Ceramic Materials

Sections

Ceramics: Materials and Processes
1.1. Ceramics
1.1.1. Ceramics and terra cotta
1.1.2. Ceramics: physics, chemistry, science and materials engineering
1.1.3. Powders; sintering
1.1.4. A few definitions
1.2. Ceramic compounds
1.2.1. Chemistry of ceramics
1.2.2. Silicate ceramics and non-silicate ceramics
1.3. Silicate ceramics
1.4. Non-silicate ceramics
1.4.1. Structural ceramics
1.4.2. Functional ceramics
1.5. Ceramic structures and microstructures
1.5.1. Ceramic structures
1.5.2. Polymorphism: crystals and glasses
1.5.3. Ceramic microstructures
1.6. Specificity of ceramics
1.7. Bibliography
2.1. Ceramics and clays
2.3. The Neolithic era: the true beginning
2.3.1. Forming and firing
2.3.2. Decorations
2.4. Chinese stoneware and porcelains: millenniums ahead
2.4.1. Stoneware
2.4.2. Porcelains
2.5. The quest for porcelains in the East and the West
2.5.1. Siliceous pastes and glass frit pastes
2.5.2. Faience fine
2.5.3. The first veritable porcelains in Europe
2.6. Conclusion: the beginnings of industrialization
2.7. Bibliography
Sintering and Microstructure of Ceramics
3.1. Sintering and microstructure of ceramics
3.2. Thermodynamics and kinetics: experimental aspects of sintering
3.2.1. Thermodynamics of sintering
3.2.2. Matter transport
3.2.3. Experimental aspects of sintering
3.3. Interface effects
3.4. Matter transport
3.4.1. Viscous flow of vitreous phases
3.4.2. Atomic diffusion in crystallized phases
3.4.3. Grain size distribution: scale effects
3.5. Solid phase sintering
3.5.1. The three stages of sintering
3.5.2. Grain growth
3.5.3. Competition between consolidation and grain growth
3.5.4. Normal grain growth
3.5.5. Abnormal grain growth
3.6. Sintering with liquid phase: vitrification
3.6.1. Parameters of the liquid phase
3.6.2. The stages in liquid phase sintering
3.7. Sintering additives: sintering maps
3.8. Pressure sintering and hot isostatic pressing
3.8.1. Applying a pressure during sintering
3.8.2. Pressure sintering
3.8.3. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
3.8.4. Densification/conformity of shapes in HIP
3.9. Bibliography
4.1. Introduction
4.2. General information
4.3. The main raw materials
4.3.1. Introduction
4.3.2. Clays
4.3.3. Kaolinite
4.3.4. Feldspars
4.3.5. Silica
4.4. Enamel and decorations
4.4.1. Nature of enamel
4.4.2. Enamel/shard combination
4.4.3. Optical properties of enamel
4.4.4. Decorations
4.5. The products
4.5.1. Classification
4.5.2. Terra cotta products
4.5.3. Earthenwares
4.5.4. Stonewares
4.5.5. Porcelains
4.5.6. Vitreous china
4.6. Evolution of processes: the example of crockery
4.6.1. Introduction
4.6.2. The case of crockery
4.7. Conclusion
4.8. Bibliography
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Ceramic powders
5.2.1. Chemical characteristics
5.2.2. Physical properties
5.2.3. Particle packing
5.2.4. Influence of powders on the rheology of mixtures
5.2.5. Modifications in the characteristics of a powder
5.3. Ceramic particle suspensions
5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. Surface charge of oxides in water
5.3.3. Oxide/solution interface
5.3.4. The zeta potential (ξ)
5.3.5. Measurement of the zeta potential (ξ)
5.3.6. Electrostatic stabilization
5.3.7. Steric and electrosteric stabilizations
5.3.8. Rheology of ceramic systems
5.4. Casting
5.4.1. Slip casting
5.4.2. Pressure casting
5.4.3. Tape casting
5.4.4. Consolidation of concentrated suspensions
5.5. Pressing
5.5.1. Introduction
5.5.2. Granulation
5.5.3. Uniaxial pressing
5.5.4. Isostatic pressing
5.5.5. Semi-isostatic pressing
5.5.6. Roller compressing
5.6. Extrusion-injection molding
5.6.1. Introduction
5.6.2. The choice of components
5.6.3. Mixing
5.6.4. Shaping the mixture
5.6.5. Common flaws
5.6.6. Other plastic shaping techniques of traditional ceramics
5.7. Extraction of organic shaping additives
5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Thermal debinding
5.7.3. Other debinding techniques
5.8. Deposition techniques
5.8.1. Vacuum deposition [RIC 94]
5.8.2. Thermal spray deposition [FAU 00]
5.9. Bibliography
6.1. Alumina, silica and mullite, magnesia and spinel, zirconia
6.2. Alumina
6.2.1. Alpha alumina
6.2.2. Alumina and its numerous varieties: the Bayer process
6.3. Alumina ceramics
6.3.1. Structural applications of alumina
6.3.2. Functional applications of alumina
6.4. Sintering of dense alumina
6.5. Point defects and diffusion in alumina
6.6. Al2O3-SiO2 system mullite
6.7. Al2O3-MgO system: magnesia and spinel
6.7.1. Magnesia
6.7.2. Spinel
6.8. Zirconia
6.8.1. Polymorphism of zirconia
6.8.2. Ceramic steel?
6.8.3. Transformation toughening
