Multiple Access

• Multiple access refers to the sharing of a

common resource in order to allow
simultaneous communications by multiple
users, and this common resource is the RF
spectrum

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 1

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 2
 Code Division Multiple Access
Principles

• Many voice channels

share the same
frequency band
• No time slots; all channel
uses the same frequency
simultaneously all the
time
– Channels are differentiated
by its code

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 3

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 4
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 5
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 6
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 7
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 8
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 9
 Walsh Codes
• In a CDMA system, all the users are
transmitted in the same RF band. In
order to avoid mutual interference on
the forward link,Walsh codes are
used to separate individual users
while they simultaneously occupy the
same RF band
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 10
These sequences are orthogonal to each other, and
they are generated by using the Hadamard matrix.

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 11

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 12
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 13
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 14
Generation of PN Codes

PN code sets can be generated from linear feedback shift registers.

One such example (a three-stage register) is shown in Figure

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 15

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 16
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 17
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 18
 PN Short Codes:
every logical channel on the forward link is multiplied by the
same short PN sequence assigned to that particular base station
(or sector).

This multiplication by the short PN sequence is done to

provide another layer of isolation between forward links of
different base stations. For example,suppose that base
station 1 transmits a traffic channel using Walsh function
21,and base station 2 transmits a traffic channel also using
Walsh function 21. If these two base stations are next to
each other, then mutual interference will occur.

Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005 19