standards, defines the Fig. 36: PROFInet migration model
data exchange between the com-
ponents of different manufacturers implemented unchanged, thus pro- the OPC Foundation with the goal
over Ethernet. Alternatively, there viding users with maximum invest- of developing a protocol for the ex-
is also an optimized communica- ment protection. Proxy technology change of non-time-critical user
tion mechanism available for appli- also allows integration of other data between automation systems
cation areas with hard real time re- fieldbus systems. of different manufacturers and
quirements. types (PLC, DCS, PC).
Devices that are operated on 10.4 XML OPC DX is based on the existing
Ethernet require the implementa- specification OPC DA (Data Ac-
tion of communication mechanisms XML (EXtensible Markup Lan- cess). At the same time an engi-
in accordance with the PROFInet- guage) is a flexible data description neering interface has been defined,
standard (see Fig. 35). The con- language based on a simple ASCII which enables configuration of the
nection technology required for the code. XML documents can be ex- connected systems. In contrast to
link to Ethernet is available in changed with applications in a PROFInet, OPC DX is not object-
protection classes IP 20 and number of ways, for example on orientated, but tag-orientated, i.e.
IP65/67. diskette, by e-mail, using TCP/IP or the automation objects do not exist
with HTTP over the Internet. as COM objects but as (tag)
10.3 The PROFInet names.
XML is important in automation
Migration Model technology for, among other things, OPC DX will enable the connection
The integration of PROFIBUS parameter descriptions in FDT, as of different automation systems in
segments in PROFInet is imple- import and export format for field a plant at the Ethernet level. How-
mented using proxies (see Fig. 36). device parameters in engineering ever, it is not possible to access
These assume a proxy function for tools or as a means of vertical inte- field level, so that existing fieldbus
all the devices connected to PRO- gration (data exchange independ- systems and PROFInet are not in-
FIBUS. This means that when re- ent of the operating system used). fluenced in any way.
building or expanding plants, the
entire spectrum of PROFIBUS de-
10.5 OPC and OPC DX
vices, including products of PRO-
FIdrive and PROFIsafe can be OPC is a standard interface intro-
duced in 1996 for access to Win-
dows-based applications in auto-
mation. The implementation of
OPC enables the flexible, manufac-
turer-independent selection of
components and their interconnec-
tion without the need for program-
ming. OPC is currently based on
the Microsoft DCOM model.

Since 2000, OPC data and OPC


services are mapped in XML,
which means that OPC data can
even be exchanged between non-
Windows platforms by means of
readable XML documents.
Fig. 35: Device structure of
PROFInet OPC DX (Data EXchange) is being
developed within the framework of

