From Dictatorship To Democracy

by

Gene Sharp

© copyright by Gene Sharp, 1993. All rights reserved including translation rights. All requests should be addressed in writing to Gene Sharp, Albert Einstein Institution, 1430 Massachusetts Avenue, (ambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, FAX USA + 617-876-7954. They will be sympathetically considered. Reproductions of the individual articles, as by photocopying, by Burmese democrats are permitted provided the author is notified. In order to avoid duplication of work and to ensure the quality of translations, these chapters should not be translated without written permission.

Khit Pyaing (The New Era Journal) First Edition

January, 1995.

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JII Freedom House, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1992-1993 (New York: Freedom House, 1993), p.66 (1993 figures are as of January 1993). See pp.79-80 for a description of Freedom House's categories of "free," "partly free," and "not free."

~II Freedom House, Freedom in the World. p.4.

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:>11 Krishnalal Shridharani, War Without Violence: A Study of Gandhi's Method and Its Accomplishment. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939, and reprint New York and London:Garland Publishinf', 1972), p.260.

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JYJOY.lBt919: Nonvilent Sanctions: News from the Albert Einstein Institution (Canbridge, Mass), VoI.TV, No.3 (Winter 1992©1993),p.3'06t y~8G(9-SB919: [g.i)Xl2"

JII Karl W.Deutsch, "Cracksin the Monolith," in Carl 1. Friedrich, ed., Totalitarianism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harverd University Press, 1954), pp.313-3l4.

;'>11 John Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence or the Philoshphy of Positive law (Fifth edition, revised and edited by Robert Campbell, 2 volumes).London: John Murray,1911 {1861 ), YoU, p.296.

911 Niccolo machiavelli, 'The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy," in The Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1950), vol I, p.254.

~II See GeneSharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973), p.75 and passim for other historical examples.

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oliRecommended fuJI length studies are The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973) and Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict (Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 1994).

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JII See Gene Sharp. Civilian-Based Defense: A Post-Military Weapons System (Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1990).

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