6.8.4. ZrO2 based materials: treatments and microstructures
6.9. Other oxides
6.10. Bibliography
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Synthesis of non-oxides
7.2.1. Powders
7.2.2. Fibers
7.2.3. Monocrystals
7.2.4. Depositions-coatings
7.3. Sintering and microstructure
7.3.1. Silicon nitride
7.3.2. Aluminum nitride
7.3.3. Silicon carbide
7.3.4. Boron carbide
7.4. Chemical stability and behavior at high temperature
7.4.1. Oxygen oxidation of Si3N4 and SiC
7.4.2. Water vapor oxidation
7.4.3. Corrosion by molten salts
7.5. Properties and applications
7.6. Bibliography
Properties and Applications of Ceramics
8.1. Brittleness and ductility
8.1.1. Brittle behavior
8.1.2. The R-curve effect
8.1.3. Statistical approach to fracture
8.1.4. Brittle/ductile transition
8.1.5. Experimental techniques
8.2. Friction, wear and abrasion
8.2.1. Friction and wear
8.2.2. Abrasion
8.3. Deformation
8.3.1. Elasticity
8.3.2. Irreversible deformation (by heat)
8.4. Damage and in-service behavior
8.4.1. Elastic behavior and slow growth of flaws
8.4.2. Viscoplastic behavior and creep damage
8.4.3. Thermal shocks
8.5. Conclusion
8.6. Acknowledgements
8.7. Bibliography
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Materials for cutting
9.2.1. Machining and properties of tools
9.2.2. Processing of materials
9.2.3. Material properties
9.2.4. High speed steels
9.2.5. Sintered hard metals
9.2.6. Cermets
9.2.7. Ceramics
9.2.8. Superhard materials
9.2.9. Conclusion on cutting materials
9.3.1. Sintered hard metals
9.3.2. Diamonds and PCD
9.4.1. Cold working tools
9.4.2. Hot working tools
9.4.3. Components
9.5. Conclusion
9.6. Bibliography
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Characteristics and service properties of refractory materials
10.2.1. Definition of a refractory product
10.2.2. Role and function of refractory products
Figure 10.1. Role and function of refractory products
10.2.3. Classification of refractory products
10.2.4. Design and components of electrofused refractory products
10.2.6. Manufacturing principles
10.2.7. Service properties of refractory products
10.3. Wear and degradation factors
10.3.1. Thermochemical behavior of refractories
10.3.2. Thermomechanical behavior of refractories
10.4. Conclusion
10.5. Bibliography
11.1. Conductors and insulators
11.1.1. Insulators
11.1.2. Semi-conductors
11.1.3. Metal conductors
11.1.4. Transition metal oxides
11.1.5. Localization or delocalization?
11.1.6. Contribution of ions to conductivity
11.2. Dielectrics
11.2.1. Basic concepts
11.2.2. Ferroelectric materials
11.2.3. Relaxors
11.3. Magnetic materials
11.3.1. Paramagnetism
11.3.2. Antiferromagnetism
11.3.3. Ferrimagnetism
11.4.1. Surface
11.4.2. Metal semi-conductor interface
11.4.3. Polycrystalline materials
11.5. Influence of microstructure on electrical properties
11.5.1. Modeling of apparent conductivity
11.5.2. Composite materials
11.6. Ceramic components in electronics
11.6.1. Substrates, interconnection circuits and hybrid circuits
11.6.2. Capacitors
11.6.3. Electromechanical transducers
11.6.4. Resonators
11.6.5. Heating elements
11.6.6. Temperature sensors
11.6.7. Varistors
11.6.8. Ceramic magnets
11.6.9. Gas sensors and fuel batteries
11.7. Bibliography
12.1. Introduction and history
12.2. Biomedical ceramics and their field of use
12.2.1. Usage properties of biomedical ceramics
12.2.2. Multipurpose ceramics
12.2.3. Ceramics for specific uses
12.3. Biological properties
12.3.1. Ceramic-tissue interactions
12.3.2. Cell-ceramic interactions
12.3.3. Biodegradation
12.3.4. Standards and biological tests
12.4. Processing of bioceramics
12.4.1. Massive ceramics
12.4.2. Thin coatings
12.4.3. Cements
12.4.4. Composites
12.5. Bibliography
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Fuel element
13.2.1. Fuel fabrication (UO2 or MOX)
13.2.2. Behavior of nuclear fuel under irradiation
13.3. Absorptive ceramics
13.3.1. Fabrication of ceramic absorber materials
13.3.2. Behavior of B4C in reactor
13.4. “Inert matrix” ceramics of the fuel and other nuclear ceramics
13.5. Bibliography
14.1. Physico-chemistry of gels
14.1.1. Sols and silica gels
14.1.2. Growth and structure of sol-gel polymers
14.1.3. From gel to materials
14.2. Sol-gel process for multi-elemental oxides
14.2.1. Metallo-organic molecular precursors
14.2.2. Different methods of synthesis
14.2.3. Crystallization problem
14.3. Optical properties of sol-gel thin layers
14.3.1. Sol-gel thin layers
14.3.2. Planar optical waveguides
14.3.4. Other applications of thin sol-gel coatings
14.4. Conclusions and future prospects
14.5. Bibliography
List of Authors
Index

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