32 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


11. PROFIBUS ten very different and come from a
broad spectrum of industries (par-
International ticularly in the WGs) produce a
considerable synergy effect and
generate a rigorous exchange of
In order to ensure its maintenance,
information. This leads to innova-
development and market domi-
nance, open technology requires a dardization committees and tive solutions, effective use of re-
associations. sources and last but not least, a
company-independent institute as
a working platform. In 1989, the significant market advantage.
• Worldwide technical support of
PROFIBUS User Organization companies through the Com- Working Groups
e.V. (PNO) was founded to pro- petence Centers. The WGs with their 300 honorary
mote PROFIBUS technology in this
• Quality assurance through de- members make a key contribution
very manner. It is a nonprofit trade
vice certification. to the success of PROFIBUS.
body of manufacturers, users and
Fig. 37 shows how the 5 TCs are
institutes. The PNO is a member of
Organization broken down to deal with different
PROFIBUS International (PI)
PI has handed over the develop- areas. The further division into
founded in 1995, which now boasts
ment of PROFIBUS technology to more than 35 WGs allows very fo-
23 regional user organizations
PNO Germany. The advisory cussed development work on spe-
(Regional PROFIBUS Associa-
committee of PNO Germany now cific technologies and industries.
tions, RPA) and more than 1,100
controls the development activities.
members including those in the All members are entitled to partici-
The development teams are organ-
US, China and Japan who repre- pate in the working groups and are
ized in 5 Technical Committees
sent the largest trade body in the thus able to take a proactive stance
(TCs) with more than 35 perma-
field of industrial communications on further development. All new
nent Working Groups (WGs). In
worldwide (Fig. 38). work results are submitted to
addition to this, there are also a
changing number of ad hoc WGs members for further comment be-
The RPAs organize exhibitions and
that handle specific subjects limited fore they are released by the advi-
information seminars but take care
to certain time periods. The WGs sory committee.
that new market demands are con-
sidered during future development with more than 300 experts draw
up new specifications and profiles, Competence Centers
work. PI has approved 22 Competence
deal with quality assurance and
standardization, work in standardi- Centers worldwide as well as 7 test
Tasks laboratories for certification work.
The key tasks of PI are as follows: zation committees and undertake
effective marketing measures These facilities offer all manner of
• Maintenance and development (trade fairs, presentations) for ex- advice and support to users and
of PROFIBUS technology. panding PROFIBUS technology. manufacturers as well as carrying
The PI support center coordinates out tests for the certification of de-
• Extending worldwide accep- vices. As part of PROFIBUS Inter-
tance and use of PROFIBUS all ongoing events.
national, they offer their services
technology. company-neutral according to the
Membership
• Investment protection for users Membership in the PNO is open to agreed documents of rules.
and manufacturer through in- all companies, associations, insti-
fluencing control of standardi- Competence Centers as well as
tutes and persons who would like
zation. Test Laboratories are regularly
to play a constructive role in the
checked with respect to their quali-
• Representation of members' development and acceptance of
fication by performing an approval
interests with regards to stan- PROFIBUS technology. The mu-
procedure specifically oriented to
tual efforts of members who are of-
their tasks. Current addresses can
be found on the PI Web site.

Documentation
By way of further support, the PNO
offers all users and manufacturers
a wide and very comprehensive
range of documentation. This is
provided in English and divided into
the following categories:

PROFIBUS Standard contains the


basic PROFIBUS specification and
a selection of other documents.

PROFIBUS Guidelines contains


specifications on implementations,
test procedures, installations, de-
scription languages, as well as ap-
Fig. 37: Structure of the PROFIBUS User Organization plication-oriented specifications,
such as Time Stamp or PROFInet.

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 33


PROFIBUS profiles contains all
approved profile specifications.

Technical overviews and


catalogs
The key themes of PROFIBUS are
presented in numerous technical
overviews from a marketing stand-
point. The product catalog, contain-
ing more than 2000 PROFIBUS
products and services, offers an
excellent overview of the perform-
ance capability of the member
companies of PROFIBUS.

The documents are available in


PDF format on the PROFIBUS
Web site. If required you can also
obtain the documentation on CD- Fig. 38: PI Organization
ROM.

A list of all available documentation


can also be obtained from the PNO
or on the PROFIBUS Web site.

34 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


Index

A
H
Actuator/sensor level .......................................1
Acyclic data communication ..........................11 HART ............................................................ 17
Addressing.......................................................2
Addressing with slot and index......................15 I
AS-Interface.....................................................1 Ident systems................................................ 22
IEC
B IEC 61158................................................... 3
Block model ...................................................20 IEC 61784................................................... 3
Broadcast.........................................................2 Implementation ............................................. 29
Bus access control ..........................................2 Installation instructions
Installation instructions for MBP ................. 9
C Interface module ........................................... 29
ISO/OSI reference model ............................... 2
Cell level ..........................................................1
Issue of a certificate ...................................... 28
Certification....................................................28
Clock synchronization....................................11 K
Comm-FB ......................................................24
Communication Keys to success .............................................. 6
Communication in automation.....................1
Communications protocols........................10 L
Competence Centers.....................................33 Links................................................................ 9
conformity test ...............................................28
CPF..................................................................3 M
Cyclic data communication............................13 Manufacturer ID ............................................ 26
MBP ................................................................ 8
D Modular devices............................................ 21
Data
Data frame...................................................2 O
Lateral data communication ......................11 OPC .............................................................. 32
Device management......................................25
Device types ..................................................11 P
Diagnostic functions ......................................12 PA devices .................................................... 20
Documentation ..............................................33 Physical Block (PB) ...................................... 20
DP....................................................................6 PROFIBUS...................................................... 4
DP-V0........................................................11 PROFIBUS DP ......................................... 10
DP-V1........................................................11 PROFIBUS International ............................ 4
DP-V2........................................................11 PROFIBUS User Organization ................. 33
DPM PROFIdrive ................................................... 19
DPM1 ..................................................11, 12 Profiles ........................................................ 2, 6
DPM2 ........................................................12 Profile ID................................................... 26
DTM ...............................................................25 PROFInet .................................................. 3, 31
The PROFInet engineering model............ 31
E PROFIsafe .................................................... 17
EDD .........................................................25, 26 Protocol chips ............................................... 29

F R
FDT/DTM concept .........................................27 Remote I/Os.................................................. 22
Fiber optics ......................................................9 Repeaters ....................................................... 7
Field level.........................................................1 RPA............................................................... 33
FISCO model.................................................10 RS485
Fluid power ....................................................21 RS485......................................................... 5
FMS .................................................................5 RS485-IS ................................................ 5, 7

G S
General application profiles ...........................17 Segment couplers ........................................... 9
GSD ...............................................................25 SEMI ............................................................. 22
SIL monitor.................................................... 17

PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002 35


Slaves Transmission technology ................................ 7
Slave redundancy .....................................18
Slaves........................................................12 U
Slave-to-slave communications ................14 Upload and download ................................... 14
Software components....................................27 User benefits................................................... 1
Specific application profiles ...........................19
Sync and freeze mode...................................13 V
System
Version
System behavior .......................................12
Version DP-V1.......................................... 14
System profiles..........................................23
Version DP-V2.......................................... 14
T X
Time stamps ..................................................18
XML............................................................... 32
Transducer Block (TB)...................................20

36 PROFIBUS Technology and Application, October 2002


PROFIBUS
System Description
Version October 2002

Order Number 4.002

Publisher
PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. PNO PROFIBUS Trade Organization PTO
Haid-und-Neu-Str. 7 16101 N. 82nd Street, Suite 3B
76313 Karlsruhe AZ 85260 Scottsdale
Deutschland USA
Tel.: ++49 (0) 721 / 96 58 590 Tel.: ++1 480 483 2456
Fax: ++49 (0) 721 / 96 58 589 Fax: ++1 480 483 7202
germany@profibus.com usa@profibus.com

Liability Exclusion
PNO / PTO has elaborated the contents of this brochure carefully. Nevertheless, errors can not be ex-
cluded. Liability of PNO / PTO is excluded, regardless of its reason. The data in this brochure is
checked periodically, however. Necessary corrections will be contained in subsequent versions. We
gratefully accept suggestions for improvement.

Terms used in this brochure may be trade marks, their use by third parties for any purposes may vio-
late the rights of the owner.

This brochure is not a substitute for standards IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 and the PROFIBUS guide-
lines and profiles. In case of doubt, IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 take precedence.

Copyright by PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. 2002. All rights reserved.


02092 PNO Titel AR1 07.08.2002 11:15 Uhr Seite 3

Australia and New Zealand PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation PROFIBUS Slovakia


PROFIBUS User Group (ANZPA) Haid-und-Neu-Straße 7 c/o Dept. of Automation KAR FEI STU
c/o OSItech Pty. Ltd. 76131 Karlsruhe Slovak Technical University
P.O. Box 315 Phone ++49 7 21 96 58 590 Ilkovièova 3
Kilsyth, Vic. 3137 Fax ++49 7 21 96 58 589 812 19 Bratislava
Phone ++61 3 9761 5599 germany@profibus.com Phone ++421 2 6029 1411
Fax ++61 3 9761 5525 Fax ++421 2 6542 9051
australia@profibus.com Irish PROFIBUS User Group slovakia@profibus.com
c/o Flomeaco Endress + Hauser
PROFIBUS Belgium Clane Business Park PROFIBUS Association South East Asia
August Reyerslaan 80 Kilcock Road, Clane, Co. Kildare c/o Endress + Hauser
1030 Brussels Phone ++353 45 868615 1 Int. Bus. Park #01-11/12 The Synergy
Phone ++32 2 706 80 00 Fax ++353 45 868182 609917 Singapore
Fax ++32 2 706 80 09 ireland@profibus.com Phone ++65 566 1332
belgium@profibus.com Fax ++65 565 0789
PROFIBUS Network Italia southeastasia@profibus.com
Association PROFIBUS Brazil Via Branze, 38
c/o Siemens Ltda IND1 AS 25123 Brescia (I) PROFIBUS User Organisation Southern Africa
R. Cel. Bento Bicudo, 111 Phone ++39 031 3384030 P.O. Box 26 260
05069-900 Sao Paolo, SP Fax ++39 030 396999 East Rand
Phone ++55 11 3833 4958 pni@profibus.com Phone ++27 11 397 2900
Fax ++55 11 3833 4183 Fax ++27 11 397 4428
brazil@profibus.com Japanese PROFIBUS Organisation southernafrica@profibus.com
TFT building West 9F
Chinese PROFIBUS User Organisation 3-1 Ariake Koto-ku PROFIBUS i Sverige
c/o China Ass. for Mechatronics Technology Tokyo 135-8072 Kommandörsgatan 3
and Applications Phone ++81 3 3570 3034 28135 Hässleholm
1Jiaochangkou Street Deshengmenwai Fax ++81 3 3570 3064 Phone ++46 4 51 49 460
100011 Bejing japan@profibus.com Fax ++46 4 51 89 833
Phone ++86 10 62 02 92 18 sweden@profibus.com
Fax ++86 10 62 01 78 73 Korea PROFIBUS Association
china@profibus.com #306, Seoungduk Bldg. PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation Schweiz
1606-3, Seocho-dong, Seocho-gu Kreuzfeldweg 9
PROFIBUS Association Czech Republic Seoul 137-070, Korea 4562 Biberist
Karlovo nam. 13 Phone ++82 2 523 5143 Phone ++41 32 672 03 25
12135 Prague 2 Fax ++82 2 523 5149 Fax ++41 32 672 03 26
Phone ++420 2 2435 76 10 korea@profibus.com switzerland@profibus.com
Fax ++420 2 2435 76 10
czechrepublic@profibus.com PROFIBUS Nederland The PROFIBUS Group U.K.
c/o FHI Unit 6 Oleander Close
PROFIBUS Denmark P.O. Box 2099 Locks Heath, Southampton, Hants, SO31 6WG
Maaloev Byvej 19 - 23 3800 CB Amersfoort Phone ++44 1489 589574
2760 Maaloev Phone ++31 33 469 0507 Fax ++44 1489 589574
Phone ++45 40 78 96 36 Fax ++31 33 461 6638 uk@profibus.com
Fax ++45 44 65 96 36 netherlands@profibus.com
denmark@profibus.com PROFIBUS Trade Organization, PTO
PROFIBUS User Organisation Norway 16101 N. 82nd Street, Suite 3B
PROFIBUS Finland c/o AD Elektronikk AS Scottsdale, AZ 85260 USA
c/o AEL Automaatio Haugenveien 2 Phone ++1 480 483 2456
Kaarnatie 4 1401 Ski Fax ++1 480 483 7202
00410 Helsinki Phone ++47 909 88640 usa@profibus.com
Phone ++35 8 9 5307259 Fax ++47 904 05509
Fax ++35 8 9 5307360 norway@profibus.com
finland@profibus.com
PROFIBUS User Organisation Russia
France PROFIBUS c/o Vera + Association
4, rue des Colonels Renard Nikitinskaya str, 3
75017 Paris 105037 Moscow, Russia
Phone ++33 1 45 74 63 22 Phone ++7 0 95 742 68 28
Fax ++33 1 45 74 03 33 Fax ++7 0 95 742 68 29
france@profibus.com russia@profibus.com

PROFIBUS International
Support Center
Haid-und-Neu-Straße 7
D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Phone ++49 721 96 58 590
Fax ++49 721 96 58 589
info@profibus.com © Copyright by PNO 10/02
www.profibus.com all rights reserved

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